treatments-xml/data/03/9D/94/039D941BFFE9FFEAD6EAF9ABFF57DAFF.xml

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<mods:title id="A5FF615F5D08DAA861436AE45E33B316">The harvestman genus Taracus Simon 1879, and the new genus Oskoron (Opiliones: Ischyropsalidoidea: Taracidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="56EE47CB244A07FBBBD2759A69BEE180">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B4529A6BCF6904DCB75C28CACCC7C16">Warfel, Joseph G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4CDAEA1A14F3FC41CEB86A3C7E8EFF6B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039D941BFFE9FFEAD6EAF9ABFF57DAFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6085283" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124560951" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6085283" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039D941BFFE9FFEAD6EAF9ABFF57DAFF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D941BFFE9FFEAD6EAF9ABFF57DAFF" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<subSubSection id="C32E7686FFE9FFE4D6EAF9ABFE7DDD20" box="[151,477,1624,1650]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE9FFE4D6EAF9ABFE7DDD20" blockId="55.[151,477,1624,1650]" box="[151,477,1624,1650]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<heading id="D0C39261FFE9FFE4D6EAF9ABFE7DDD20" bold="true" box="[151,477,1624,1650]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D6EAF9ABFE7DDD20" bold="true" box="[151,477,1624,1650]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE9FFE4D6EAF9ABFEEDDD20" authority="Shear" authorityName="Shear" box="[151,333,1624,1650]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D6EAF9ABFF5FDD20" bold="true" box="[151,255,1624,1650]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Oskoron</emphasis>
Shear
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2734464FFE9FFE4D721F9ABFE7DDD20" box="[348,477,1624,1650]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32E7686FFE9FFE4D6EAF96DFD2FDDE5" box="[151,655,1694,1719]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE9FFE4D6EAF96DFD2FDDE5" blockId="55.[151,1436,1694,2007]" box="[151,655,1694,1719]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D6EAF96DFE94DDE5" bold="true" box="[151,308,1694,1719]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Type species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE9FFE4D746F96CFD2CDDE5" authority="Banks 1894" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1894" box="[315,652,1694,1719]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D746F96CFE5CDDE4" box="[315,508,1695,1718]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Taracus spinosus</emphasis>
Banks 1894
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E7686FFE9FFE4D6BAF931FD18DCE1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE9FFE4D6BAF931FD18DCE1" blockId="55.[151,1436,1694,2007]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D6BAF931FEE1DD89" bold="true" box="[199,321,1730,1755]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Distinct from 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D79BF937FDE6DD89" box="[486,582,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE9FFE4D79BF937FDE2DD89" box="[486,578,1732,1755]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
to which it is closely related, in the enlarged, glandular patellae of the male palps (
<figureCitation id="130F3988FFE9FFE4D69FF915FE27DDAD" box="[226,391,1766,1791]" captionStart="FIGURES 138 – 141" captionStartId="59.[151,264,884,907]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,863]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[150,1436,193,863]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURES 138 – 141. Oskoron spinosus. Fig. 138, female palpus. Fig. 139, male palpus. Fig. 140, male palpal patella, mesal view. Fig 141, specialized setae of glandular area of male palpal patella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263238/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Figs. 139, 140</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130F3988FFE9FFE4D7E9F914FE60DDAD" box="[404,448,1767,1791]" captionStart="FIGURES 142 – 153" captionStartId="63.[151,264,1906,1929]" captionTargetBox="[161,1424,202,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[161,1426,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURES 142 – 153. Oskoron brevichelis. Fig. 142, female palpus. Fig. 143, male palpus. Fig. 144, penis. Fig. 145, glans penis. Fig. 146, female, dorsal view. Fig. 147, female, lateral view. Fig. 148, male, dorsal view. Fig. 149, male, lateral view. Fig. 150, female chelicerae, lateral view. Fig. 151, female chelicera, second article, frontal view. Fig. 152, male chelicerae, lateral view. Fig. 153, male chelicera, second article, frontal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164241/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">143</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130F3988FFE9FFE4D7B0F915FD93DDAD" box="[461,563,1766,1791]" captionStart="FIGURES 154 – 163" captionStartId="66.[151,264,1911,1934]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,208,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[202,1381,194,1882]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURES 154 – 163. Oskoron crawfordi. Fig. 54, female palpus. Fig. 155, male palpus. Figs. 156, penis. Fig. 157, glans penis. Fig. 158, female, dorsal view. Fig. 159, female, lateral view. Fig. 160, male, lateral view. Fig. 161, female chelicerae, lateral view. Fig. 162, male palpus. Fig. 163, setae of glandular area of male palpal patella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263239/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">155, 162</figureCitation>
), the prominent, curved, black setae of the abdomen set on conical tubercles, and the similar enlarged setae of the ocularium (
<figureCitation id="130F3988FFE9FFE4D4A3F8F9FCE5DC71" box="[734,837,1802,1827]" captionStart="FIGURES 127 – 137" captionStartId="58.[151,264,1924,1947]" captionTargetBox="[159,1422,211,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[159,1424,193,1900]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURES 127 – 137. Oskoron spinosus. Fig. 127, female palpus. Fig. 128, male palpus. Figs. 129, penis. Fig. 130, glans penis. Fig. 131, female, lateral view. Fig. 132, male, dorsal view. Fig. 133, male, lateral view. Fig. 134, ocularium, dorsal view. Fig. 135, female chelicerae, lateral view. Fig. 136, female chelicera, second article, frontal view. Fig. 137, male chelicera, second article, frontal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164239/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 134</figureCitation>
); the small endites of the second coxae are set in unsclerotized recesses in the coxae, rather than entirely free from them, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE9FFE4D263F8DCFBD5DC14" box="[1054,1141,1839,1862]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D263F8DCFBD5DC14" box="[1054,1141,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Taracus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The first leg coxae bear prominent seta-tipped tubercles, sometimes weak or absent in 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D501F8A7FC7DDC39" box="[892,989,1876,1899]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE9FFE4D501F8A7FC79DC39" box="[892,985,1876,1899]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In males, the glans penis is abruptly narrowed into the aculeus (
<figureCitation id="130F3988FFE9FFE4D7AAF885FD9DDCDD" box="[471,573,1910,1935]" captionStart="FIGURES 127 – 137" captionStartId="58.[151,264,1924,1947]" captionTargetBox="[159,1422,211,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[159,1424,193,1900]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURES 127 – 137. Oskoron spinosus. Fig. 127, female palpus. Fig. 128, male palpus. Figs. 129, penis. Fig. 130, glans penis. Fig. 131, female, lateral view. Fig. 132, male, dorsal view. Fig. 133, male, lateral view. Fig. 134, ocularium, dorsal view. Fig. 135, female chelicerae, lateral view. Fig. 136, female chelicera, second article, frontal view. Fig. 137, male chelicera, second article, frontal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164239/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 130</figureCitation>
), not evenly tapered as in 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D501F884FC7DDCDC" box="[892,989,1911,1934]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE9FFE4D501F884FC79DCDC" box="[892,985,1911,1934]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
For distinctions from other sabaconid genera, see the Diagnosis section under 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D42AF86FFD18DCE1" box="[599,696,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE9FFE4D42AF86FFD14DCE1" box="[599,692,1948,1971]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E7686FFE9FFEBD6BAF84DFEFBDE2A" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE9FFEBD6BAF84DFE18D96E" blockId="55.[151,1436,1694,2007]" lastBlockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE9FFE4D6BAF84DFEF9DC85" bold="true" box="[199,345,1982,2007]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Description.</emphasis>
Body length from 
<quantity id="4CCC88E8FFE9FFE4D44BF84DFD38DC84" box="[566,664,1982,2007]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 mm</quantity>
. Carapace black or dark chestnut brown in adults, broadest behind, with midline sulcus extending from between chelicerae to ocularium; in lightly pigmented specimens, two prominent slit sense-organs just anterior and lateral to ocularium; carapace often poorly sclerotized posteriorlaterally, smooth to finely shagreened texture. Ozopores prominent, not concealed, dorsolateral, over first leg coxae. Ocularium relatively high, at least as wide as long; sharply inclined anteriorly, gradually sloping posteriorly; prominent tubercles with large, black, curved setae above each eye. Eyes large, protuberant. Metapeltidium sclerotized or not, may appear free, or partially or wholly coalesced with carapace, with transverse row of prominent setae; sensory cone single, median, flanked by smaller acute tubercles with apical setae, set into unsclerotized embayment in posterior margin of carapace. Abdomen soft, white, densely but irregularly set with distinct sclerotized tubercles, each bearing single, black, curved seta, tubercles sometimes larger near midline, sometimes coalesced in midline to form small segmental sclerites (partial 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD5A7FE2EFB09DAA7" box="[986,1193,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">scutum laminatum</emphasis>
), or with true 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD331FE2EFEAFD94A" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">scutum laminatum</emphasis>
; males often with 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD47DFDF2FD1BD94A" box="[512,699,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">scutum parvum,</emphasis>
but lateral boundaries of scutum irregular, tubercles remain prominent within scutum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEBD6BAFDB4FA36D99E" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Labral sclerite large, pentagonal, with three prominent projections. Labium small, setose. Thoracic sternum absent in males, present in females as small sclerite, broader than long, two small setae immediately posterior. Endites free from second coxae but immediately appressed to coxae, not directed ventrally. Genital operculum with sclerotized distal rim. Abdominal sternites not sclerotized, with small setae scattered or sparsely arranged in rows.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEBD6BAFD24FADED8D2" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Chelicerae black, robust, elongate, ranging from two-thirds to as much as 1.5 times body length; basal articles with mediobasal opposed tubercles, set throughout length with seta-bearing tubercles of various sizes, usually largest near basoventral section of articles, smaller distally. Second articles generally more robust, longer; setatipped tubercles of these may be at least partially in regular rows, very numerous. Fixed and movable fingers turned sharply mesad at approximate 125° angle to long axis of second article; fingers with diaphanous cleaning comb.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEBD6BAFC7FFF72DF67" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Palpi short, stout; coxae, trochanters with few to several ventral seta-tipped tubercles, much stronger on coxae; femora and patellae with moderately dense coat of ordinary setae; palpal patellae swollen in males, mesoventral surface glandular, with closely set very fine setae; tibiae and tarsi densely set with glandular hairs, spigots of glands open on one side of hairs only. Tibiae lack glabrous area opposite tarsi. Tarsi short, not strongly reflexed, without claw.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEBD6BAFBB3FD99DF97" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Legs in order of length: 2,4,3,1 or 2,4,1,3 or 2, 4, 1 = 3. Coxae of first legs with strong black setae set on tubercles. Femora with autospasy suture near base; may be obscure or absent. Tibiae without false articulations, metatarsi with many obvious false articulations, tarsi multiarticulate, bearing single untoothed claw, vestiture of fine setae, appressed trichomes (Fig.)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEBD6BAFB3CFEFBDE2A" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ovipositor typical of ischyropsalidoids, short, unsegmented, without special apical sensilla, distally divided into two setose lobes. Penis relatively long, straight, distally tapered or expanded, muscles extending length of shaft; glans distinct, swollen, sclerotized, evidently not movable, abruptly narrowed into short aculeus, witout macrosetae, set with small, short setae around base of aculeus, sometimes with short rows of lateral setae subtending glans.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E7686FFE6FFEBD6BAFA77FAA1DEB6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEBD6BAFA77FB92DE92" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD6BAFA77FEC0DEC9" bold="true" box="[199,352,1412,1437]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE6FFEBD711FA77FE0CDECE" box="[364,428,1412,1436]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Coast</collectingRegion>
Ranges and Cascades from south end of Puget Sound to southern 
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE6FFEBD2ABFA77FA8DDECE" box="[1238,1325,1412,1436]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Oregon</collectingRegion>
; Cascade Mountains and Sierra 
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE6FFEBD7F2FA54FE45DE92" box="[399,485,1447,1472]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Nevada</collectingRegion>
from Sierra (Shasta?) to Tulare counties, 
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE6FFEBD5C4FA54FB8EDE92" box="[953,1070,1447,1472]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">California</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEBD6BAFA3FFAA1DEB6" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" box="[199,1281,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD6BAFA3FFE33DEB7" bold="true" box="[199,403,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Included species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD7E7FA3FFCA2DEB6" authority="Banks 1894" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1894" box="[410,770,1484,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD7E7FA3FFDC2DEB6" box="[410,610,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Oskoron spinosus</emphasis>
(Banks 1894)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD573FA3FFC46DEB7" bold="true" box="[782,998,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD573FA3FFC00DEB7" box="[782,928,1484,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawfordi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD573FA3FFC00DEB7" bold="true" box="[782,928,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O. crawfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2734464FFE6FFEBD5DAFA3FFC46DEB7" box="[935,998,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD261FA3FFB5ADEB7" bold="true" box="[1052,1274,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD261FA3FFB1BDEB7" box="[1052,1211,1484,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevichelis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD261FA3FFB1BDEB7" bold="true" box="[1052,1211,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O. brevichelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2734464FFE6FFEBD2BFFA3FFB5ADEB7" box="[1218,1274,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">n. sp</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E7686FFE6FFEAD6BAFA1CFAF5DBAA" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEBD6BAFA1CFDB1DDB1" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD6BAFA1CFEEEDD5A" bold="true" box="[199,334,1519,1544]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Etymology.</emphasis>
Simon established something of a series in naming the genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD275FA1CFBC8DD5A" box="[1032,1128,1519,1544]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Sabacon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD275FA1CFBC8DD5A" box="[1032,1128,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sabacon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD2E0FA02FB54DD5A" box="[1181,1268,1521,1544]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD2E0FA02FB54DD5A" box="[1181,1268,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Taracus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after Egyptian kings (though the rationale remains unknown; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA558FCFFE6FFEBD4AAF9E7FCCCDD7E" author="Gruber" box="[727,876,1556,1581]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Gruber, J. (2003) Origin and gender of the name Sabacon Simon, 1879 (Opiliones, Palpatores, Ischyropsalidoidea). Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society, 96, 6." type="journal article" year="2003">Gruber 2003</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA558FCFFE6FFEBD5FDF9E7FBC9DD7E" box="[896,1129,1556,1581]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Dunlop, J. A., Bartel, C. &amp; Mitov, P. G. (2012) An enigmatic spiny harvestman from Baltic amber. Fossil Record, 15, 91 - 101. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmng. 201200007" type="journal article">
Dunlop 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD5A1F9E6FBAEDD7F" box="[988,1038,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
followed suit by naming a Baltic amber fossil ischyropsalidoid 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD434F9C4FCCBDD02" authority="Piankhi" authorityName="Piankhi" box="[585,875,1591,1616]" class="Arachnida" genus="Piankhi" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steineri">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD434F9C4FCA8DD02" box="[585,776,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Piankhi steineri,</emphasis>
Piankhi
</taxonomicName>
“the Nubian” being the father of 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD371F9CBFAC6DD1D" box="[1292,1382,1592,1615]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus</taxonomicName>
. We continue the tradition by naming this genus for 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD4AAF9AFFC9ADD27" box="[727,826,1628,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Oskoron</taxonomicName>
, King of 
<collectingCountry id="F323659DFFE6FFEBD5CEF9AEFC56DD27" box="[947,1014,1629,1653]" name="Egypt" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(reigned 760-740 bce). While both 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD6EAF971FF56DDC9" box="[151,246,1666,1691]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Sabacon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sabacon</taxonomicName>
(Shabako, or Shabaka) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD443F970FD35DDC8" box="[574,661,1667,1690]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus</taxonomicName>
(Taharqa, or Tarhqua) were of the 25th Dynasty, Nubian kings who ruled from Kush, 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD721F955FE1DDDED" box="[348,445,1702,1727]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Oskoron</taxonomicName>
belonged to the preceding 23rd Dynasty, which hailed from 
<collectingCountry id="F323659DFFE6FFEBD21CF955FB06DDED" box="[1121,1190,1702,1727]" name="Libya" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Libya</collectingCountry>
. The genus name is to be treated as masculine in gender.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE6FFEAD6BAF91DFAF5DBAA" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2016]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<materialsCitation id="3B5C2F50FFE6FFEAD6BAF91DFAF5DBAA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324487197" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" location="California" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD6BAF91DFEB1DC55" bold="true" box="[199,273,1774,1799]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Notes.</emphasis>
The key character for the genus is the sexually dimorphic pedipalp patella, not seen in 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD29EF903FAE1DC55" box="[1251,1345,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD29EF903FA9DDC55" box="[1251,1341,1776,1799]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the abruptly narrowed (as opposed to evenly tapering) aculeus of the penis. In some male specimens the secretion from the patella is still present as a coagulated mass, held by the very fine setae of the mesoventral surface. Somewhat secondary to the diagnosis are the rather heavy, recurved black setae on tubercles over the ocularium, and on the abdomen. The abdominal tubercles are acute and very prominent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD5CBF88CFB9CDCC5" box="[950,1084,1919,1943]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD5CBF88CFB9CDCC5" box="[950,1084,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O. spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but less so in 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD292F88DFAC9DCC5" box="[1263,1385,1918,1943]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevichelis">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD292F88DFAC9DCC5" box="[1263,1385,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">brevichelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD6EAF851FEABDCE9" box="[151,267,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD6EAF851FEA8DCE9" box="[151,264,1954,1979]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawfordi">crawfordi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEBD71DF851FE6DDCE9" box="[352,461,1954,1979]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawfordi">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD71DF851FE6DDCE9" box="[352,461,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">crawfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the row of setae marking the metapeltidium is reduced to just four or six. In fact there appears to be a south to north cline in the reduction of this unusual armature, which is very distinctive in 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE6FFEAD341F83BFEBADBE2" authority="(California)" baseAuthorityName="California" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" order="Opiliones" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE6FFEBD341F83BFA3CDC8D" box="[1340,1436,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">spinosus</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE7FFEAD6E3FF64FEB3DBE2" box="[158,275,151,176]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">California</collectingRegion>
)
</taxonomicName>
, less prominent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD781FF64FD49DBE2" authority="(Oregon)" baseAuthorityName="Oregon" box="[508,745,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevichelis">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD781FF64FDD6DBE2" box="[508,630,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">brevichelis</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE7FFEAD4F5FF6BFD41DBE2" box="[648,737,152,176]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Oregon</collectingRegion>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and still less so in 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD5A9FF64FB47DBE2" authority="(Washington)" baseAuthorityName="Washington" box="[980,1255,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawfordi">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD5A9FF64FBE1DBE2" box="[980,1089,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">crawfordi</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE7FFEAD22EFF64FB7FDBE2" box="[1107,1247,151,176]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Washington</collectingRegion>
)
</taxonomicName>
. While 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD33EFF6AFA3ADBE2" box="[1347,1434,153,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD33EFF6AFA3ADBE2" box="[1347,1434,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Taracus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species males are usually no smaller than 
<quantity id="4CCC88E8FFE7FFEAD40CFF4FFD13DB86" box="[625,691,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
long, the largest 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD50BFF4FFC76DB87" box="[886,982,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD50BFF4FFC76DB87" box="[886,982,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Oskoron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males are about 
<quantity id="4CCC88E8FFE7FFEAD2EAFF4FFB4DDB86" box="[1175,1261,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
long, and most are much smaller. Finally, the different form of the endites of the second coxae distinguishes the two genera.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E7686FFE7FFEAD6ACFEF7FF57DAFF" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B250DFFE7FFEAD6ACFEF7FF57DAFF" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD6ACFEF7FE3BDA4E" box="[209,411,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD6ACFEF7FE3BDA4E" box="[209,411,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Oskoron spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be a montane species of the Sierra 
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE7FFEAD5D2FEF7FBA5DA4F" box="[943,1029,260,285]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Nevada</collectingRegion>
and its ecology is postulated to be similar to that of 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD71CFEDAFD98DA12" box="[353,568,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD71CFEDAFD94DA12" box="[353,564,295,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="audisioae" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus audisioae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Indeed, the two species are broadly sympatric--and even syntopic in Sierra 
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE7FFEAD6EAFEBFFF4CDA37" box="[151,236,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Nevada</collectingRegion>
caves. 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD742FEBFFDBFDA37" box="[319,543,332,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevichelis">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD742FEBFFDBFDA37" box="[319,543,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Oskoron brevichelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD428FEBEFD44DA37" box="[597,740,332,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawfordi">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD428FEBEFD44DA37" box="[597,740,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">O. crawfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the other hand, fit the winter-active pattern; 
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD37FFEBFFACFDA37" box="[1282,1391,332,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Sabaconidae" genus="Oskoron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawfordi">
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD37FFEBFFACFDA37" box="[1282,1391,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">crawfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected in numbers in pitfall traps left out all winter in King Co., 
<collectingRegion id="49F0EBEFFFE7FFEAD59EFE9CFBCBDADA" box="[995,1131,367,392]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Washington</collectingRegion>
, in company with 
<emphasis id="B940F91FFFE7FFEAD33EFE82FF57DAFF" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C345E8EFFE7FFEAD33EFE82FF53DAFF" class="Arachnida" family="Taracidae" genus="Taracus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallipes" superFamily="Ischyropsalidoidea">Taracus pallipes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>