<documentid="B27FEA5A171B1B25454048EEB429C0E8"ID-CLB-Dataset="287321"ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.2"ID-GBIF-Dataset="6572d4ad-6842-4a8d-9f9f-666d02c5e6ea"ID-ISSN="1175-5326"ID-Zenodo-Dep="10603692"ID-ZooBank="3080C791-0BF8-45E0-940E-CDC796EAAEFD"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina"checkinTime="1706774471707"checkinUser="plazi"docAuthor="Sandes, Joana, Moraes, Fernando & Muricy, Guilherme"docDate="2024"docId="2C3EA33ABE5DFF955FA96B13FCDC8B00"docLanguage="en"docName="zootaxa.5405.4.2.pdf"docOrigin="Zootaxa 5405 (4)"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.2"docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D"docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article"docStyleVersion="9"docTitle="Placospongia amphinolastra Sandes & Moraes & Muricy 2024, sp. nov."docType="treatment"docUuid="998EB1A4-B682-45EC-9D00-9ED433024076"docUuidSource="ZooBank"docVersion="6"lastPageNumber="516"masterDocId="D007DB42BE4EFF835F3E6D57FFF58A1D"masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of Placospongia Gray, 1867 from Northern and Northeastern Brazil, with description of two new species (Porifera: Demospongiae: Clionaida)"masterLastPageNumber="525"masterPageNumber="495"pageNumber="514"updateTime="1732484357457"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:titleid="0E68E3276E7106123B67EBD32290EE55">Taxonomy of Placospongia Gray, 1867 from Northern and Northeastern Brazil, with description of two new species (Porifera: Demospongiae: Clionaida)</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="5DE880D184406074DE7A9DD9A89A3097">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="A1D67825589D9A37940403C7718BEF0B">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil & Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="0665B2F64D2F30FCCC2AE47A53EA2AFF">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil & Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5DFF905FA96B13FE048C42"ID-CoL="C49KR"authority="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy, 2024"authorityName="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy"authorityYear="2024"box="[151,497,1604,1631]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="19"pageNumber="514"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="amphinolastra"status="sp. nov.">
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5DFF905FA16BDBFF188CBB"box="[159,237,1676,1702]"captionStart="FIGURE 4"captionStartId="10.[151,250,1847,1871]"captionTargetBox="[158,1435,709,1823]"captionTargetId="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]"captionTargetPageId="10"captionText="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="514">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5DFF905E1D6BDBFE9E8CBB"box="[291,363,1676,1702]"captionStart-0="FIGURE 11"captionStart-1="FIGURE 12"captionStartId-0="20.[151,250,1122,1146]"captionStartId-1="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId-0="figure-38@20.[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetId-1="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId-0="20"captionTargetPageId-1="21"captionText-0="FIGURE 11 Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Holotype (in vivo); b Holotype (after fixation); c–d Cortex and choanosome in transversal section. In situ photograph by Dr. Eduardo Hajdu (a)."captionText-1="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603714"figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10603714/files/figure.png"httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="514">11–12</figureCitation>
<tableCitationid="E9152797BE5DFF905E486BDBFE218CBB"box="[374,468,1676,1702]"captionStart="TABLE 2"captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]"captionTargetPageId="5"captionText="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0E842A4BE4BFF865FA96DC0FD6D8ACE"pageId="19"pageNumber="514"tableUuid="F0E842A4BE4BFF865FA96DC0FD6D8ACE">Tables 2</tableCitation>
<tableCitationid="E9152797BE5DFF905D356BDBFDEC8CBB"box="[523,537,1676,1702]"captionStart="TABLE 3"captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0E842A4BE49FF845FA96F5CFF00888C"pageId="19"pageNumber="514"tableUuid="F0E842A4BE49FF845FA96F5CFF00888C">3</tableCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="C0066FDDBE5DFF905EB56BA7FDCD8D1A"author="Moraes, F."box="[395,568,1775,1800]"pageId="19"pageNumber="514"refId="ref20501"refString="Moraes, F. C (2011) Esponjas das ilhas oceanicas brasileiras. Serie Livros 44, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 252 pp."type="book"year="2011">Moraes 2011: 95</bibRefCitation>
<specimenCodeid="F431BA57BE5DFF905E806A61FDBB8D4D"box="[446,590,1846,1872]"collectionCode="MNRJ"country="Brazil"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5"name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro"pageId="19"pageNumber="514">MNRJ 7878</specimenCode>
,
<locationid="A14844F7BE5DFF905D656A61FD218D4D"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE5DFF955FA96B13FCDC8B00:A14844F7BE5DFF905D656A61FD218D4D"box="[603,724,1846,1872]"country="Brazil"county="Fernando de Noronha Archipelago"latitude="-3.81299"longLatPrecision="1"longitude="-32.390343"municipality="Rata Island"name="Ressurreta"pageId="19"pageNumber="514"stateProvince="Pernambuco">Ressurreta</location>
<collectingCountyid="4D496AA0BE5DFF905C4A6A61FAF78D4D"box="[884,1282,1846,1872]"pageId="19"pageNumber="514">Fernando de Noronha Archipelago</collectingCounty>
<collectingDateid="C06DCD04BE5DFF905B166A0DFAF08D69"box="[1064,1285,1882,1908]"pageId="19"pageNumber="514"value="2003-11-12">12 November 2003</collectingDate>
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5DFF905D766A29FD1E8D85"authorityName="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy"authorityYear="2024"box="[584,747,1918,1944]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="19"pageNumber="514"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="amphinolastra">
thinly encrusting, with light brown color and orange edges. The megascleres are tylostyles in two slightly overlapping categories. Microscleres are elongated, bean- or peanut-shaped mature selenasters, immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters, small spirasters with short and rugose rays, and rare spherasters.
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975E6068D7FE288F87"box="[350,477,1408,1434]"captionStart="FIGURE 11"captionStartId="20.[151,250,1122,1146]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetId="figure-38@20.[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetPageId="20"captionText="FIGURE 11 Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Holotype (in vivo); b Holotype (after fixation); c–d Cortex and choanosome in transversal section. In situ photograph by Dr. Eduardo Hajdu (a)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603714"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603714/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 11a–b</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975E5C689FFE358FFF"box="[354,448,1480,1506]"captionStart="FIGURE 11"captionStartId="20.[151,250,1122,1146]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetId="figure-38@20.[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetPageId="20"captionText="FIGURE 11 Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Holotype (in vivo); b Holotype (after fixation); c–d Cortex and choanosome in transversal section. In situ photograph by Dr. Eduardo Hajdu (a)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603714"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603714/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 11a</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975CF7689FFBD38FFF"box="[969,1062,1480,1506]"captionStart="FIGURE 11"captionStartId="20.[151,250,1122,1146]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetId="figure-38@20.[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetPageId="20"captionText="FIGURE 11 Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Holotype (in vivo); b Holotype (after fixation); c–d Cortex and choanosome in transversal section. In situ photograph by Dr. Eduardo Hajdu (a)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603714"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603714/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 11a</figureCitation>
), becoming beige in ethanol (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975A51689FFF368C1B"captionStart="FIGURE 11"captionStartId="20.[151,250,1122,1146]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetId="figure-38@20.[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetPageId="20"captionText="FIGURE 11 Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Holotype (in vivo); b Holotype (after fixation); c–d Cortex and choanosome in transversal section. In situ photograph by Dr. Eduardo Hajdu (a)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603714"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603714/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 11b</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975E096B47FE418C37"box="[311,436,1552,1578]"captionStart="FIGURE 11"captionStartId="20.[151,250,1122,1146]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetId="figure-38@20.[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetPageId="20"captionText="FIGURE 11 Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Holotype (in vivo); b Holotype (after fixation); c–d Cortex and choanosome in transversal section. In situ photograph by Dr. Eduardo Hajdu (a)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603714"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603714/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 11c–d</figureCitation>
). The cortex is 100–250 µm thick, distinct from the choanosome. The inner layer of the cortex is densely packed with selenasters and the outer layer is thin and sparse, formed by scarce spirasters. The choanosomal skeleton is composed of tylostyle tracts of 50–100 µm thick and 1000 µm apart, which run obliquely from substrate to the cortex (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975ED16B2BFDA78C8B"box="[495,594,1660,1686]"captionStart="FIGURE 11"captionStartId="20.[151,250,1122,1146]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetId="figure-38@20.[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetPageId="20"captionText="FIGURE 11 Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Holotype (in vivo); b Holotype (after fixation); c–d Cortex and choanosome in transversal section. In situ photograph by Dr. Eduardo Hajdu (a)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603714"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603714/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 11c</figureCitation>
). Immature selenasters and rare spherasters are scattered throughout the choanosome, between the tylostyle tracts (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975D4C6BF7FD278CA7"box="[626,722,1696,1722]"captionStart="FIGURE 11"captionStartId="20.[151,250,1122,1146]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetId="figure-38@20.[151,1436,181,1098]"captionTargetPageId="20"captionText="FIGURE 11 Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Holotype (in vivo); b Holotype (after fixation); c–d Cortex and choanosome in transversal section. In situ photograph by Dr. Eduardo Hajdu (a)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603714"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603714/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 11d</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975E5C6B93FE2A8CC3"box="[354,479,1732,1758]"captionStart="FIGURE 12"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 12a–b</figureCitation>
). Tylostyles in two slightly overlapping categories, with blunt or mucronate ends; few modified to styles. The tyles are ovoid, round, lobate or bi-lobate (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975CBF6BBFFC0B8D1F"box="[897,1022,1768,1794]"captionStart="FIGURE 12"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 12a–b</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975E596A67FE108D57"box="[359,485,1840,1867]"captionStart="FIGURE 12"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 12c–g</figureCitation>
). Mature selenasters are elongate, bean- or peanut-shaped: total size 40–45–53 / 15– 21–30 µm, hilum with 7–8.5–9 µm in diameter. The spines are fused and form irregular, grooved or rugose plates (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975FA16A2FFEF48D8F"box="[159,257,1912,1938]"captionStart="FIGURE 12"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 12c</figureCitation>
of immature selenasters are present: (I) straight, slender and spiny, with spines concentrated on the end of the shafts: 21–27–33 / 2–4.5–7 µm (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5AFF975DFB6ACBFCD28DAB"box="[709,807,1948,1974]"captionStart="FIGURE 12"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="20"pageNumber="515">Fig. 12d</figureCitation>
) dumbbell-like shaped, with spined or lumpy shafts connecting two heads densely covered by sharp or bulbous spines, similar to amphinolasters: 29–33–36 / 13–15–19 / 9–11–13 µm (length x head width x shaft width) (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5BFF965DEA6DC0FCC18AAC"box="[724,820,151,177]"captionStart="FIGURE 12"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="21"pageNumber="516">Fig. 12e</figureCitation>
) elongate to oval, with spines very closely set, but still recognizable in their individuality: 47–49– 51 / 15–20–23 µm. Spirasters small and thin, with short rugose spines, bent once or twice: 5–9–14 / 1–1–2 µm (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5BFF965A516D88FF358B00"captionStart="FIGURE 12"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="21"pageNumber="516">Fig. 12f</figureCitation>
). Spherasters rare, small, with short and conical rays: 11–12–13 µm in diameter (n=2) (
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5BFF965BAD6C54FB018B00"box="[1171,1268,259,285]"captionStart="FIGURE 12"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1052,1076]"captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetId="figure-116@21.[151,1436,309,1029]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 12 Spicules of Placospongia amphinolastra sp. nov. a Tylostyles; b Tyle and end of tylostyle; c Mature selenasters; d Immature selenasters of the type I; e Immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters (type II); f Spiraster; g Rare spheraster (a and g, optical microscopy; b–f, SEM)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603718"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603718/files/figure.png"pageId="21"pageNumber="516">
<figureCitationid="3CAC0EA9BE5BFF965EC369A4FDB78F10"box="[509,578,1267,1293]"captionStart="FIGURE 4"captionStartId="10.[151,250,1847,1871]"captionTargetBox="[158,1435,709,1823]"captionTargetId="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]"captionTargetPageId="10"captionText="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png"pageId="21"pageNumber="516">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
<tableCitationid="E9152797BE5BFF965D7069A4FD628F10"box="[590,663,1267,1293]"captionStart="TABLE 2"captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]"captionTargetPageId="5"captionText="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0E842A4BE4BFF865FA96DC0FD6D8ACE"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"tableUuid="F0E842A4BE4BFF865FA96DC0FD6D8ACE">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965E8C686CFD038F48"authority="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy, 2024"authorityName="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy"authorityYear="2024"box="[434,758,1339,1365]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="amphinolastra"status="sp. nov.">Placospongia amphinolastra</taxonomicName>
is defined by the combination of tylostyles, mature selenasters elongated, bean- or peanut-shaped, immature selenasters similar to amphinolasters, small spirasters with short and rugose rays, and rare spherasters.
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965DFE68F0FBF58FDC"authority="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy, 2024"authorityName="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy"authorityYear="2024"box="[704,1024,1447,1473]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="amphinolastra"status="sp. nov.">
<bibRefCitationid="C0066FDDBE5BFF965C9B689CFB928FF8"author="Laubenfels, M. W. de"box="[933,1127,1482,1509]"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"pagination="137 - 143"refId="ref20292"refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1955) The sponges of Onotoa. Pacific Science, 9 (2), 137 - 143."type="journal article"year="1955">Laubenfels 1955</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="C0066FDDBE5BFF965B49689CFA648FF8"author="Rutzler, K. & Hooper, J. N. A."box="[1143,1425,1483,1509]"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"pagination="337 - 344"refId="ref21116"refString="Rutzler, K. & Hooper, J. N. A. (2000) Two new genera of Hadromerid sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoosystema, 22 (2), 337 - 344."type="journal article"year="2000">Rützler & Hooper 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Amphinolasters have lumpy shafts connecting two heads densely covered by bulbous spines (
<bibRefCitationid="C0066FDDBE5BFF965BF568B8FF218C30"author="Rutzler, K. & Hooper, J. N. A."pageId="21"pageNumber="516"pagination="337 - 344"refId="ref21116"refString="Rutzler, K. & Hooper, J. N. A. (2000) Two new genera of Hadromerid sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoosystema, 22 (2), 337 - 344."type="journal article"year="2000">Rützler & Hooper 2000</bibRefCitation>
). In the new species, it is unclear whether this is a distinct spicule
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965FF96B28FDFF8C84"authority="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy, 2024"authorityName="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy"authorityYear="2024"box="[199,522,1663,1689]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="amphinolastra"status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965CA36B28FA958C84"ID-CoL="77NC2"authority="(Tanita & Hoshino, 1989)"authorityName="sensu Becking"authorityYear="2013"baseAuthorityName="Tanita & Hoshino"baseAuthorityYear="1989"box="[925,1376,1663,1689]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="anthosigma">
<bibRefCitationid="C0066FDDBE5BFF965B766B28FAA28C84"author="Tanita, S. & Hoshino, T."box="[1096,1367,1663,1689]"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"refId="ref21515"refString="Tanita, S. & Hoshino, T. (1989) The Demospongiae of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household Japan, Tokyo, 197 pp."type="book"year="1989">Tanita & Hoshino, 1989</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="C0066FDDBE5BFF965E886BF4FD948CA0"author="Hanitsch, R."box="[438,609,1698,1725]"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"pagination="205 - 219"refId="ref19961"refString="Hanitsch, R. (1895) Notes on a collection of sponges from the West Coast of Portugal. Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society, 9, 205 - 219."type="journal article"year="1895">Hanitsch, 1895</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the South European Atlantic Shelf the same accessory microscleres, viz., spirasters and spherasters. However,
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965D966B90FC2D8CFC"ID-CoL="77NC2"authorityName="sensu Becking"authorityYear="2013"baseAuthorityName="Tanita & Hoshino"baseAuthorityYear="1989"box="[680,984,1735,1761]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="anthosigma">
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965A3C6B90FECF8D18"authority="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy, 2024"authorityName="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy"authorityYear="2024"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="amphinolastra"status="sp. nov.">
<tableCitationid="E9152797BE5BFF965FA16A64FF1D8D50"box="[159,232,1843,1869]"captionStart="TABLE 3"captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0E842A4BE49FF845FA96F5CFF00888C"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"tableUuid="F0E842A4BE49FF845FA96F5CFF00888C">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965FF96A00FDE48D6C"authority="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy, 2024"authorityName="Sandes & Moraes & Muricy"authorityYear="2024"box="[199,529,1879,1905]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="amphinolastra"status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965B546A00FB1D8D6C"ID-CoL="6VNBP"authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, van Soest & Diaz"authorityYear="2014"box="[1130,1256,1879,1905]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="caribica">
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965D2E6A2CFD9B8D89"ID-CoL="B6GWX"authorityName="David-Colon, Zea & Marin-Casa"authorityYear="2023"box="[528,622,1915,1940]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="soesti">
. Yet, it is easily distinguishable from all its congeners in the Tropical Western Atlantic: it is distinct from
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE5BFF965D0C6AC8FD598DA4"ID-CoL="6VNBP"authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, van Soest & Diaz"authorityYear="2014"box="[562,684,1951,1977]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="21"pageNumber="516"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="caribica">
by the presence of metasters and acanthomicrorhabds; and from
<taxonomicNameid="639769AFBE58FF955D816DC0FCE88AAD"ID-CoL="B6GWX"authorityName="David-Colon, Zea & Marin-Casa"authorityYear="2023"box="[703,797,151,176]"class="Demospongiae"family="Placospongiidae"genus="Placospongia"kingdom="Animalia"order="Clionaida"pageId="22"pageNumber="517"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="soesti">
<tableCitationid="E9152797BE58FF955CB06D88FC2F8AE4"box="[910,986,223,249]"captionStart="TABLE 3"captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0E842A4BE49FF845FA96F5CFF00888C"pageId="22"pageNumber="517"tableUuid="F0E842A4BE49FF845FA96F5CFF00888C">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
