<documentID-CLB-Dataset="21253"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.54846"ID-GBIF-Dataset="a5c61646-70dc-471b-9bd8-0b407e1cedc4"ID-PMC="PMC7449986"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-961-1"ID-Pensoft-UUID="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC"ID-PubMed="32904058"ID-ZooBank="C5E8BED7F08549A999C60C3AA8492D09"ModsDocID="1313-2970-961-1"checkinTime="1597940209253"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Breedy, Odalisca & Guzman, Hector M."docDate="2020"docId="8FFB2F2443E15FD889BC6B1423B95F3F"docLanguage="en"docName="ZooKeys 961: 1-30"docOrigin="ZooKeys 961"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.54846"docTitle="Psammogorgia arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii Verrill 1868"docType="treatment"docVersion="6"id="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC"lastPageNumber="1"masterDocId="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC"masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Psammogorgia Verrill, 1868 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean"masterLastPageNumber="30"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="1"updateTime="1732748309243"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="FB9D05AF5A492BF5AA994AB995AE14A6">A revision of the genus Psammogorgia Verrill, 1868 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="1BCB28C5B6CF7E3F5C5277EE9602B0B0">Centro de Investigacion en Estructuras Microscopicas, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica. P. O. Box 11501 - 2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P. O. Box 0843 - 03092, Panama, Republic of Panama</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="33A7A3AC36F0CD8E38203B2B13CA9A31">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P. O. Box 0843 - 03092, Panama, Republic of Panama</mods:affiliation>
<taxonomicNameid="63CE9932A05B26715F78EBEEA51B4654"ID-CoL="86728"LSID="8FFB2F24-43E1-5FD8-89BC-6B1423B95F3F"authority="Verrill, 1868"authorityName="Verrill"authorityYear="1868"class="Anthozoa"family="Plexauridae"genus="Psammogorgia"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii"order="Alcyonacea"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Cnidaria"rank="variety"species="arbuscula"subSpecies="var."variety="dowii">Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868</taxonomicName>
<figureCitationid="613FC7AFF4374FDC9DE3686893DF9C36"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442678"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Figures 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="BB937E6C714BFA6890DCA2A9EDB33354"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A spindles B radiate and cross C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442679"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">, 6</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="F330DEC9B4F37DB77722E730C650B49A"authorityName="Verrill"authorityYear="1868"class="Anthozoa"family="Plexauridae"genus="Psammogorgia"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii"order="Alcyonacea"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Cnidaria"rank="variety"species="arbuscula"subSpecies="var."variety="dowii">Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="9676E7DE6CDC6D14CF47C8316D275B0F"author="Harden, DG"journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B20"refString="Harden, DG, 1979. Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia). PhD thesis, Illinois, Illinois State University."title="Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia). PhD thesis, Illinois, Illinois State University."year="1979">Harden 1979</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="8308755EC8FA801EF37D4422CA356E41"lsidName="P. arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"rank="variety"species="arbuscula"subSpecies="var."variety="dowii">P. arbuscula var. dowii</taxonomicName>
The syntype YPM 1787 is a small, 5.8 cm long dark red colony of two dichotomous branches. A 1.1 cm long stem arises from an oval holdfast ~ 1 cm in diameter (Fig.
<figureCitationid="C658F93CCF4D25EB7A8A7181A5540DAE"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442678"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
). The holdfast is covered by a thin layer of coenenchyme without polyps. The stem is 2.0 mm in diameter and bifurcates, subdividing in two branchlets up to 3.5 cm long. The branchlets are of the same diameter as the stem, with rounded tips. The branchlets bifurcate at angles of 45°, ascending parallel and are slightly curved. Terminal branchlets are 6-35 mm long (Fig.
<figureCitationid="69439E67CC2577065C9AB1E4D7207047"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442678"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
). The coenenchyme is granulose and brittle. Coenenchymal sclerites are of different forms: irregular spindles with acute or bifurcated ends, some are slightly curved (Fig.
<figureCitationid="B9BBC9C2E766B47834536447CC470298"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A spindles B radiate and cross C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442679"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="DE141FCC4A36B2320FF6DF85CB19F8B4"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A spindles B radiate and cross C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442679"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">6B</figureCitation>
). Wart-clubs are 0.11-0.18 mm long and 0.05-0.085 mm wide at the expanded head being variable in form with a larger end expanded and covered with thorny warts and leaf-like projections (Fig.
<figureCitationid="F2A3838E903DA665B2877055615569E4"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A spindles B radiate and cross C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442679"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">6C</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="0052FB123D17389952AE1B829B6B9940"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442678"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5C</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="0716C66B1B0CDB92FD0DF629F0B795D1"authorityName="Verrill"authorityYear="1868"class="Anthozoa"family="Plexauridae"genus="Psammogorgia"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii"order="Alcyonacea"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Cnidaria"rank="variety"species="arbuscula"subSpecies="var."variety="dowii">Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii</taxonomicName>
The calyces are arranged all around the branches, not very close, slightly raised up to 0.5 mm tall as small mounds composed of eight marginal lobes with small polyp apertures at the summits (Fig.
<figureCitationid="DA5B50686957F50D525EEFE0187965F5"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442678"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5B</figureCitation>
). Thorny, irregular spindles and some wart-clubs appear often, around the calyx aperture. The anthocodial armature is well developed and composed of spiny spindles arranged in a collaret and points, 0.12-0.20 mm long and 0.032-0.056 mm wide (Fig.
<figureCitationid="88150F14B150EC7070FD661851E82120"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A spindles B radiate and cross C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442679"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">6D</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="B5F552536FEEEE387F56A39B04745194"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii Verrill, 1868. YPM 1787 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442678"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">5C</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="244039F3D1AD2C701206041E7E73E8D9"authorityName="Verrill"authorityYear="1868"class="Anthozoa"family="Plexauridae"genus="Psammogorgia"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii"order="Alcyonacea"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Cnidaria"rank="variety"species="arbuscula"subSpecies="var."variety="dowii">Psammogorgia arbuscula var. dowii</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="DA0DD3C7FF9BFD9C07354436B581CA38"author="Verrill, AE"journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="377 - 558"publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394"refId="B41"refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394"title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America."url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394"volume="1"year="1868 b">Verrill (1868b)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="8A95831DD7DAC69A72E5FF9E9418E2D1"author="Verrill, AE"journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="377 - 558"publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394"refId="B41"refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394"title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America."url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394"volume="1"year="1868 b">Verrill (1868b)</bibRefCitation>
