treatments-xml/data/03/B3/87/03B387A2FFFDF864FF5DD6BCEA9BDDE5.xml

<document id="920F42DD7388B968235EE450ECC1630E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3616.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="822c869c-474f-4f7d-a8a9-af82f3ed49ec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="220287" ID-ZooBank="3E0F52B9-EFFC-4197-A1FC-8AC5A4B4D506" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460576087784" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Longino, John T. &amp; Boudinot, Brendon E." docDate="2013" docId="03B387A2FFFDF864FF5DD6BCEA9BDDE5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03616p324.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3616 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhopalothrix subspatulata Longino &amp; Boudinot, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="318" masterDocId="FF8AFFDAFFF2F875FFCAD057E903DE4D" masterDocTitle="New species of Central American Rhopalothrix Mayr, 1870 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="324" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="316" updateTime="1698323241949" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9F61F8289D7DC728C62A61F852D42E06">New species of Central American Rhopalothrix Mayr, 1870 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F15168E64FC68DA729B9401E3FEFBE87">Longino, John T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C540D990A32A6131D9A6E996C9EA8071">Boudinot, Brendon E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0B68949CF806BD3D10F222C5B3D6B20C">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B387A2FFFDF864FF5DD6BCEA9BDDE5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6153485" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119560131" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6153485" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387A2FFFDF864FF5DD6BCEA9BDDE5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387A2FFFDF864FF5DD6BCEA9BDDE5" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<subSubSection id="C300653FFFFDF87AFF5DD6BCE8D1D96B" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFFDF87AFF5DD6BCEA4DD948" blockId="15.[151,846,1771,1830]" box="[151,846,1771,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<heading id="D0ED81D8FFFDF87AFF5DD6BCEA4DD948" bold="true" box="[151,846,1771,1797]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFFDF87AFF5DD6BCEA4DD948" bold="true" box="[151,846,1771,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFFDF87AFF5DD6BCEBE7D948" authority="Longino &amp; Boudinot" authorityName="Longino &amp; Boudinot" box="[151,740,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspatulata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFFDF87AFF5DD6BCE8DBD948" bold="true" box="[151,472,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Rhopalothrix subspatulata</emphasis>
Longino &amp; Boudinot
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25D57DDFFFDF87AFD3BD6BCEA4DD948" box="[753,846,1771,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFFDF87AFF5DD759E8D1D96B" blockId="15.[151,846,1771,1830]" box="[151,466,1806,1830]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
(
<figureCitation id="13212A31FFFDF87AFF55D759E9E1D96B" box="[159,226,1806,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1404]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,719,1328]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[162,1425,697,1360]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagrammatic representation of Rhopalothrix mandibles. A. R. andersoni, R. isthmica, R. megisthmica (part), R. therion. B. R. atitlanica, R. megisthmica (part), R. triumphalis. C. R. stannardi. D. R. nubilosa, R. subspatulata. E. R. weberi. F. R. apertor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220288/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Figs 1</figureCitation>
D, 2D, 3B, 4, 12, 16)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C300653FFFFDF865FF5DD707EBACDB68" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFFDF87AFF5DD707EA49D9BF" blockId="15.[151,1436,1871,2035]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFFDF87AFF5DD707E845D925" bold="true" box="[151,326,1871,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<typeStatus id="54A18816FFFDF87AFF5DD707E9D1D925" box="[151,210,1872,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFFDF87AFE87D707EB08D925" box="[333,523,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<typeStatus id="54A18816FFFDF87AFE87D707E8B7D925" box="[333,436,1872,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
worker
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFFDF87AFDD1D718EBC0D92A" box="[539,707,1871,1895]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
, Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43333 -84.01667 ± 
<quantity id="4CE29B51FFFDF87AFAB0D718E9BDD9C7" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" unit="km" value="1.5">1.5 km</quantity>
, 
<quantity id="4CE29B51FFFDF87AFF10D725E819D9C7" box="[218,282,1906,1930]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFA41074FFFDF87AFEE1D725E8B5D9C7" box="[299,438,1906,1930]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" value="1994-02-01">1 Feb 1994</date>
, rainforest, ex Berlese of litter and soil (
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFFDF87AFC6BD725EAEED9C7" box="[929,1005,1906,1930]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">ALAS</collectingCountry>
#B/05/381) [INBio, unique specimen identifier INBIOCRI001259541]. 
<typeStatus id="54A18816FFFDF87AFDD5D7C1EB92D9E0" box="[543,657,1942,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFFDF87AFDD5D7C1EB92D9E0" box="[543,657,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
(workers): same data as 
<typeStatus id="54A18816FFFDF87AFC0AD7C2ED21D9E0" box="[960,1058,1941,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
[LACM, INBIOCRI001259538; MCZC, INBIOCRI001259539; USNM, INBIOCRI001259540; CAS, INBIOCRI001259542]; same data but 
<date id="FFA41074FFFDF87AFA4AD7E0E802D9BF" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" value="1993-04-15">15 Apr 1993</date>
(
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFFDF87AFEDAD78DE858D9BF" box="[272,347,2010,2034]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">ALAS</collectingCountry>
#B/05/053) [EAPZ, INBIOCRI002281441].
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF65663CFFE2F865FF5DD4F9EDFBDAAF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220299/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" targetBox="[153,1435,195,1175]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE2F865FF5DD4F9EDFBDAAF" blockId="16.[151,1436,1198,1251]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FF5DD4F9E823DA8E" bold="true" box="[151,288,1198,1221]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE2F865FEE2D4F9EB34DA89" box="[296,567,1198,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspatulata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FEE2D4F9EB34DA89" box="[296,567,1198,1220]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Rhopalothrix subspatulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25D57DDFFE2F865FDF4D4F8EB93DA89" box="[574,656,1199,1220]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FDF4D4F8EB93DA89" bold="true" box="[574,656,1199,1220]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001259541). 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FBB7D4F9ED95DA8E" bold="true" box="[1149,1174,1198,1219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A.</emphasis>
Fullface view. 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FAFFD4F8EC4FDA89" bold="true" box="[1333,1356,1199,1220]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">B.</emphasis>
Lateral view. 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FF19D49BE9E8DAAE" bold="true" box="[211,235,1228,1251]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">C.</emphasis>
Scape, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FE76D49AE8D7DAAF" bold="true" box="[444,468,1229,1250]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">D.</emphasis>
Dorsal view. Scale bars are 0.2 mm for A, 0.5 mm for B, D, and 0.1 mm for C.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE2F865FF0DD55BEBACDB68" blockId="16.[151,1437,1292,2037]" box="[199,687,1292,1317]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FF0DD55BE8A6DB68" bold="true" box="[199,421,1292,1317]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Geographic range.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFE2F865FE66D55AEB2ADB68" box="[428,553,1293,1317]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFE2F865FDFED55AEBA8DB68" box="[564,683,1293,1317]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C300653FFFE2F865FF0DD567EAC1DBB0" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE2F865FF0DD567EAC1DBB0" blockId="16.[151,1437,1292,2037]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FF0DD567E842DB04" bold="true" box="[199,321,1328,1353]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Sharing with 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE2F865FE2FD565EB64DB04" box="[485,615,1329,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubilosa">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FE2FD565EB64DB04" box="[485,615,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">R. nubilosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE2F865FD6BD565EA0DDB04" box="[673,782,1329,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FD6BD565EA0DDB04" box="[673,782,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">R. weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a characteristic labrum shape: anterior margin of labrum with two long, bluntly triangular lobes, sinus between them deep, length of anterolateral lobe longer than or about equal to distance from base of sinus to transverse carina at base of labrum; worker hardly differing from 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE2F865FAE0D52DEC96DBDC" box="[1322,1429,1401,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FAE0D52DEC96DBDC" box="[1322,1429,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">R. weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being slightly larger (HW&gt; 0.40) and with larger mandibular teeth; queen differing from 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE2F865FB63D5C9EC14DBF8" box="[1193,1303,1437,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FB63D5C9EC14DBF8" box="[1193,1303,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">R. weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in stronger facial concavity and carina medial to compound eye; worker differing from 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE2F865FC2FD595ED66DB94" box="[997,1125,1473,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubilosa">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FC2FD595ED66DB94" box="[997,1125,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">R. nubilosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in smaller size (&lt;0.50) and fewer squamiform setae on first gastral tergite (six versus about twelve).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C300653FFFE2F864FF0DD65FE8C3DF82" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE2F865FF0DD65FE8A8D90C" blockId="16.[151,1437,1292,2037]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FF0DD65FE85AD86C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1544,1569]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FE95D65EE8ACD86C" box="[351,431,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Worker</emphasis>
. HW 0.42–0.49 (n=14); mandible with two closely-spaced short triangular teeth at base, a smaller tooth about mid-distance between basal teeth and base of subapical tooth, reclinate denticle at base of subapical tooth absent, apical tooth short, about 1/3 × length of subapical tooth, intercalary teeth minute; labrum about as long as broad, with two long, bluntly triangular lobes, sinus between them deep, length of anterolateral lobe longer than or about equal to distance from base of sinus to transverse carina at base of labrum; erect setae on leading edge of scape stiff but narrow, hardly clavate, unlike the squamiform setae typical of many other species; arcuate promesonotal groove and metanotal groove moderately impressed; propodeal tooth right angled, infradental lamella thin, evenly and shallowly concave; first gastral tergite with four squamiform setae on posterior margin, two at mid-disk.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE2F864FF0DD719E8ACDEB5" blockId="16.[151,1437,1292,2037]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,936]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE2F865FF0DD719E813D928" box="[199,272,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Queen</emphasis>
. HW 0.51–0.53 (n=2); mandible and labrum similar to worker; face shape similar to worker but with large, shallow, circular concavity medial to compound eye, separated from eye by distinct slightly elevated carina that partially covers eye in full face view; compound eye longer than maximum width of scape; ocelli small, cuticle adjacent to ocelli marked with black pigment spots on evenly light brown background; shape of propodeal tooth, infradental lamella, petiole and postpetiole similar to worker; katepisternum and anepisternum large, convex, separated by thin groove; pubescence layer of abundant, short, curved setae covers mandible, face, scapes, legs, dorsal mesosoma and metasoma; abundant stiff erect setae on face, anterior edge of scape, side of head, dorsal mesosoma, dorsal gaster.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE3F864FF0DD152EA35DFE1" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,936]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
Fore wing: pterostigma placed about 3/5 the length of the costal margin; veins 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FBF8D152ED72DF51" box="[1074,1137,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Sc+R</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FBB4D152EDCADF51" box="[1150,1225,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">M+Cu</emphasis>
, 1 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FB2ED153EDF6DF51" box="[1252,1269,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">A</emphasis>
, and crossvein 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FF5DD17FE9DBDF0D" box="[151,216,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">2rs-m</emphasis>
tubular; 2 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FE99D17EE885DF0D" box="[339,390,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">rs-m</emphasis>
terminating posteriorly as a node; veins 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FCA3D17EEA86DF0D" box="[873,901,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Rs</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FC5DD17EEAADDF0D" box="[919,942,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">M</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FC39D17FED10DF72" box="[1011,1043,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Cu</emphasis>
nebulous; 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FB5CD17EEDDFDF0D" box="[1174,1244,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Rs+M</emphasis>
spectral; vannal region vestigial; only basal and submarginal 1 cells enclosed by tubular or nebular veins. 
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFE3F864FB56D11BEDD7DF29" box="[1180,1236,332,356]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Hind</collectingCountry>
wing: only veins 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FF5DD127E9F8DFCA" box="[151,251,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">C+Sc+R</emphasis>
and 1 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FEF5D127E853DFC5" box="[319,336,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">A</emphasis>
tubular, and only for a very short length of the remigium; veins 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FBD6D127ED58DFCA" box="[1052,1115,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Sc+R</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FBA3D127EDB7DFCA" box="[1129,1204,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">M+Cu</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FB0BD126EDD1DFC5" box="[1217,1234,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">R</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FB2AD126EDFFDFC5" box="[1248,1276,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Rs</emphasis>
and crossvein 2 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FF6FD1C2E9DBDFE1" box="[165,216,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">rs-m</emphasis>
nebulous; no cells are closed; vannal region vestigial.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE3F864FF0DD1E0E8C3DF82" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,936]" box="[199,448,439,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
The 
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FF33D1EFE82CDF9D" box="[249,303,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">male</emphasis>
is unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C300653FFFE3F864FF0DD18CEDFBDDCF" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE3F864FF0DD18CEB9CDD5A" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,936]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FF0DD18CE824DFB9" bold="true" box="[199,295,475,500]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Biology.</emphasis>
This species occurs in lowland rainforest, from 
<quantity id="4CE29B51FFE3F864FCF5D18BEAB3DFB9" box="[831,944,476,500]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" unit="m" value="425.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="50.0">50–800 m</quantity>
elevation. Of the approximately 
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD3DFFE3F864FAD5D18BEC98DFB9" box="[1311,1435,476,500]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="worker">50 workers</specimenCount>
known, one was collected in a Malaise trap sample and the rest were in Berlese or Winkler samples. The Winkler samples were of sifted litter and rotten wood on the forest floor; the Berlese samples were cores of forest floor litter and about 
<quantity id="4CE29B51FFE3F864FEC1D210E86FDC2D" box="[267,364,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" unit="cm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 cm</quantity>
of the mineral soil beneath. At La Selva Biological Station, 3% of 208 Berlese samples and 2% of 640 miniWinkler samples contained workers. Given that each miniWinkler sample covered an area about 60 times greater than a Berlese sample (
<quantity id="4CE29B51FFE3F864FD86D2C5EB7BDCE7" box="[588,632,658,682]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
2 versus 
<quantity id="4CE29B51FFE3F864FD17D2C5EA30DCE7" box="[733,819,658,682]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" unit="cm" value="165.0">165 cm</quantity>
2), 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE3F864FC9CD2C3ED0BDCE6" box="[854,1032,659,683]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspatulata">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FC9CD2C3ED0BDCE6" box="[854,1032,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">R. subspatulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was far more abundant in Berlese samples. This suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE3F864FE13D2EFEB89DC82" box="[473,650,695,719]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspatulata">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FE13D2EFEB89DC82" box="[473,650,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">R. subspatulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and perhaps 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D37FFE3F864FCE7D2E0EAC2DC82" box="[813,961,695,719]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FCE7D2E0EAC2DC82" box="[813,961,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Rhopalothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in general, are subterranean, nesting and foraging in mineral soil, and perhaps only rarely venturing up into the litter layer. The pale color and greatly reduced eyes also suggest subterranean habits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE3F864FF0DD375EDFBDDCF" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,936]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
Alate queens were collected in three of 50 canopy fogging samples from the 
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFE3F864FBEFD375ED6DDD77" box="[1061,1134,802,826]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ALAS</collectingCountry>
project at La Selva (http:// viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/ 
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFE3F864FE51D310E8E5DD12" box="[411,486,839,863]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ALAS</collectingCountry>
/ 
<collectingCountry id="F30D7624FFE3F864FE25D310EB39DD12" box="[495,570,839,863]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ALAS</collectingCountry>
.html): 
<date id="FFA41074FFE3F864FD4CD310ED05DD12" box="[646,1030,839,863]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" value="1994-10-08" valueMax="1994-11-10" valueMin="1994-10-08">8 October and 10 November 1994</date>
and 
<date id="FFA41074FFE3F864FBF7D310EC10DD12" box="[1085,1299,839,863]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" value="1999-12-28">28 December 1999</date>
(mid to late wet season). This suggests that the species mates above ground and has normally dispersing queens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C300653FFFE3F864FF0DD3D8EA9BDDE5" box="[199,920,911,936]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA536B4FFE3F864FF0DD3D8EA9BDDE5" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,936]" box="[199,920,911,936]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B96EEAA6FFE3F864FF0DD3D8E84DDDEA" bold="true" box="[199,334,911,935]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Etymology.</emphasis>
Referring to the sparse spatulate setae on the gaster.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>