treatments-xml/data/CE/BF/95/CEBF95FBEE6151E491BAB671C2CBA151.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.47978" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a8cc42c7-e9ad-42fc-ba79-78daea513354" ID-PMC="PMC6989643" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-906-13" ID-Pensoft-UUID="33B523D44A1E5FECBC706B74B9397519" ID-PubMed="32021555" ID-ZooBank="EF6D38B4B1A3402BB7642DACCA490AC7" ModsDocID="1313-2970-906-13" checkinTime="1579803439732" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zamani, Alireza, Marusik, Yuri M. &amp; Sestakova, Anna" docDate="2020" docId="CEBF95FBEE6151E491BAB671C2CBA151" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 906: 13-40" docOrigin="ZooKeys 906" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.47978" docTitle="Neoscona Simon 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="33B523D44A1E5FECBC706B74B9397519" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="33B523D44A1E5FECBC706B74B9397519" masterDocTitle="On Araniella and Neoscona (Araneae, Araneidae) of the Caucasus, Middle East and Central Asia" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1668168350213" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>On Araniella and Neoscona (Araneae, Araneidae) of the Caucasus, Middle East and Central Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Zamani, Alireza</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Marusik, Yuri M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Sestakova, Anna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number>906</mods:number>
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<mods:start>13</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.47978</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="161838076" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CEBF95FBEE6151E491BAB671C2CBA151" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CEBF95FBEE6151E491BAB671C2CBA151" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
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Genus 
<taxonomicName LSID="CEBF95FB-EE61-51E4-91BA-B671C2CBA151" authority="Simon, 1864" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoscona Simon, 1864</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoscona</taxonomicName>
Simon, 1864: 261.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoscona</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Berman, JD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="465 - 500" refId="B6" refString="Berman, JD, Levi, HW, 1971. The orb weaver genus Neoscona in North America (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 141: 465 - 500" title="The orb weaver genus Neoscona in North America (Araneae: Araneidae)." volume="141" year="1971">Berman and Levi 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 469; 
<bibRefCitation author="Grasshoff, M" journalOrPublisher="Annalen Zoologische Wetenschappen" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 123" refId="B10" refString="Grasshoff, M, 1986. Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung Neoscona in Afrika (Arachnida: Araneae). Annalen Zoologische Wetenschappen 250: 1 - 123" title="Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung Neoscona in Afrika (Arachnida: Araneae)." volume="250" year="1986">Grasshoff 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 4; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.47.133" author="Tanikawa, A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="133 - 168" refId="B22" refString="Tanikawa, A, 1998. A revision of the Japanese spiders of the genus Neoscona (Araneae: Araneidae). Acta Arachnologica 47: 133 - 168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.47.133" title="A revision of the Japanese spiders of the genus Neoscona (Araneae: Araneidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.47.133" volume="47" year="1998">Tanikawa 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 134.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeira arabesca" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabesca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Epeira arabesca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Walckenaer, 1841, fixed by F. O. 
<bibRefCitation author="Pickard-Cambridge, FO" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B16" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, FO, 1904. Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London 2, 465-560." title="Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London 2, 465 - 560." year="1904">Pickard-Cambridge 1904</bibRefCitation>
: 466.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47654" author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B19" refString="Simon, E, 1864. Histoire naturelle des araignees (araneides). Paris, 540 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47654" title="Histoire naturelle des araignees (araneides). Paris, 540 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47654" year="1864">Simon (1864)</bibRefCitation>
proposed this genus for nine species currently considered in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Di Caporiacco" authorityYear="1934" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Larinioides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinioides" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Larinioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Caporiacco, 1934, 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Araneus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Araneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Araneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Clerck, 1757 and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Neoscona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although type species were not fixed for any genera described in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simon’s">Simon's</normalizedToken>
book [there were no rules for type fixation at that time], the author used the term 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘espèces">'especes</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="principales’">principales'</normalizedToken>
(=main species). 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47654" author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B19" refString="Simon, E, 1864. Histoire naturelle des araignees (araneides). Paris, 540 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47654" title="Histoire naturelle des araignees (araneides). Paris, 540 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47654" year="1864">Simon (1864)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“L’">&quot;L'</normalizedToken>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<normalizedToken originalValue="épéire">epeire</normalizedToken>
scalaire
</emphasis>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">neoscona</emphasis>
)&quot; (= 
<taxonomicName family="Araneidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. marmoreus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="marmoreus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">A. marmoreus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Clerck, 1757) as the &quot;main species&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
With 124 valid species (
<bibRefCitation author="WSC" journalOrPublisher="Sjoestedts Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" publicationUrl="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" refId="B25" refString="WSC, 2019. World Spider Catalog. Version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch" title="World Spider Catalog. Version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern." url="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" year="2019">WSC 2019</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Neoscona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the third largest genus in 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Araneidae</taxonomicName>
. Only 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Araneus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Araneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Araneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Clerck, 1757 (595 spp.) and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menge" authorityYear="1866" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cyclosa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclosa" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Cyclosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Menge, 1866 (180 spp.) are more speciose. At the same time, it has the highest number of synonyms (114) and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">nomina dubia</emphasis>
(10) (
<bibRefCitation author="WSC" journalOrPublisher="Sjoestedts Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" publicationUrl="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" refId="B25" refString="WSC, 2019. World Spider Catalog. Version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch" title="World Spider Catalog. Version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern." url="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" year="2019">WSC 2019</bibRefCitation>
) in comparison to the valid names. The genus has an almost global distribution, unknown only in South America. It is relatively well studied in North America, Africa, China, and Japan due to the revisions by 
<bibRefCitation author="Berman, JD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="465 - 500" refId="B6" refString="Berman, JD, Levi, HW, 1971. The orb weaver genus Neoscona in North America (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 141: 465 - 500" title="The orb weaver genus Neoscona in North America (Araneae: Araneidae)." volume="141" year="1971">Berman and Levi (1971)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Grasshoff, M" journalOrPublisher="Annalen Zoologische Wetenschappen" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 123" refId="B10" refString="Grasshoff, M, 1986. Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung Neoscona in Afrika (Arachnida: Araneae). Annalen Zoologische Wetenschappen 250: 1 - 123" title="Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung Neoscona in Afrika (Arachnida: Araneae)." volume="250" year="1986">Grasshoff (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Yin, CM" journalOrPublisher="Sjoestedts Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B26" refString="Yin, CM, Wang, JF, Zhu, MS, Xie, LP, Peng, XJ, Bao, YH, 1997. Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae. Science Press, Beijing, xiii + 460 pp." title="Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae. Science Press, Beijing, xiii + 460 pp." year="1997">Yin et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.47.133" author="Tanikawa, A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="133 - 168" refId="B22" refString="Tanikawa, A, 1998. A revision of the Japanese spiders of the genus Neoscona (Araneae: Araneidae). Acta Arachnologica 47: 133 - 168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.47.133" title="A revision of the Japanese spiders of the genus Neoscona (Araneae: Araneidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.47.133" volume="47" year="1998">Tanikawa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
, respectively, but remains poorly known in the Central Asia, India, South East Asia and Australia. Although the male palp is rather uniform in shape across the genus, epigynes can be split into two morphotypes, with inflexible scape (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Neoscona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str.) and with flexible scape (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Archer" authorityYear="1951" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Afraranea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afraranea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Afraranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Archer, 1951, a genus currently considered as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Neoscona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation author="WSC" journalOrPublisher="Sjoestedts Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" publicationUrl="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" refId="B25" refString="WSC, 2019. World Spider Catalog. Version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch" title="World Spider Catalog. Version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern." url="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" year="2019">WSC (2019)</bibRefCitation>
with reference to 
<bibRefCitation author="Grasshoff, M" journalOrPublisher="Annalen Zoologische Wetenschappen" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 123" refId="B10" refString="Grasshoff, M, 1986. Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung Neoscona in Afrika (Arachnida: Araneae). Annalen Zoologische Wetenschappen 250: 1 - 123" title="Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung Neoscona in Afrika (Arachnida: Araneae)." volume="250" year="1986">Grasshoff (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, although the latter author considered 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Archer" authorityYear="1951" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Afraranea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afraranea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Afraranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Neoscona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Currently, six species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoscona" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Neoscona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known in the region: 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. adianta" order="Aranei" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="adianta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">N. adianta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Walckenaer, 1802), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. subfusca" order="Aranei" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="subfusca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">N. subfusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C.L. Koch, 1837), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. theisi" order="Aranei" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="theisi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">N. theisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Walckenaer, 1841) (all throughout the region), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. spasskyi" order="Aranei" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="spasskyi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">N. spasskyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brignoli, 1983) (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Iran), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. tedgenica" order="Aranei" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="tedgenica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">N. tedgenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bakhvalov, 1978) (Turkmenistan) and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. isatis" order="Aranei" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="isatis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">N. isatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Iran).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>