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<document id="8CAA82A98B931891DC71CE08AA7992D8" ID-CLB-Dataset="3616" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b7d66df-755c-4a1a-b925-3c71e1e8fab4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5642287" ID-ZooBank="EFE2D12B-3F02-4831-A913-DEFE1F9A0C92" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1635922809189" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chagas, Cléslei &amp; Cavalcanti, Fernanda F." docDate="2021" docId="03CEAF23A471FF9BFF36ED61F739FE19" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5061.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5061 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera Triactines" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="FFF7D75BA464FF83FFA1E823F22AFF90" masterDocTitle="Partial taxonomic revision of Amphoriscus Haeckel, 1870 (Porifera: Calcarea) with description of A. decennis sp. nov." masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1699467561842" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="8997B90940DE0721C2F6A6CF025C417B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="6B1AD74FBCDEDDC9DB8780532AD8F539">
<mods:title id="393812F6ED436FA8B2A71337C8F436A1">Partial taxonomic revision of Amphoriscus Haeckel, 1870 (Porifera: Calcarea) with description of A. decennis sp. nov.</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="AFD717B65832A675AE1665825C74B379" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="62745B5A5AAD67EC4BCD2D83323DB0A4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2971CEC6E2ED696EB9568C5B2237DF06">Chagas, Cléslei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="563C34B59DDB27C50730CC782675381C">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia. Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s / n, Ondina, Salvador / Bahia, Brazil. 40170 - 115.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A232AF34ED841BCAB7C06CB00BCE935C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B474D04A9F39D01D290B7D0E26A54427">Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D761FAEBEA3AB53002D576583956BCBB" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1619-0860</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A03C9CC4066A07D2C98CBB7F88A0E514">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia. Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s / n, Ondina, Salvador / Bahia, Brazil. 40170 - 115. &amp; fernanda. porifera @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1619 - 0860</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D5A200B6759CBFED64C5C321DA6B6541" type="email">fernanda.porifera@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3537E6BE02B63C20EA83887FE4A7D31E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="528ED6CBD453362EFED720E293DD3E16">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="921C207AED723383B74119C58DAE78E7">
<mods:date id="1420B86A39756B8C12C4337660671B90">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4CA81C1B8A61A4B19658512D45457E4C">2021-11-03</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="79D42A0612924F3583DAB455A62E4516">5061</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F03C466D26DCE320462E09BA752C409E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2CC49A1F1D4318A0F764D84D216693C4" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7AB42267ED38D4F9388914721F0545EB" type="GBIF-Dataset">0b7d66df-755c-4a1a-b925-3c71e1e8fab4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CEAF23A471FF9BFF36ED61F739FE19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5699470" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190305804" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5699470" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CEAF23A471FF9BFF36ED61F739FE19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEAF23A471FF9BFF36ED61F739FE19" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<subSubSection id="C37D4DBEA471FF96FF36ED61F0E2FACD" box="[151,712,1346,1373]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A471FF96FF36ED61F0E2FACD" blockId="21.[151,712,1346,1373]" box="[151,712,1346,1373]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<heading id="D090A959A471FF96FF36ED61F0E2FACD" bold="true" box="[151,712,1346,1373]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A471FF96FF36ED61F0E2FACD" ID-CoL="6PSC4" authority="(Burton, 1932)" authorityName="Triactines" baseAuthorityName="Burton" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[151,712,1346,1373]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FF36ED61F0E2FACD" bold="true" box="[151,712,1346,1373]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FF36ED61F020FACD" bold="true" box="[151,522,1346,1373]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A471FF96FDB8ED60F095FACD" author="Burton, M." box="[537,703,1347,1373]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="237 - 392" refId="ref16157" refString="Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24379" type="journal article" year="1932">Burton, 1932</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D4DBEA471FF96FF36EDA4F633FA4D" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A471FF96FF36EDA4F019FA30" blockId="21.[151,1436,1415,1501]" box="[151,563,1415,1440]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A471FF96FF36EDA4F019FA30" authority="Burton, 1932" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,563,1415,1440]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FF36EDA4F38CFA0F" box="[151,422,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Leucaltis gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A471FF96FE0DEDABF019FA30" author="Burton, M." box="[428,563,1416,1440]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="237 - 392" refId="ref16157" refString="Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24379" type="journal article" year="1932">Burton, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A471FF96FF36ED85F633FA4D" blockId="21.[151,1436,1415,1501]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
Citations and Synonymies:
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A471FF96FE19ED85F1BCFA2E" authority="Burton, 1932: 259" authorityName="Burton" authorityPageNumber="259" authorityYear="1932" box="[440,918,1446,1470]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FE19ED85F0E1FA2E" box="[440,715,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Leucaltis gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A471FF96FD75ED84F1BCFA2E" author="Burton, M." box="[724,918,1446,1470]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="237 - 392" refId="ref16157" refString="Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24379" type="journal article" year="1932">Burton, 1932: 259</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs. 4-5;
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A471FF96FBADED85F305FA4D" ID-CoL="6PSC4" authority="Burton, 1963: 136" authorityName="Burton" authorityPageNumber="136" authorityYear="1963" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FBADED85F76CFA2E" box="[1036,1350,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A471FF96FAF1ED84F305FA4D" author="Burton, M." pageId="21" pageNumber="60" refId="ref16231" refString="Burton, M. (1963) A revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges: with a Catalogue of the specimens in the British Museum. Order of the trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 693 pp." type="book" year="1963">Burton, 1963: 136</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 147, 548;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A471FF96FE01EDE6F0ECFA4D" author="Klautau, M. &amp; Cavalcanti, F. F. &amp; Borojevic, R." box="[416,710,1477,1501]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="105 - 112" refId="ref17023" refString="Klautau, M., Cavalcanti, F. F. &amp; Borojevic, R. (2017) The new sponge species Amphoriscus pedunculatus (Porifera, Calcarea). Zootaxa, 4341 (1), 105 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4341.1.9" type="journal article" year="2017">
Klautau
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FE57EDE6F009FA4D" box="[502,547,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 105-106
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A471FF96FD70EDE6F63CFA4D" author="Condor-Lujan, B. &amp; Azevedo, F. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Hooker, Y. &amp; Willenz, P. &amp; Klautau, M." box="[721,1046,1477,1501]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref16433" refString="Condor-Lujan, B., Azevedo, F., Hajdu, E., Hooker, Y., Willenz, P. &amp; Klautau, M. (2019) Tropical Eastern Pacific Amphoriscidae Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcaronea: Leucosolenida) from the Peruvian coast. Marine Biodiversity, 49 (4), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 019 - 00946 - y" type="journal article" year="2019">
Cóndor-Luján
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FCC6EDE6F1B0FA4D" box="[871,922,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
2019: 1825
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D4DBEA471FF94FF36EE28F17EFE8D" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A471FF96FF36EE28F767F9B6" blockId="21.[151,1437,1547,2005]" box="[151,1357,1547,1574]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FF36EE28F36DF9B5" bold="true" box="[151,327,1547,1573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Type material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B0F1468A471FF96FEEFEE28F763F9B6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400666324" box="[334,1353,1547,1574]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" elevation="110" location="South Atlantic" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" specimenCode="BMNH 1928.2" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="DBC1B64EA471FF96FEEFEE28F3D2F9B6" box="[334,504,1547,1574]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">BMNH 1928.2</specimenCode>
.15.833 (
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A471FF96FDF8EE28F0ECF9B5" box="[601,710,1547,1573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
; St. 6,
<collectingCountry id="F3705EA5A471FF96FCB3EE28F1FFF9B5" box="[786,981,1547,1573]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8EB848EEA471FF96FC41EE28F6AFF9B5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CEAF23A471FF9BFF36ED61F739FE19:8EB848EEA471FF96FC41EE28F6AFF9B5" box="[992,1157,1547,1573]" country="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" name="South Atlantic" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">South Atlantic</location>
;
<quantity id="4C9FB3D0A471FF96FB31EE28F72BF9B5" box="[1168,1281,1547,1573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="110.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="80.0">
<elevation id="004AF906A471FF96FB31EE28F72BF9B5" box="[1168,1281,1547,1573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="110.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="80.0">80–140 m</elevation>
</quantity>
deep)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A471FF96FF66EE0CF0CCF9D9" blockId="21.[151,1437,1547,2005]" box="[199,742,1583,1609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<materialsCitation id="3B0F1468A471FF96FF66EE0CF0C8F9D9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400666322" box="[199,738,1583,1609]" country="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" location="South Atlantic" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FF66EE0CF343F9D9" bold="true" box="[199,361,1583,1609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A471FF96FF66EE0CF328F9D9" box="[199,258,1583,1609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3705EA5A471FF96FED1EE0CF018F9D9" box="[368,562,1583,1609]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8EB848EEA471FF96FD9FEE0CF0C8F9D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CEAF23A471FF9BFF36ED61F739FE19:8EB848EEA471FF96FD9FEE0CF0C8F9D9" box="[574,738,1583,1609]" country="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" name="South Atlantic" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">South Atlantic</location>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A471FF96FF66EE70F684F901" blockId="21.[151,1437,1547,2005]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FF66EE70F34EF9FD" bold="true" box="[199,356,1619,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Morphology:</emphasis>
Colour is beige after fixation. The
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A471FF96FCA0EE70F149F9FD" box="[769,867,1619,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is a tubular fragment (
<figureCitation id="135C02B0A471FF96FBCEEE70F6F0F9FD" box="[1135,1242,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera (holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833). A—Holotype in ethanol. B—General view of a skeletal section. C—A triactine (arrow) at the cortical region. D—Giant tetractines organised at the skeleton. E—Apical of the tetractines (arrows) perforating the atrial wall and layer of diactines surrounding the atrium. F—Subatrial/ atrial region composed exclusively of diactines (arrow). Abbreviations: at—Atrium and ct—cortex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642315/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
), and a fringe of trichoxeas was present, according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A471FF96FD94EE54F0FDF901" author="Burton, M." box="[565,727,1655,1681]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="237 - 392" refId="ref16157" refString="Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24379" type="journal article" year="1932">Burton (1932)</bibRefCitation>
. The type of aquiferous system is unclear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A471FF96FF66EEB8F672F845" blockId="21.[151,1437,1547,2005]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FF66EEB8F315F925" bold="true" box="[199,319,1691,1717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Anatomy:</emphasis>
The skeleton has no similarity with the other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A471FF96FC17EEB8F662F925" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[950,1096,1691,1717]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A471FF96FC17EEB8F662F925" box="[950,1096,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The cortical region is formed by triactines of varying sizes and subcortical giant tetractines (which are possibly the only typical character of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A471FF96FF36EEC0F362F96E" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,328,1763,1790]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Amphoriscidae</taxonomicName>
). However, there is no typical inarticulation (
<figureCitation id="135C02B0A471FF96FCF3EEC0F191F96D" box="[850,955,1763,1789]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera (holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833). A—Holotype in ethanol. B—General view of a skeletal section. C—A triactine (arrow) at the cortical region. D—Giant tetractines organised at the skeleton. E—Apical of the tetractines (arrows) perforating the atrial wall and layer of diactines surrounding the atrium. F—Subatrial/ atrial region composed exclusively of diactines (arrow). Abbreviations: at—Atrium and ct—cortex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642315/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
). The presence of several broken spicules makes the visualisation of the triactines difficult (
<figureCitation id="135C02B0A471FF96FD19EF24F134F8B1" box="[696,798,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera (holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833). A—Holotype in ethanol. B—General view of a skeletal section. C—A triactine (arrow) at the cortical region. D—Giant tetractines organised at the skeleton. E—Apical of the tetractines (arrows) perforating the atrial wall and layer of diactines surrounding the atrium. F—Subatrial/ atrial region composed exclusively of diactines (arrow). Abbreviations: at—Atrium and ct—cortex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642315/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
). The apical actines of the subcortical tetractines cross the entire choanosome, often perforating the atrium (
<figureCitation id="135C02B0A471FF96FD1AEF08F167F8D5" box="[699,845,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera (holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833). A—Holotype in ethanol. B—General view of a skeletal section. C—A triactine (arrow) at the cortical region. D—Giant tetractines organised at the skeleton. E—Apical of the tetractines (arrows) perforating the atrial wall and layer of diactines surrounding the atrium. F—Subatrial/ atrial region composed exclusively of diactines (arrow). Abbreviations: at—Atrium and ct—cortex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642315/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Figs. 12D, E</figureCitation>
). The subatrial/atrial region is comprised exclusively of large tangential diactines. They are abundant and line the atrial cavity (
<figureCitation id="135C02B0A471FF96FC7EEF6CF645F8F9" box="[991,1135,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[151,1436,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera (holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833). A—Holotype in ethanol. B—General view of a skeletal section. C—A triactine (arrow) at the cortical region. D—Giant tetractines organised at the skeleton. E—Apical of the tetractines (arrows) perforating the atrial wall and layer of diactines surrounding the atrium. F—Subatrial/ atrial region composed exclusively of diactines (arrow). Abbreviations: at—Atrium and ct—cortex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642315/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Figs. 12E, F</figureCitation>
). A specific atrial skeleton comprised of triactines or tetractines is absent. According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A471FF96FC98EF50F1F0F81D" author="Burton, M." box="[825,986,1907,1933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="237 - 392" refId="ref16157" refString="Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24379" type="journal article" year="1932">Burton (1932)</bibRefCitation>
, large diactines similar to those found in the inner part of the sponge were found projecting from the cortex, but they were not observed here. The aquiferous system could not be recognised and was not mentioned along the original description.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF184EBDA472FF95FF36EE73F62CF943" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5642315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642315/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61" startId="22.[151,250,1616,1640]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1592]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A472FF95FF36EE73F62CF943" blockId="22.[151,1437,1616,1748]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FF36EE73F309F9F8" bold="true" box="[151,291,1616,1640]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A472FF95FE8CEE73F04DF9F8" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1963" box="[301,615,1616,1640]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="22" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FE8CEE73F04DF9F8" box="[301,615,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833).
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FC7AEE73F62DF9F8" bold="true" box="[987,1031,1616,1640]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">A—</emphasis>
Holotype in ethanol.
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FB46EE73F73BF9F8" bold="true" box="[1255,1297,1616,1640]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">B—</emphasis>
General view of a skeletal section.
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FED3EE57F3B4F91C" bold="true" box="[370,414,1652,1676]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">C—</emphasis>
A triactine (arrow) at the cortical region.
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FCE6EE57F158F91C" bold="true" box="[839,882,1652,1676]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">D—</emphasis>
Giant tetractines organised at the skeleton.
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FA8FEE57F773F91C" bold="true" box="[1326,1369,1652,1676]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">E—</emphasis>
Apical of the tetractines (arrows) perforating the atrial wall and layer of diactines surrounding the atrium.
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FB2FEEBBF69CF920" bold="true" box="[1166,1206,1688,1712]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">F—</emphasis>
Subatrial/ atrial region composed exclusively of diactines (arrow). Abbreviations: at—Atrium and ct—cortex.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A472FF95FF66EF05F31BF8D1" blockId="22.[151,1437,1830,2037]" box="[199,305,1830,1857]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FF66EF05F303F8D0" bold="true" box="[199,297,1830,1856]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Spicules</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A472FF95FF66EF69F360F83C" blockId="22.[151,1437,1830,2037]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">
Cortical triactines: Regular, actines are slightly conical and sharp. The actines are straight (paired actines: 123.1–
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FF45EF4DF309F818" box="[228,291,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">150.7</emphasis>
±21.6–204.4/ 8.4–
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FE51EF4DF00BF818" box="[496,545,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">12.2</emphasis>
± 1.7–15.3 μm; unpaired actines: 81.5–
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FC78EF4DF632F818" box="[985,1048,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">133.6</emphasis>
±23.2–180.0/ 8.9–
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FB4DEF4DF701F818" box="[1260,1323,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">122.3</emphasis>
±2.0–18.3 μm) (
<figureCitation id="135C02B0A472FF95FF74EFB1F317F83C" box="[213,317,1938,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[151,250,827,851]" captionTargetBox="[163,1421,309,798]" captionTargetId="figure-69@23.[156,1432,309,804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera (holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833). A—Cortical triactine. B—Subcortical tetractine. C—Subatrial/atrial diactine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642317/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A472FF94FF66EF95F01AFF45" blockId="22.[151,1437,1830,2037]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,150,285]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">
Subcortical tetractines: Giant, actines are slightly conical to conical and blunt. The paired actines are slightly curved (111.4–
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FE9EEFF9F354F864" box="[319,382,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">146.6</emphasis>
±21.8–192.1/ 10.8–
<emphasis id="B913C227A472FF95FDF8EFF9F0A0F864" box="[601,650,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">14.5</emphasis>
± 2.0–19.2 μm). The unpaired actine is curved from the base to the tip (93.9–
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF41E8B5F337FF20" box="[224,285,150,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">116.7</emphasis>
±21.5–156.6/ 14.1–
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FE57E8B4F00DFF21" box="[502,551,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">15.2</emphasis>
±1.1–16.9 μm). The apical actine is long and conical (174.3–
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FB69E8B4F72DFF21" box="[1224,1287,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">228.3</emphasis>
±29.1–285.4/ 16.9–
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF77E898F32DFF45" box="[214,263,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">20.8</emphasis>
±2.2–26.3 μm) (
<figureCitation id="135C02B0A473FF94FE1CE898F00EFF45" box="[445,548,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[151,250,827,851]" captionTargetBox="[163,1421,309,798]" captionTargetId="figure-69@23.[156,1432,309,804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera (holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833). A—Cortical triactine. B—Subcortical tetractine. C—Subatrial/atrial diactine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642317/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A473FF94FF66E8FCF17EFE8D" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
Diactines: Large, sinuous along their length. Most of them have one of the tips blunt while the other is sharp (330.0–
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF4FE921F307FE8C" box="[238,301,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">464.8</emphasis>
±89.6–632.6/ 9.0–
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FE5BE920F001FE8D" box="[506,555,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">18.9</emphasis>
±4.0–25.7 μm) (
<figureCitation id="135C02B0A473FF94FD41E920F16DFE8D" box="[736,839,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[151,250,827,851]" captionTargetBox="[163,1421,309,798]" captionTargetId="figure-69@23.[156,1432,309,804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera (holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833). A—Cortical triactine. B—Subcortical tetractine. C—Subatrial/atrial diactine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642317/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF184EBDA473FF94FF36EB18F39DFCE7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642317" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5642317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5642317/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" startId="23.[151,250,827,851]" targetBox="[163,1421,309,798]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A473FF94FF36EB18F39DFCE7" blockId="23.[151,1437,827,887]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF36EB18F334FCC3" bold="true" box="[151,286,827,851]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FE83EB18F07DFCC3" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1963" box="[290,599,827,851]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FE83EB18F07DFCC3" box="[290,599,827,851]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.833).
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FC17EB18F1C8FCC3" bold="true" box="[950,994,827,851]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">A—</emphasis>
Cortical triactine.
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FB37EB18F695FCC3" bold="true" box="[1174,1215,827,851]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">B—</emphasis>
Subcortical tetractine.
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF36EB7CF2E9FCE7" bold="true" box="[151,195,863,887]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">C—</emphasis>
Subatrial/atrial diactine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37D4DBEA473FF9BFF66EB86F739FE19" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A473FF94FF66EB86F3AEFAB7" blockId="23.[151,1437,933,2040]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF66EB86F317FC2F" bold="true" box="[199,317,933,959]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species was originally described as
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FC81EB86F665FC2F" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[800,1103,933,959]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FC81EB86F665FC2F" box="[800,1103,933,959]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Leucaltis gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(subclass
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FB68EB86F707FC50" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[1225,1325,933,960]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcinea">Calcinea</taxonomicName>
) and was later transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FED6EBEAF023FC73" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[375,521,969,995]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FED6EBEAF023FC73" box="[375,521,969,995]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(subclass
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FD24EBEAF12FFC74" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[645,773,969,996]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcaronea">Calcaronea</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A473FF94FCBFEBEAF199FC73" author="Burton, M." box="[798,947,969,995]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" pagination="237 - 392" refId="ref16157" refString="Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24379" type="journal article" year="1932">Burton 1932</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A473FF94FC63EBEAF1D4FC74" author="Burton, M." box="[962,1022,969,996]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" refId="ref16231" refString="Burton, M. (1963) A revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges: with a Catalogue of the specimens in the British Museum. Order of the trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 693 pp." type="book" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
). Such a reallocation would, by the standards of modern-day research on
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FD9AEBCEF0B7FB97" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1864" box="[571,669,1005,1031]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="class">Calcarea</taxonomicName>
systematics, be considered out of the ordinary and require a detailed explanation, yet at that time Burton did not note the reasons supporting his decision in any detail. In his discussion of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FE8BEC16F06AFBC0" authority=", Burton (1963)" authorityName=", Burton" authorityYear="1963" box="[298,576,1077,1104]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FE8BEC16F3BBFBDF" box="[298,401,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Leucaltis</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A473FF94FE3EEC15F06AFBC0" author="Burton, M." box="[415,576,1077,1104]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" refId="ref16231" refString="Burton, M. (1963) A revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges: with a Catalogue of the specimens in the British Museum. Order of the trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 693 pp." type="book" year="1963">Burton (1963)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
argued that “
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FD7BEC15F19CFBDF" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[730,950,1077,1103]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FD7BEC15F19CFBDF" box="[730,950,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">L. gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is aberrant and is here doubtfully assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FF16EC7AF363FBE3" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[183,329,1113,1139]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF16EC7AF363FBE3" box="[183,329,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, suggesting that the only certainty the author had was that it was not
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FB25EC7AF6C1FBE3" authorityName=", Burton" authorityYear="1963" box="[1156,1259,1113,1139]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FB25EC7AF6C1FBE3" box="[1156,1259,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Leucaltis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He named the species “
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FF5DEC5EF3A4FB07" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[252,398,1149,1175]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF5DEC5EF3A4FB07" box="[252,398,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FE0BEC5EF042FB07" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[426,616,1149,1175]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FE0BEC5EF042FB07" box="[426,616,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, and although we suspect that he was influenced by the presence of the giant cortical tetractines, this cannot be confirmed.Also, there is no information or illustration in the literature about the aquiferous system of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FE19ECE5F0BDFB4F" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[440,663,1221,1248]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FE19ECE5F0BDFB4F" box="[440,663,1221,1248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">A. gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which would be essential to support its allocation in
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FAA2ECE6F7BFFB4F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[1283,1429,1221,1247]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FAA2ECE6F7BFFB4F" box="[1283,1429,1221,1247]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Whether or not it was one of the characters used by Burton to assign the species in
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FBE5ECCAF6FCFA93" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[1092,1238,1257,1283]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FBE5ECCAF6FCFA93" box="[1092,1238,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a question that remains unanswered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A473FF94FF66ED11F69BF9FC" blockId="23.[151,1437,933,2040]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
We analysed the
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A473FF94FE20ED12F3C9FADB" box="[385,483,1329,1355]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(BMNH 1928.2.15.833) in this study. The microscopical slides contain sections of the skeleton that were probably not stained since it was not possible to unequivocally confirm whether
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FB63ED75F7B6FAFF" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[1218,1436,1365,1392]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FB63ED75F7B6FAFF" box="[1218,1436,1365,1392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">A.gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the syconoid aquiferous system typical of the genus. We observed the main morphological characters reported in the original description, such as the presence of cortical triactines, subcortical giant tetractines with a long apical actine, and diactines.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A473FF94FE33EDE1F01FFA4B" author="Burton, M." box="[402,565,1473,1500]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" pagination="237 - 392" refId="ref16157" refString="Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24379" type="journal article" year="1932">Burton (1932)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned diactines protruding through the cortex, but we did not observe this characteristic. The absence of a subatrial layer of triactines/tetractines was also confirmed and, consequently, the absence of inarticulate skeletal organisation. Therefore, the most important diagnostic characters typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FF36EE0EF303F9D7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,297,1581,1607]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FF36EE0EF303F9D7" box="[151,297,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
either could not be confirmed (the syconoid aquiferous system) or are absent (the inarticulation formed by the apical actines of giant cortical tetractines and the unpaired actine of subatrial spicules).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A473FF9BFF66EE55F739FE19" blockId="23.[151,1437,933,2040]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
In order to assess the possibility of assigning
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FD73EE55F19AF91F" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[722,944,1653,1680]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FD73EE55F19AF91F" box="[722,944,1653,1680]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">A. gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in another genus, a diagnosis of all genera under the order
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FEF2EEBAF3DCF923" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1958" box="[339,502,1689,1715]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Leucosolenida</taxonomicName>
was carried out. The presence of triactines and tetractines and of an atrial layer of diactines is a remarkable character found only in
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FD5FEE9EF159F947" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[766,883,1725,1751]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Sycodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FD5FEE9EF159F947" box="[766,883,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Sycodorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although members of this genus are syconoid. Tangential triactines and tetractines also occur along the atrial cavity, suggesting that, even if
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FB1FEEC1F7B6F96B" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[1214,1436,1761,1788]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FB1FEEC1F7B6F96B" box="[1214,1436,1761,1788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">A. gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is syconoid, it could not be allocated in
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FDFBEF26F0E5F88F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[602,719,1797,1823]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Sycodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FDFBEF26F0E5F88F" box="[602,719,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Sycodorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. An alternative decision would be to propose a new genus. The reasons why we did not choose this option to solve the problem of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A473FF94FC07EF09F6ACF8D3" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[934,1158,1833,1860]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A473FF94FC07EF09F6ACF8D3" box="[934,1158,1833,1860]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">A. gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were as follows: (i) the
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A473FF94FF36EF6EF2D3F8F7" box="[151,249,1869,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is tiny, and no reports of additional specimens exist that could enrich our understanding of the morphology of the new genus; (ii) the lack of data on the aquiferous system could raise doubts on the family in which the genus should be inserted and also makes the description of a robust diagnosis difficult; (iii) the species is represented only by the
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A473FF94FEBEEF9AF3AEF843" box="[287,388,1977,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, found at
<collectingCountry id="F3705EA5A473FF94FE57EF9AF091F843" box="[502,699,1977,2003]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
, Southern Atlantic Ocean, at a depth of
<quantity id="4C9FB3D0A473FF94FB23EF9AF725F844" box="[1154,1295,1977,2004]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="110.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="80.0">
80 to
<specimenCount id="9D61D5BCA473FF94FB65EF9AF725F844" box="[1220,1295,1977,2004]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" type="generic">140 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. The lack of perspective in finding fresh samples to elucidate the questions mentioned earlier suggests that the problem with the species would persist (not as
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47CFF9BFE44E8B4F05DFF21" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[485,631,151,177]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFE44E8B4F05DFF21" box="[485,631,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but as a newly named genus); finally, (iv) we cannot undoubtedly rule out
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47CFF9BFF62E898F38BFF45" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1932" box="[195,417,187,213]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Leucaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFF62E898F38BFF45" box="[195,417,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">A. gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47CFF9BFD3EE898F11BFF45" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[671,817,187,213]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFD3EE898F11BFF45" box="[671,817,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the absence of an inarticulate organisation could be a secondary character caused by the loss of subatrial spicules along the species’ evolutionary history. The latter question will be resolved after the species is tested in phylogenetic analyses, though, as highlighted above, there is no fresh material available. Therefore, we decided to be conservative and avoid potentially increasing the number of open questions on the classification of this species.
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47CFF9BFD7AE968F619FEF5" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1963" box="[731,1075,331,357]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gastrorhabdifera">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFD7AE968F619FEF5" box="[731,1075,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Amphoriscus gastrorhabdifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is thus maintained in the genus, but we indicate that it should be considered as
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFD03E94CF117FE19" box="[674,829,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">incertae sedis</emphasis>
until the discovery of additional samples.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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