<mods:titleid="5E30560468BDC7DC7872F4B91E5F1AB9">Morphological variations of Phrosina semilunata Risso, 1822 juveniles (Crustacea Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), new evidence from the Gulf of Mexico</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="1DEAF4389B6350E7CBA83FF4CD1A8BED">Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C. P. 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico. & marco _ violante @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2199 - 6711</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="0BA72BF7ED41573B935DE4DF87763A4A">Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior S / N, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico. lesa @ unam. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0951 - 4564</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="1994545A542EA7A3B29B4F79FF59B6A1">Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Circuito exterior S / N, C. P. 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico. margaritahermoso @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9640 - 854 X</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="5BE29F1C5234816358616429D33D8888">Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C. P. 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico. & auro 13 @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0419 - 9649</mods:affiliation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDBFFAFFE29FC36FDF94888"author="Risso, A."box="[410,551,978,1004]"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"pagination="241 - 248"refId="ref3681"refString="Risso, A. (1822) Memoire sur quelques nouveaux crustaces observes dans la mer de Nice. Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle, 95, 241 - 248."type="journal article"year="1822">Risso, 1822</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDBFFAFFEDCFBDFFDC94F37"author="Risso, A."box="[367,535,1083,1107]"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"pagination="241 - 248"refId="ref3681"refString="Risso, A. (1822) Memoire sur quelques nouveaux crustaces observes dans la mer de Nice. Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle, 95, 241 - 248."type="journal article"year="1822">Risso 1822: 245</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDBFFAFFED8FB9DFDE44FF5"author="Bate, C. S."box="[363,570,1144,1169]"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"refId="ref3236"refString="Bate, C. S. (1862) Catalogue of the specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum. Order of the Trustees, London, 399 pp."type="book"year="1862">Bate 1862: 320–321</bibRefCitation>
<treatmentCitationid="0A93AC6BFFDBFFAFFF24FB73FDF64FCB"author="Stebbing, T. R. R."box="[151,552,1175,1199]"page="1430"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"year="1888">
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDBFFAFFEE2FB73FDF64FCB"author="Stebbing, T. R. R."box="[337,552,1175,1199]"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"pagination="1 - 1737"refId="ref3748"refString="Stebbing, T. R. R. (1888) Report on the Amphipoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the scientific results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology, 29, 1 - 1737."type="journal article"year="1888">Stebbing 1888: 1430</bibRefCitation>
<treatmentCitationid="0A93AC6BFFDBFFAFFF24FB52FDF14FAA"author="Stebbing, T. R. R."box="[151,559,1206,1230]"page="1431"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"year="1888">
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDBFFAFFEEBFB52FDF14FAA"author="Stebbing, T. R. R."box="[344,559,1206,1230]"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"pagination="1 - 1737"refId="ref3748"refString="Stebbing, T. R. R. (1888) Report on the Amphipoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the scientific results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology, 29, 1 - 1737."type="journal article"year="1888">Stebbing 1888: 1431</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDBFFAFFEE8FB31FDEB4F88"author="Gotto, R. V."box="[347,565,1236,1261]"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"pagination="185 - 189"refId="ref3374"refString="Gotto, R. V. (1986) A new parasitic copepod crustacean of uncertain affinities: Megallectothirioti n. gen., n. sp. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum Universiteit van Amsterdam, 10 (21), 185 - 189."type="journal article"year="1986">Gotto 1986: 185–189</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 1–8. Misidentified as parasitic copepod from two heads of
Head with rostrum ending in two sharp, triangular points. Eyes grouped in two fields on each side of head. Pereonites 1 & 2 fused. Pereopods 3 & 4 subchelate, carpus with the distal margin dentate, and one large tooth-like process. Pereopod 5 broader than other pereopods; anterodistal margin of carpus with large tooth-like processes, forming folding hand with the propodus, longer than carpus; dactylus absent or fused with propodus. Pereopod 6 similar to pereopod 5, but smaller. Pereopod 7 reduced to basis, sometimes with an additional small article. Uropoda rounded, broadened distally (adapted from
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDBFFAFFD50F999FC364DF3"author="Vinogradov, M. E. & Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N."box="[739,1000,1661,1687]"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"refId="ref3810"refString="Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1996) Hyperiid amphipods (Amphipoda, Hyperiidea) of the world oceans. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington, D. C., 632 pp. [translated from the Russian (1982); D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor]"type="book"year="1996">
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDBFFAFFC47F999FB574DF3"author="Zeidler, W."box="[1012,1161,1661,1687]"pageId="2"pageNumber="596"pagination="1 - 66"refId="ref3926"refString="Zeidler, W. (2004) A review of the families and genera of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Phronimoidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidae). Zootaxa, 567 (1), 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 567.1.1"type="journal article"year="2004">Zeidler 2004</bibRefCitation>
, head and pereon broader than pleon which is relatively slender. Head rounded and equal in length to pereonites 1–5 combined. Rostrum small with two acute horns (or points) dorsally, more prominent in males than in females. Eyes occupying most of head surface and ommatidia clearly grouped in two fields on each side. Antennae 1 attached under the rostrum and divided into three segments, the third segment longer than the first two; length of antennae 1 of males more than twice the rostrum, with some setae at the outer proximal margin; length of antennae 1 of females shorter than rostrum, with setae at the tip. Antennae 2 of males, attached at the lower margin of head, as long as antennae 1; absent in females. Pereon shorter (about 0.65x) than pleon and urosome combined. Pereonites 1 & 2 fused. Pereonites 5–7 dorsally wider than remainder. Gnathopods 1 & 2 simple and similar in shape; gnathopod 2 longer and more slender than gnathopod 1. Pereopods 3 & 4 subchelate, similar in shape; pereopod 4 longer than pereopod 3; distal margin of carpus smooth, armed with a large smooth (non-dentated) conical process, parallel to propodus; rest of segments are very similar to adults. Pereopod 5 wider and longer than any other pereopod; distal margin of carpus armed with several wide irregular teeth, forming a folding hand with the propodus; propodus longer than carpus, merus and ischium combined; dactylus absent. Pereopod 6 similar to but smaller than pereopod 5. Pereopod 7 reduced to broad basis, without additional articles. Rami of pleopoda consist of only four segments; each segment with two plumose setae at the distal margin. Uropods 1–3 lanceolate with serrated margins from the half-length to the tip (distal margin), armed with one prominent spine distally. Telson small and rounded, twice as wide as long, width at the base shorter than the width of the distal margin of the last urosomite.
The juvenile individuals observed here have most of the diagnostic characters of the species observed in the adult state, mainly in the shape of antennae 1 & 2, gnathopods 1 & 2 and pereopods 5–7, but some structures were different: in pereopods 3 & 4 the distal margin of the carpus is smooth with a large process parallel to the propodus, the rami of the pleopoda consist of only four segments (these increase with growth), uropods 1–3 are more lanceolate with one large distal spine, and the telson is rounded (
<figureCitationid="130996FFFFDAFFAEFC1CFD8FFBC249E1"box="[943,1052,619,645]"captionStart-0="FIGURE 2"captionStart-1="FIGURE 3"captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1798,1822]"captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1575,1599]"captionTargetBox-0="[243,1341,705,1773]"captionTargetBox-1="[151,1431,181,1542]"captionTargetId-0="figure-301@3.[243,1344,705,1775]"captionTargetId-1="figure-18@4.[151,1436,181,1552]"captionTargetPageId-0="3"captionTargetPageId-1="4"captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Phrosina semilunata juveniles. A, habitus, male lateral view; B, habitus, female lateral view; C, uropod 2 distal margin with large spine; D, uropod 3 distal margin with large spine. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–B), 5 µm (C–D)."captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Main morphological characteristics of Phrosina semilunata juveniles collected in the Gulf of Mexico. A1m, male antennae 1; A1f, female antennae 1; P3, pereopod 3; Plp1, pleopod 1; Us, urosome; T, telson. Scale bars = 0.2 mm."figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057215"figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057217"httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5057215/files/figure.png"httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5057217/files/figure.png"pageId="3"pageNumber="597">Figs. 2–3</figureCitation>
). Recently,
<bibRefCitationid="EFA3F78BFFDAFFAEFB13FD8FFA4249E1"author="Bano, H. & Kazmi, Q. B."box="[1184,1436,619,645]"pageId="3"pageNumber="597"pagination="55 - 57"refId="ref3182"refString="Bano, H. & Kazmi, Q. B. (2008) New record of Phrosina semilunata Risso, 1822 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Phrosinidae) from Sindh territorial waters (northern Arabian Sea). Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 17 (1), 55 - 57."type="journal article"year="2008">Bano & Kazmi (2008)</bibRefCitation>
observed similar differences in the shape of the uropoda and telson of small (around
