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<document id="ACD93FE1DA899393B676826E3467B176" ID-CLB-Dataset="55442" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e6056cb7-092f-4304-8ea1-25ef5014286d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6571669" ID-ZooBank="C86210F3-E340-4C97-82D4-27461CD5BFBD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1653288983630" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rocha, Mauricio M. &amp; Cancello, Eliana M." docDate="2022" docId="03BB783DFFB35729FF3892CB7F7000A8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5138.4.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5138 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Biratermes Rocha &amp; Cancello 2022, new genus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="449" masterDocId="FF820045FFB1572DFFAF92147D6B0259" masterDocTitle="Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera" masterLastPageNumber="463" masterPageNumber="445" pageNumber="447" updateTime="1699337915586" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B5A051D029D8ADB0820BDD94C9137F79">Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="26DC3D84ACF8F67BF596D58DCBC85337">Rocha, Mauricio M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="90680C814E67544FC0D301AD2B8989BA" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6568-068X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="45AB1ED16DB3E176DEA8AE50EF7F8671">mmrocha. cupim @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6568 - 068 X</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CA288920EE3D3375616877D5F00207A6" type="email">mmrocha.cupim@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="77CC340233068CF4C2DD47FBDE0FD386">Cancello, Eliana M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2D922C309C0679B79453E0B0C1CE72B1" type="ORCID">0000-0003-3125-6335</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="664283900B63FE902CE59F2B482C6F7A">Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. &amp; ecancell @ usp. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3125 - 6335</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1D9D3EAAB35CBEB677311B1E52E5A6F4" type="email">ecancell@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="2D50D1B7A33E9B8A87E94B1F50550DD4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="717E4D3FD446E17469097E9AA52267A7">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EA153E407222134972EF227CDCE17B39">2022-05-19</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03BB783DFFB35729FF3892CB7F7000A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6574295" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195580790" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6574295" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB783DFFB35729FF3892CB7F7000A8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB783DFFB35729FF3892CB7F7000A8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="449" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<subSubSection id="C3089AA0FFB3572FFF3892CB7CC602A0" box="[151,429,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572FFF3892CB7CC602A0" blockId="2.[151,429,223,249]" box="[151,429,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<heading id="D0E57E47FFB3572FFF3892CB7CC602A0" bold="true" box="[151,429,223,249]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF3892CB7CC602A0" bold="true" box="[151,429,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFF3892CB7C7602A0" ID-CoL="9X5Q6" authority="Rocha &amp; Cancello, 2022" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,285,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF3892CB7C7602A0" bold="true" box="[151,285,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Biratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB3572FFE8492CB7CC602A0" box="[299,429,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3089AA0FFB3572FFF3893307FB60365" box="[151,733,291,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572FFF3893307FB60365" blockId="2.[151,733,291,316]" box="[151,733,291,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF3893307C750362" bold="true" box="[151,286,291,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<typeStatus id="54A97789FFB3572FFF3893307DA70365" box="[151,204,292,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFE8593307FB20365" ID-CoL="39FZ9" authority="Constantino, 1992" authorityName="Constantino" authorityYear="1992" box="[298,729,292,316]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Embiratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFE8593307F7D0365" box="[298,534,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Embiratermes robustus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF83B4DAFFB3572FFDB393307FB20365" author="Constantino, R." box="[540,729,292,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" pagination="329 - 336" refId="ref8339" refString="Constantino, R. (1992) Notes on Embiratermes Fontes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae), with descriptions of two new species from Amapa State, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 8 (2), 329 - 336." type="journal article" year="1992">Constantino, 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3089AA0FFB3572FFF38937E7EF00395" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572FFF38937E7EF00395" blockId="2.[151,1437,362,928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF38937E7C7303DD" bold="true" box="[151,280,362,388]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Etymology</emphasis>
. The name
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFE33937F7F7303DD" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" box="[412,536,363,388]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFE33937F7F7303DD" box="[412,536,363,388]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Biratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is proposed in honor of the late Ubirajara Ribeiro Martins de Souza, our professor at the MZUSP, colleague and friend, whose nickname was “Bira”. He was a renowned coleopterist and made important contributions to the development of Brazilian entomology.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3089AA0FFB35729FF6893C17F7000A8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="449" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572FFF6893C17C3A03B6" blockId="2.[151,1437,362,928]" box="[199,337,469,495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF6893C17C3A03B6" bold="true" box="[199,337,469,495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572FFF6893EE7CF3004D" blockId="2.[151,1437,362,928]" box="[199,408,506,532]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF6893EE7C78004D" bold="true" box="[199,275,506,532]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Imago</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572FFF68900979530061" blockId="2.[151,1437,362,928]" box="[199,1080,541,568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF6890097FC40061" bold="true" box="[199,687,541,568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Soldier and worker external morphology</emphasis>
. Described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF83B4DAFFB3572FFCF7900A795F0061" author="Constantino, R." box="[856,1076,542,568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" pagination="329 - 336" refId="ref8339" refString="Constantino, R. (1992) Notes on Embiratermes Fontes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae), with descriptions of two new species from Amapa State, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 8 (2), 329 - 336." type="journal article" year="1992">Constantino (1992)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572FFF6890557CE101F9" blockId="2.[151,1437,362,928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF6890557C040005" bold="true" box="[199,367,577,604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Digestive tube</emphasis>
. Crop asymmetrical. Cuticular armature of gizzard with 24 visible folds, six of these first-order, six second-order and 12 third-order; ratio between columnar and pulvillar belts approximately equal to one; pulvillus I (major) ornamented with conspicuous spines (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB3572FFD75909E7E4600FD" box="[730,813,650,676]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1612,1636]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,952,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-260@2.[151,1435,952,1588]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, gizzard: detail of first order pulvillus ornamented with conspicuous spines; b, enteric valve." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571673/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
). Mesenteron tubular, with long and arched mixed segment (nearly half length of mesenteron), connected by short filiform portion (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB3572FFC5890BA791E0091" box="[1015,1141,686,712]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[167,1424,568,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-194@3.[151,1436,561,1870]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e and f, mixed segment and Malpighian tubules in detail (external and internal to the coiling) [crop (C), mesenteron (dotted area)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571675/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Figs 3c, 3e</figureCitation>
). Two pairs of Malpighian tubules attached at mesenteron-proctodeum junction, one inside the mesenteric arch and another outside (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB3572FFAEE90C67DD90148" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[167,1424,568,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-194@3.[151,1436,561,1870]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e and f, mixed segment and Malpighian tubules in detail (external and internal to the coiling) [crop (C), mesenteron (dotted area)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571675/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Figs 3e, 3f</figureCitation>
). First proctodeal segment (P1) diagonal to body axis, enlarged and fusiform; distal end of P1 narrowed, forming short neck with P2 (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB3572FFED5910E7CA7016D" box="[378,460,794,820]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[167,1424,568,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-194@3.[151,1436,561,1870]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e and f, mixed segment and Malpighian tubules in detail (external and internal to the coiling) [crop (C), mesenteron (dotted area)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571675/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
, arrow), before attachment to P3 dorsally. Enteric valve (P2) composed of three ridges slightly dilated apically, two long and one short (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB3572FFD18912A7E610100" box="[695,778,830,857]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1612,1636]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,952,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-260@2.[151,1435,952,1588]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, gizzard: detail of first order pulvillus ornamented with conspicuous spines; b, enteric valve." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571673/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
). Dorsal torsion well-developed. Third proctodeal segment (P3) joined to colon (P4) on left side, isthmus short and parallel to body length (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB3572FFBB2917679040125" box="[1053,1135,866,892]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[167,1424,568,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-194@3.[151,1436,561,1870]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e and f, mixed segment and Malpighian tubules in detail (external and internal to the coiling) [crop (C), mesenteron (dotted area)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571675/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
). P4a dilated, making a Uturn, and P4b tubular.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6D99A3FFB3572FFF3894587C5104D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6571673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571673/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" startId="2.[151,250,1612,1636]" targetBox="[151,1435,952,1588]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572FFF3894587C5104D1" blockId="2.[151,1436,1612,1672]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF3894587C78043D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1612,1636]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Worker gut of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFE0094597F17043D" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[431,636,1612,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFE0094597F17043D" box="[431,636,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Biratermes robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. a, gizzard: detail of first order pulvillus ornamented with conspicuous spines; b, enteric valve.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB3572EFF6894A27E4A0040" blockId="2.[151,1436,1718,2033]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,537]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="448" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF6894A27E630489" bold="true" box="[199,776,1718,1745]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
Comparison with other genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFDF194A27E630489" authorityName="Engel &amp; Krishna" authorityYear="2004" box="[606,776,1718,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Syntermitinae">Syntermitinae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Soldiers of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFC3694A379E30489" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" box="[921,1160,1718,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Syntermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFC3694A379670488" box="[921,1036,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Syntermes</emphasis>
Holmgren
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFB3B94A378F30488" authority="Wasmann" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1897" box="[1172,1432,1719,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFB3B94A3784B0488" box="[1172,1312,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Cornitermes</emphasis>
Wasmann
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFF3894CE7CF404AD" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,415,1754,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF3894CE7C4804AD" box="[151,291,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Labiotermes</emphasis>
Holmgren
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFE7294CF7F9304AC" authority="Emerson" authorityName="Emerson" authorityYear="1949" box="[477,760,1755,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Procornitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFE7294CF7FE704AD" box="[477,652,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Procornitermes</emphasis>
Emerson
</taxonomicName>
have a short frontal tube, not extending beyond the labrum (as viewed from above); a well-developed hyaline tip on the labrum; and commonly have almost straight cutting mandibles. Soldiers of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFE3495367FBD0565" authority="Constantino" authorityName="Constantino" authorityYear="1994" box="[411,726,1826,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cahuallitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFE3495367F230565" box="[411,584,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Cahuallitermes</emphasis>
Constantino
</taxonomicName>
have a rounded head, a well-developed labrum tip, and a postmentum with convex lateral margins (sinusoidal in
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFD5F95537E070539" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" box="[752,876,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFD5F95537E070539" box="[752,876,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Biratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The soldiers of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFBEF955278010539" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" box="[1088,1386,1862,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Rhynchotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFBEF955279860539" box="[1088,1261,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Rhynchotermes</emphasis>
Holmgren
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFF38957F7C9805DD" authority="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,499,1898,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Uncitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF38957F7C7305DD" box="[151,280,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Uncitermes</emphasis>
Rocha &amp; Cancello
</taxonomicName>
have strongly curved mandibles and an elongated frontal tube; and the soldiers of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFF38959A7C2F05F1" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,324,1934,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Rhynchotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF38959A7C2F05F1" box="[151,324,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Rhynchotermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have a conspicuous spine-like projection on the procoxae. Soldiers of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFB28959B786105F0" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1897" box="[1159,1290,1935,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Armitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFB28959B786105F0" box="[1159,1290,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Armitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFA90959B7CBE0595" authority="Cancello &amp; Bandeira" authorityName="Cancello &amp; Bandeira" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Macuxitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFA90959B7D890595" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Macuxitermes</emphasis>
Cancello &amp; Bandeira
</taxonomicName>
have the pro-, meso-, and metanotum with serrate lateral margins (
<bibRefCitation id="EF83B4DAFFB3572FFB6B95A678FB0594" author="Rocha, M. M. &amp; Castro, A. C. &amp; Cuezzo, C. &amp; Cancello, E. M." box="[1220,1424,1970,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" pagination="0174366" refId="ref8801" refString="Rocha, M. M., Morales-Correa e Castro, A. C., Cuezzo, C. &amp; Cancello, E. M. (2017) Phylogenetic reconstruction of Syntermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae) based on morphological and molecular data. PLos ONE, 12 (3), e 0174366. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0174366" type="journal article" year="2017">
Rocha
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFABA95A778260595" box="[1301,1357,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFF3895C37C5D05A9" box="[151,310,2007,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Macuxitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFF3895C37C5D05A9" box="[151,310,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Macuxitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has dimorphic soldiers, with an aberrantly shaped head. In the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB3572FFBDC95C2780105A8" authority="Fontes" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[1139,1386,2006,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cyrilliotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB3572FFBDC95C2787E05A9" box="[1139,1301,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Cyrilliotermes</emphasis>
Fontes
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFF3892837CF702E8" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,412,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Curvitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFF3892837C4A02E8" box="[151,289,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Curvitermes</emphasis>
Holmgren
</taxonomicName>
the soldiers have peculiar mandibles, with a molar plate, molar prominence, and marginal teeth quite similar to the mandibles of their corresponding workers. In addition, the apical tooth is hook-shaped in
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFF1A92CB7C5402A0" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" box="[181,319,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Curvitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFF1A92CB7C5402A0" box="[181,319,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Curvitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, reduced in
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFE6292CB7F0402A0" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[461,623,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cyrilliotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFE6292CB7F0402A0" box="[461,623,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Cyrilliotermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and cylindrical and elongated frontal tube in the
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFB0992CB782302A0" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[1190,1352,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cyrilliotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFB0992CB782302A0" box="[1190,1352,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Cyrilliotermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
soldier (additional details of these two genera, mainly the dissected soldier mandibles, were furnished by
<bibRefCitation id="EF83B4DAFFB2572EFB5893177C550318" author="Constantino, R. &amp; Carvalho, S. H. C." pageId="3" pageNumber="448" pagination="25 - 41" refId="ref8389" refString="Constantino, R. &amp; Carvalho, S. H. C. (2012) A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genus Cyrilliotermes Fontes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae). Zootaxa, 3186 (1), 25 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3186.1.2" type="journal article" year="2012">Constantino &amp; Carvalho 2012</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF83B4DAFFB2572EFED993337FA70318" author="Carvalho, S. H. C. &amp; Constantino, R." box="[374,716,295,321]" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" pagination="643 - 657" refId="ref8211" refString="Carvalho, S. H. C. &amp; Constantino, R. (2011) Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genus Curvitermes Holmgren (Isoptera: Termitidae: Syntermitinae). Sociobiology, 57 (3), 643 - 657." type="journal article" year="2011">Carvalho &amp; Constantino 2011</bibRefCitation>
, respectively). Soldiers of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFC5593337DBE033C" authority="Constantino &amp; Carvalho" authorityName="Constantino &amp; Carvalho" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Paracurvitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFC55933379DD0319" box="[1018,1206,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Paracurvitermes</emphasis>
Constantino &amp; Carvalho
</taxonomicName>
are smaller, and have a well-developed conical and shorter frontal tube than
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFBED935F79D5033D" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" box="[1090,1214,331,356]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFBED935F79D5033D" box="[1090,1214,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Biratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and the mandibles are distinctly curved. The soldier of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFD81937B7EC003D0" authority="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2012" box="[558,939,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Silvestritermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFD81937B7FBF03D0" box="[558,724,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Silvestritermes</emphasis>
Rocha &amp; Cancello
</taxonomicName>
has a rounded head and piercing mandibles, while those of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFE9293877E5103F4" authority="Rocha, Cancello &amp; Cuezzo" authorityName="Rocha, Cancello &amp; Cuezzo" box="[317,826,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Acangaobitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFE9293877F6A03F4" box="[317,513,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Acangaobitermes</emphasis>
Rocha, Cancello &amp; Cuezzo
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFCDE9387798B03F4" authority="Cancello &amp; Myles" authorityName="Cancello &amp; Myles" authorityYear="2000" box="[881,1248,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Noirotitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFCDE9387796703F5" box="[881,1036,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Noirotitermes</emphasis>
Cancello &amp; Myles
</taxonomicName>
are smaller with piercing mandibles; with the soldier of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFDF493A37E740388" box="[603,799,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Acangaobitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFDF493A37E740388" box="[603,799,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Acangaobitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessing an oblong head capsule and that of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFAEC93A37D8903AD" authorityName="Cancello &amp; Myles" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Noirotitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFAEC93A37D8903AD" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Noirotitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a remarkably distinctive shape to the head capsule. In both of the latter genera, there is a characteristic microsculpture present on the surface of the head capsule.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6D99A3FFB2572EFF389571784205FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571675" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6571675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571675/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" startId="3.[151,250,1893,1917]" targetBox="[167,1424,568,1858]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB2572EFF389571784205FB" blockId="3.[151,1436,1893,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFF3895717C780524" bold="true" box="[151,275,1893,1917]" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Worker gut of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB2572EFE1F95727F160527" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[432,637,1894,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB2572EFE1F95727F160527" box="[432,637,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="448">Biratermes robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e and f, mixed segment and Malpighian tubules in detail (external and internal to the coiling) [crop (C), mesenteron (dotted area)].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB55729FF68928379390388" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">
The most relevant comparisons are with
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FD0E92837E2B02E8" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[673,832,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Embiratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FD0E92837E2B02E8" box="[673,832,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Embiratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FCE592837E0502E8" box="[842,878,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FCD092837E8202E8" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[895,1001,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Ibitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FCD092837E8202E8" box="[895,1001,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Ibitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FC5C9283797C02E8" box="[1011,1047,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FBF592837C69028C" authority="Rocha &amp; Cancello." authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello." class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Mapinguaritermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FBF59283784102E9" box="[1114,1322,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Mapinguaritermes</emphasis>
Rocha &amp; Cancello.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FEA792AF7C82028C" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[264,489,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FEA792AF7C82028C" box="[264,489,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Biratermes robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally allocated to the first genus, and share a similar gut anatomy to the others. The worker gut of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FE3D92CB7F6502A1" authority="Rocha &amp; Cancello, 2022" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" box="[402,526,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FE3D92CB7F6502A1" box="[402,526,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Biratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FDBB92CB7F0902A0" bold="true" box="[532,610,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FDBB92CB7F0902A0" box="[532,610,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is easily distinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FC1C92CB793902A0" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[947,1106,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Embiratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FC1C92CB793902A0" box="[947,1106,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Embiratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FBF892CB791002A0" box="[1111,1147,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(represented in the
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB55729FAFA92CB78FC02A0" box="[1365,1431,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,789,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-324@4.[151,1436,777,1897]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Worker gut of Embiratermes festivellus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e, detail of mixed segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FF3893177C4D0344" baseAuthorityName="Silvestri" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,294,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Embiratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="festivellus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FF3893177C4D0344" box="[151,294,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">E. festivellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an example): the mesenteric tongue is straight and does not reach the dilated portion of the P1 (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB55729FAC493177DB50318" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,789,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-324@4.[151,1436,777,1897]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Worker gut of Embiratermes festivellus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e, detail of mixed segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Figs 4c, 4e</figureCitation>
), whereas in the
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FE0F93337F770319" authority="Rocha &amp; Cancello, 2022" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" box="[416,540,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FE0F93337F770319" box="[416,540,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Biratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FD8B93337F1E0318" bold="true" box="[548,629,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FD8B93337F1E0318" box="[548,629,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, it is arched and reaches the dilated portion of the P1 (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB55729FB4B933378080318" box="[1252,1379,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[167,1424,568,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-194@3.[151,1436,561,1870]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e and f, mixed segment and Malpighian tubules in detail (external and internal to the coiling) [crop (C), mesenteron (dotted area)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571675/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Figs 3c, 3e</figureCitation>
) and shows a filiform connection; the P2 is located at the abdomen mid-length (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB55729FC4A935F7953033C" box="[997,1080,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,789,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-324@4.[151,1436,777,1897]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Worker gut of Embiratermes festivellus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e, detail of mixed segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
, arrow), whereas in
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FA8F935F78F7033D" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" box="[1312,1436,331,356]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FA8F935F78F7033D" box="[1312,1436,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Biratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is located distally as in other members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FD00937B7E2703D0" authorityName="Engel &amp; Krishna" authorityYear="2004" box="[687,844,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Syntermitinae">Syntermitinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB55729FCF3937B7EC503D0" box="[860,942,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[167,1424,568,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-194@3.[151,1436,561,1870]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, dorsal; b, left (arrow: P2 position); c, ventral; d, right view; e and f, mixed segment and Malpighian tubules in detail (external and internal to the coiling) [crop (C), mesenteron (dotted area)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571675/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
, arrow). In the new genera the soldier mandibles are bladelike and robust, and the forecoxae have a smooth surface,
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FC769387791303F4" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[985,1144,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Embiratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FC769387791303F4" box="[985,1144,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Embiratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FB2F938779CF03F4" box="[1152,1188,403,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
species have piercing mandibles with a sharp point, and a projection in the ventral margin of the forecoxae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADC92BFFB55729FF6893CF7F7000A8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FF6893CF7CFC03AD" box="[199,407,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Mapinguaritermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FF6893CF7CFC03AD" box="[199,407,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Mapinguaritermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FE7E93CF7F5003AC" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[465,571,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Ibitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FE7E93CF7F5003AC" box="[465,571,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Ibitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FDEC93CF7F0C03AC" box="[579,615,475,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
soldiers have obvious differences as well.
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FBFE93CF79D003AC" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[1105,1211,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Ibitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FBFE93CF79D003AC" box="[1105,1211,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Ibitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FB6B93CF798C03AC" box="[1220,1255,475,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has a markedly inflated postclypeus and the mandibles lack marginal teeth, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FC3093EB79040041" box="[927,1135,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Mapinguaritermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FC3093EB79040041" box="[927,1135,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Mapinguaritermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an oval contour of the head (in dorsal view) and piercing mandibles. The worker gut of both share some traits exclusively with
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FA8F903778F70065" authority="Rocha &amp; Cancello, 2022" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Cancello" authorityYear="2022" box="[1312,1436,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Biratermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FA8F903778F70065" box="[1312,1436,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Biratermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FF3890537D8D0038" bold="true" box="[151,230,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255A842FFB55729FF3890537D8D0038" box="[151,230,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. The guts of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FED690537F220039" box="[377,585,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Mapinguaritermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FED690537F220039" box="[377,585,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Mapinguaritermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FDD090537F820038" authorityName="Fontes" authorityYear="1985" box="[639,745,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Ibitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FDD090537F820038" box="[639,745,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Ibitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF83B4DAFFB55729FC69905379F50038" author="Rocha, M. M. &amp; Cancello, E. M. &amp; Carrijo, T. F." box="[966,1182,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" pagination="793 - 827" refId="ref8730" refString="Rocha, M. M., Cancello, E. M. &amp; Carrijo, T. F. (2012) Neotropical termites: revision of Armitermes Wasmann (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae) and phylogeny of the Syntermitinae. Systematic Entomology, 37 (4), 793 - 827. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00645. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Rocha
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FBBB905379270038" box="[1044,1100,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF83B4DAFFB55729FB7C9053781A0038" author="Fontes, L. R." box="[1235,1393,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" pagination="309 - 412" refId="ref8588" refString="Fontes, L. R. (1998) Novos aditamentos ao &quot; Catalogo dos Isoptera do Novo Mundo &quot;, e uma filogenia para os generos neotropicais de Nasutitermitinae. In: Fontes, L. R. &amp; Filho, E. B. (Eds.), Cupins: o desafio do conhecimento. Fundacao de Estudos Agrarios Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, pp. 309 - 412." type="book chapter" year="1998">Fontes (1998)</bibRefCitation>
, respectively. All three genera workers have pulvilli ornamented with conspicuous spines (
<figureCitation id="1329D5AEFFB55729FBC1907F79D400DC" box="[1134,1215,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1612,1636]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,952,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-260@2.[151,1435,952,1588]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Worker gut of Biratermes robustus. a, gizzard: detail of first order pulvillus ornamented with conspicuous spines; b, enteric valve." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571673/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
), a character absent in all other members of
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FE0B909B7F2E00F0" authorityName="Engel &amp; Krishna" authorityYear="2004" box="[420,581,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Syntermitinae">Syntermitinae</taxonomicName>
; the enteric valves of the three genera are very similar,
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FB1F909B79A000F1" box="[1200,1227,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">i.e</emphasis>
., with three ridges slightly dilated at the apex; the mesenteric tongues are twisted, although in
<taxonomicName id="4C12B2A8FFB55729FC4E90A779DA0095" box="[993,1201,691,716]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Mapinguaritermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9661539FFB55729FC4E90A779DA0095" box="[993,1201,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="449">Mapinguaritermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the tongue is shorter and the torsion is less pronounced.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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