148 lines
16 KiB
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148 lines
16 KiB
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<document id="2D1C3CA3B4E32E664E452FA7765F1AC5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.175296" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2a01bd5-e044-4bd8-bfbe-e95cb0480f75" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="175296" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459803997981" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ebert, David A. & Davis, Chante D." docDate="2007" docId="03E52745D73E3819FFBB4F15FDADFCF8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01393p018.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1393" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Raja binoculata Girard 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFDC5F3DD7373813FF2C4949FFCEFFCA" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698220328634" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="7F0B12DC083F11FD8A7ACDA17070DA3F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="79B8C1D86E57B46AC5F329AF7EC45368">
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<mods:title id="F409E7D083162223DC90246326F63163">Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="44C35009C4A6B989A164A0FFEDB40EBF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="06FE5F3E0D8F84C80669921E2CE2A7FE">Ebert, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="0C60D2EACF8046EA2A131B52D8E4E58B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E72DC50E09B57E7859E8857285E44AA4">Davis, Chante D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7D3BDA73E8837F4FB99A2C6E478EA8A2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7E3973D9437C84D6D7F157DF757EC054">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="320ECDBA3FB6296710A73CF4F45DE2C9">
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<mods:date id="17905F649777623455CCEC069AE0E85E">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D22D6B88F02C6AD185C4BEF648124B59" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9F224C67566052EE9BF180D4FECDDF76">1393</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="69DE7A3C8B943D1A9F17D1643B511DDA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1DD63546E1067AB88EE3DF8AAD90967E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.175296</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F448868BBB083AFE2A4115634ACFE371" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="83F1E92C152E1DDFA09170F7DEBE29BF" type="Zenodo-Dep">175296</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E52745D73E3819FFBB4F15FDADFCF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6246897" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119352595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6246897" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E52745D73E3819FFBB4F15FDADFCF8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E52745D73E3819FFBB4F15FDADFCF8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="C356C5D8D73E381AFFBB4F15FE31F9BC" box="[151,511,1628,1654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF39653D73E381AFFBB4F15FE31F9BC" blockId="9.[151,511,1628,1654]" box="[151,511,1628,1654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<heading id="D0BB213FD73E381AFFBB4F15FE31F9BC" bold="true" box="[151,511,1628,1654]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4CEDD0D73E381AFFBB4F15FE31F9BC" ID-CoL="793N4" authority="Girard, 1854" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,511,1628,1654]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binoculata">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73E381AFFBB4F15FE31F9BC" bold="true" box="[151,511,1628,1654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73E381AFFBB4F15FE99F9BC" bold="true" box="[151,343,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Raja binoculata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDDEBA2D73E381AFE734F15FE31F9BC" author="Girard" box="[351,511,1628,1654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" refString="Girard, C. F. (1854) Characteristics of some cartilaginous fishes of the Pacific coast of North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 7, 196 - 197." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C356C5D8D73E3819FFBB4FEFFD84FEE0" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF39653D73E3819FFBB4FEFFD84FEE0" blockId="9.[151,1438,1702,2009]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1439,152,818]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73E381AFFBB4FEFFEE6F90A" bold="true" box="[151,296,1702,1728]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description</emphasis>
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: The egg cases of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4CEDD0D73E381AFD384FEEFD1AF90A" box="[532,724,1703,1728]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binoculata">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73E381AFD384FEEFD1AF90A" box="[532,724,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Raja binoculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13778AD6D73E381AFDC94FEEFC83F90B" box="[741,845,1703,1729]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1513,1537]" captionText="FIGURE 8. Egg case of Raja binoculata. Scale bar 20 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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) are perhaps the most distinctive skate egg case found in the ENP. The dorsal surface is convex with two prominent ridges; no other known ENP skate egg case has these ridges. These are very large egg cases,
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<quantity id="4CB43BB6D73E381AFC2A4FBEFC79F8DB" box="[774,951,1783,1809]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="245.0" valueMax="280.0" valueMin="210.0">210 to 280 mm</quantity>
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in length from anterior to posterior apron borders, with a MAW about 52% of ECL. Egg case surface very smooth, without striations or fibrous covering. Under magnification the surface appears smooth and without striations. LKW very broad, about 30–33% of MAW, narrowing to about 4–6% at MIW, and extending length of egg case including outer edge of horns; keels also along inner edge of horns. Attachment fibers not present. Anterior apron border broad, slightly concave, fraying along edge, anterior horns about 28–30% of ECL, curving dorsally, with tips flattening and curling toward egg case. Posterior apron broad, transverse, and fraying at edge, its width less than that of anterior. Posterior horns short, stout, about 32–38% ECL, horn base width about 24% of horn length; horns curved, and flattening towards tips. Lateral keels extend beyond horn length. Color of egg case after preservation a dark brown to greenish brown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C356C5D8D73D3819FFEA487EFB33FD58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF39653D73D3819FFEA487EFB33FD58" blockId="10.[151,1439,152,818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73D3819FFEA487EFEF6FE9B" bold="true" box="[198,312,311,337]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis>
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: The egg case of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4CEDD0D73D3819FD244871FD68FE9B" box="[520,678,312,337]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binoculata">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73D3819FD244871FD68FE9B" box="[520,678,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. binoculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is perhaps the largest egg case of any known skate species, with a maximum known length, excluding horns, exceeding
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<quantity id="4CB43BB6D73D3819FC174829FC6EFEB0" box="[827,928,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDDEBA2D73D3819FC9F4829FBF6FEB0" author="Hitz" box="[947,1080,352,378]" pageId="10" pageNumber="18" refString="Hitz, C. R. (1964) Observations on egg cases of the big skate (Raja binoculata Girard) found in Oregon coastal waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 21 (4), 851 - 854." type="journal article" year="1964">Hitz, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C4CEDD0D73D3819FB7C4829FAC1FEB3" box="[1104,1295,352,377]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binoculata">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73D3819FB7C4829FAC1FEB3" box="[1104,1295,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Raja binoculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the only skate species, except for
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<taxonomicName id="4C4CEDD0D73D3819FEEE48C1FD0FFE68" authority="Liu, 1932" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="1932" box="[450,705,392,418]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchra">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73D3819FEEE48C1FD8EFE6B" box="[450,576,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. pulchra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDDEBA2D73D3819FD6548C1FD0FFE68" author="Liu" box="[585,705,392,418]" pageId="10" pageNumber="18" refString="Liu, F. H. (1932) The elasmobranchiate fishes of north China. Scientific Report to National Tsing Hua University Peiping (B), 1 (5), 133 - 177." type="journal article" year="1932">Liu, 1932</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, known to have multiple embryos per egg case. These skates may have 2–7 embryos, with an average of 3–4 per egg case (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDDEBA2D73D3819FC5D48F9FC3DFE00" author="Hitz" box="[881,1011,432,458]" pageId="10" pageNumber="18" refString="Hitz, C. R. (1964) Observations on egg cases of the big skate (Raja binoculata Girard) found in Oregon coastal waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 21 (4), 851 - 854." type="journal article" year="1964">Hitz, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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). The Japanese endemic
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<taxonomicName id="4C4CEDD0D73D3819FA0C48F9FA52FE03" box="[1312,1436,432,457]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchra">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73D3819FA0C48F9FA52FE03" box="[1312,1436,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. pulchra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is known to have 1–5 embryos per egg case (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDDEBA2D73D3819FD914891FC44FE38" author="Ishiyama" box="[701,906,472,498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="18" refString="Ishiyama, R. (1958 b) Studies on the Rajid fishes (Rajidae) found in the waters around Japan. Journal of Shimonoseki College of Fisheries, 7 (2, 3), 193 - 394." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="b">Ishiyama, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
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). Although it has not been studied in detail, increased fecundity, due to multiple oviparity, in these species may have significant conservation implications.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4CEDD0D73D3819FFC84B61FE68FD8B" box="[228,422,552,577]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binoculata">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73D3819FFC84B61FE68FD8B" box="[228,422,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Raja binoculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is known to produce up to
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<specimenCount id="9D4A5DDAD73D3819FC3D4B61FCBAFD88" box="[785,884,552,578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="egg">360 egg</specimenCount>
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cases per year in captivity (Kevin Lewand, Monterey Bay Aquarium, pers. comm.). Assuming an average of 3.5 embryos per egg case the annual fecundity may reach 1,260 neonates, or more, making it one of the most fecund of all elasmobranchs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C356C5D8D73D3819FFEA4BD6FDADFCF8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF39653D73D3819FFEA4BD6FD2BFCC0" blockId="10.[151,1439,152,818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9384A41D73D3819FFEA4BD6FE7BFD73" bold="true" box="[198,437,671,697]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined</emphasis>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED5D0E96D73D3819FEEB4BE9FDCEFD70" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[455,512,672,698]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">CAS</collectionCode>
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224341, northern California (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE78F094D73D3819FC444BE9FC12FD70" box="[872,988,672,698]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="55" value="38.033">38.033 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE78F094D73D3819FCD74BE9FB5BFD70" box="[1019,1173,672,698]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="5" value="-123.1237">123.1237 W</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<quantity id="4CB43BB6D73D3819FB874BE9FB22FD70" box="[1195,1260,672,698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="78.0">78 m</quantity>
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,
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<date id="FFF2B093D73D3819FBD64BE9FF1BFD28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2004-09-24">24 September 2004</date>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED5D0E96D73D3819FFCC4B81FEF6FD28" box="[224,312,712,738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MLML</collectionCode>
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RB
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<date id="FFF2B093D73D3819FE414B81FE07FD28" box="[365,457,712,738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="03-10-24">102403</date>
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406,
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<quantity id="4CB43BB6D73D3819FD3F4B81FD4EFD28" box="[531,640,712,738]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4669999999999999" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="146.7">146.7 cm</quantity>
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TL, central California (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE78F094D73D3819FCB94B81FBDBFD28" box="[917,1045,712,738]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="5" value="36.4076">36.4076 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE78F094D73D3819FB044B81FB71FD28" box="[1064,1215,712,738]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="5" value="-121.5276">121.5276 W</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<quantity id="4CB43BB6D73D3819FBFF4B81FADFFD28" box="[1235,1297,712,738]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="69.0">69 m</quantity>
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,
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<date id="FFF2B093D73D3819FA304B81FF1BFCC0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2003-10-22">22 October 2003</date>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED5D0E96D73D3819FFCD4BB9FEF7FCC0" box="[225,313,752,778]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MLML</collectionCode>
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EX 58, southern Oregon (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE78F094D73D3819FD434BB9FD2EFCC0" box="[623,736,752,778]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="55" value="44.311">44.311 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF39653D73D3819FFBB4A51FDADFCF8" blockId="10.[151,1439,152,818]" box="[151,611,792,818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
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|
|
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="EE78F094D73D3819FFB34A51FEE9FCF8" box="[159,295,792,818]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="55" value="-124.257">124.257 W</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
),
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CB43BB6D73D3819FE104A51FEB7FCF8" box="[316,377,792,818]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="71.0">71 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFF2B093D73D3819FEAA4A51FD91FCF8" box="[390,607,792,818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2004-09-04">4 September 2004</date>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|