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<mods:title id="126B6BAE75466215217527E607FD7FF0">&lt;p class = &quot; HeadingRunIn &quot; align = &quot; left &quot;&gt; &lt;strong&gt; A revision of the &lt;em&gt; Pauropsalta annulata &lt;/ em&gt; Goding &amp; amp; Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies &lt;/ strong&gt; &lt;/ p&gt;</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF62FF4BD2D7419F" bold="true" box="[151,457,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pauropsalta rubristrigata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44583FFFFAE10FE2DFF44D035419C" author="Goding, F. W. &amp; Froggatt, W. W." box="[472,811,152,178]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="561 - 670" refId="ref75069" refString="Goding, F. W. &amp; Froggatt, W. W. (1904) Monograph of the Australian Cicadidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 29, 561 - 670." type="journal article" year="1904">Goding and Froggatt, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FF6AFF66D3E241FD" box="[159,252,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1642,1664]" captionTargetBox="[200,1405,193,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-232@10.[181,1406,193,1621]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oscillograms providing a comparison of the calling song structure of each taxon (and hybrid population) in the Pauropsalta annulata species group: (A) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (B) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (C) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (D) P.n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Upper Yarraman (26°54'S 151°54'E); (E) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (F) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°44'S 149°07'E); (G) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (H) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (I) P. subtropica sp. nov., Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (J) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (K) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (L) P. kobongoides sp. nov., Weengallon (28°22'S 149°03'E); (M) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (N) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (O) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (P) P. ayrensis Ewart, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E). All recordings were made with RS1, except (M) and (O), which were obtained by A. Ewart with RS3 and the author using RS5, respectively (see methods)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268480/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Figs 2O</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FEFDFF66D23B41FD" box="[264,293,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,196,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-345@14.[191,1395,193,1392]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Illustrations of male right timbals, with dorsal edge at left and posterior margin at bottom: (A–B) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Lake Dyer (27°38'S 152°22'E) and Charlevue Creek (23°41'S 149°08'E) respectively; (C) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (D) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Barakula State Forest via Chinchilla (26°15'S 150°49'E); (E) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E); (F) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (G) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°00'E); (H) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (I) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (J) P. subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (K) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (L) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (M) P. kobongoides sp. nov., 65km NNE. of St George (27°32'S 148°50'E); (N) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (O) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (P) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (Q–R) P. ayrensis Ewart, (Q) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (R) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E). Scaling is the same for all illustrations except (P), which is scaled differently to the rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268486" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268486/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">4P</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FEC5FF66D24141FD" box="[304,351,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="52.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,307,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-265@52.[199,1387,301,1568]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 31. Illustrations of male right opercula, with medial margin at bottom: (A) Pauropsalta subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (B) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (C) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (D) P. kobongoides sp. nov., 65km NNE. of St George (27°32'S 148°50'E); (E) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (F) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (G) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (H–I) P. ayrensis Ewart, (H) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (I) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E). Scaling is the same for all illustrations except (G), which is scaled differently to the rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268560/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">31G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FE9EFF66D28341FD" box="[363,413,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="63.[151,249,1771,1793]" captionTargetBox="[203,1365,339,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-146@63.[203,1383,337,1750]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 39. Illustrations of male pygofer and internal genitalia, viewed ventrally (left) and laterally from left (right): (A) Pauropsalta kobongoides sp. nov., 65km NNE. of St George (27°32'S 148°50'E); (B) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (C) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (D) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (E–F) P. ayrensis Ewart, (E) Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (F) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E). Scaling is the same for all illustrations except (D), which is scaled differently to the rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268578" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268578/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">39D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FE5CFF66D2D641FD" box="[425,456,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="68.[151,249,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[241,1346,1093,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-419@68.[241,1346,1093,1877]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 43. Map of mainland Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta inversa sp. nov., P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) and P. corymbiae sp. nov. Large symbols represent specimen records (see type data or material examined), and small symbols represent aural records (some recorded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268586" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268586/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">43</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FE26FF66D13841FD" box="[467,550,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="72.[151,249,1411,1433]" captionTargetBox="[230,1356,195,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-256@72.[230,1356,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 46. (A–B) Pauropsalta inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (A) male, (B) female; (C–D) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E), (C) male, (D) female; (E–H) P. ayrensis Ewart, (E–F) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (E) male, (F) female, (G–H) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E), (G) male, (H) female. Approximately 1.6x natural size, except (C–D) at 1.0x natural size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268594" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268594/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">46C–D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FDC7FF66D16741FD" box="[562,633,186,211]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 49" captionStart-1="FIGURE 50" captionStartId-0="77.[151,249,1872,1894]" captionStartId-1="78.[151,249,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox-0="[188,1400,517,1850]" captionTargetBox-1="[208,1382,197,1061]" captionTargetId-0="figure-211@77.[187,1400,517,1850]" captionTargetId-1="figure-453@78.[204,1382,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId-0="77" captionTargetPageId-1="78" captionText-0="FIGURE 49. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) using RS5 (see methods)." captionText-1="FIGURE 50. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) from four different localities, including: (i) Penola (37°24'S 140°50'E), (ii) Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E), (iii) Napoleon Reef (33°26'S149°45'E), and (iv) Woods Reserve (35°28'S 148°57'E). Recording (iv) is shown in two fragments from the same individual recording. Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. The upper fragment shows the typical lilting component and the lower fragment illustrates a transition into the extended lilting component (a grey dashed line indicates the point of transition). Recording (i) was made with RS6 by B. Haywood, while all other recordings were made by LWP using RS5 (see methods)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268604" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268606" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5268604/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5268606/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">49–50</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFFAE10FF62FEDED1EC4036" ID-CoL="3Z4VY" authority="Goding and Froggatt, 1904: 638" authorityName="Goding and Froggatt" authorityPageNumber="638" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,754,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Melampsalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubristrigata">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF62FEDED2BA4036" box="[151,420,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Melampsalta rubristrigata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44583FFFFAE10FE5FFEDED1EC4036" author="Goding, F. W. &amp; Froggatt, W. W." box="[426,754,258,280]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="561 - 670" refId="ref75069" refString="Goding, F. W. &amp; Froggatt, W. W. (1904) Monograph of the Australian Cicadidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 29, 561 - 670." type="journal article" year="1904">Goding and Froggatt, 1904: 638</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF62FEFDD29D4019" box="[151,387,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Cicadetta rubristrigata</emphasis>
(Goding and Froggatt)
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: 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF41E63FFFFAE10FD8FFEFDD0204019" author="Metcalf, Z. P." box="[634,830,289,311]" page="374" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" year="1963">
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<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF62FE9CD2824078" box="[151,412,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pauropsalta rubristrigata</emphasis>
(Goding and Froggatt)
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: 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF41E63FFFFAE10FD66FE9CD05B4078" author="Ewart, A." box="[659,837,320,342]" page="293" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" year="1989">
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, 349; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF41E63FFFFAE10FC77FE9CD75B4078" author="Moulds, M. S." box="[898,1093,320,342]" page="136" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44583FFFFAE10FC77FE9CD75B4078" author="Moulds, M. S." box="[898,1093,320,342]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" refId="ref76050" refString="Moulds, M. S. (1990) Australian cicadas. New South Wales University Press, Kensington, 217 pp." type="book" year="1990">Moulds, 1990: 136</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44583FFFFAE10FBA5FE9CD65E4078" author="Moss, J. T. St. L. &amp; Popple, L. W." box="[1104,1344,320,342]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="53 - 60" refId="ref75999" refString="Moss, J. T. St. L. &amp; Popple, L. W. (2000) Cicada, butterfly and moth records from the Gibraltar Range, New South Wales (Hemiptera: Cicadidae; Lepidoptera). Queensland Naturalist, 38, 53 - 60." type="journal article" year="2000">Moss and Popple, 2000</bibRefCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6BF9FFFFAE10FF62FE5ED7CC4329" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF62FE5ED7CC4329" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF62FE5ED21840B5" bold="true" box="[151,262,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B3D322FFFFFAE10FEE6FE5ED2AE4091" collectingDate="1892-12-28" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Zict'" location="Mt Lofty" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Australian Capital Territory" typeStatus="syntype">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FEE6FE5ED29940B5" bold="true" box="[275,391,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<typeStatus id="54EE86D0FFFFAE10FEE6FE5ED29C40B5" box="[275,386,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFFAE10FE61FE5ED2A940B4" box="[404,439,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFFAE10FE31FE5ED2F940B5" box="[452,487,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
‘ 
<location id="8E8A6EA9FFFFAE10FE0DFE5ED16D40B5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC8964FFFFAE13FF62FF4BD126404D:8E8A6EA9FFFFAE10FE0DFE5ED16D40B5" box="[504,627,386,411]" name="Mt Lofty" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" stateProvince="Australian Capital Territory">Mt Lofty</location>
/S.A.’, ‘ 
<date id="FFEB1EB2FFFFAE10FD31FE5ED04E40B5" box="[708,848,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" value="1892-12-28">
<collectingDate id="EFAFE75AFFFFAE10FD31FE5ED04E40B5" box="[708,848,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" value="1892-12-28">28.xii.1892</collectingDate>
</date>
’, ‘ 
<collectorName id="26A05DA4FFFFAE10FC9FFE5ED0BB40B5" box="[874,933,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Zict’</collectorName>
(
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FC49FE5ED71D40B5" bold="true" box="[956,1027,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<collectionCode id="ED44A0B7FFFFAE10FC49FE5ED71D40B5" box="[956,1027,386,411]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">ANIC</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FBD4FE5ED7C240B5" bold="true" box="[1057,1244,386,411]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">other material:</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="4991F690FFFFAE10FB1CFE5ED2AE4091" country="Australia" name="Australian Capital Territory" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
: 
<materialsCitation id="3B3D322FFFFFAE10FE49FE7AD2EB40CD" collectingDate="2011-01-08" collectionCode="LWP" collectorName="Popple" latitude="-35.475002" location="Woods Reserve" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="148.94972" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Australian Capital Territory" typeStatus="syntype">
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFFAE10FE49FE7AD2C14090" box="[444,479,422,447]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
<geoCoordinate id="EE615EB5FFFFAE10FE12FE7AD1794091" box="[487,615,422,447]" degrees="35" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-35.475002">35°28'30&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE615EB5FFFFAE10FD9AFE7AD01E4091" box="[623,768,422,447]" degrees="148" direction="east" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="15" seconds="59" value="148.94972">148°56'59&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CAD9597FFFFAE10FCF8FE7AD0214091" box="[781,831,422,447]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="km" value="1.0">1km</quantity>
ENE. 
<location id="8E8A6EA9FFFFAE10FC78FE7AD7214090" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC8964FFFFAE13FF62FF4BD126404D:8E8A6EA9FFFFAE10FC78FE7AD7214090" box="[909,1087,422,447]" latitude="-35.475002" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="148.94972" name="Woods Reserve" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" stateProvince="Australian Capital Territory">Woods Reserve</location>
, 
<date id="FFEB1EB2FFFFAE10FBB9FE7AD7B74091" box="[1100,1193,422,447]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" value="2011-01-08">
<collectingDate id="EFAFE75AFFFFAE10FBB9FE7AD7B74091" box="[1100,1193,422,447]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" value="2011-01-08">8.i.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
, LT2009371, 
<collectorName id="26A05DA4FFFFAE10FAB2FE7AD6864091" box="[1351,1432,422,447]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Popple</collectorName>
, 397-0001 to 397-0002 (
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FE58FE16D2F440CD" bold="true" box="[429,490,458,483]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<collectionCode id="ED44A0B7FFFFAE10FE58FE16D2F440CD" box="[429,490,458,483]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">LWP</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B3D322FFFFFAE10FDF3FE16D1294329" collectingDate="2011-01-08" collectionCode="DE" collectorName="Popple" latitude="-35.475002" location="Woods Reserve" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="148.94972" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Victoria" typeStatus="syntype">
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFFAE10FDF3FE16D13740CC" box="[518,553,458,483]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
<geoCoordinate id="EE615EB5FFFFAE10FDC1FE16D1AD40CD" box="[564,691,458,483]" degrees="35" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-35.475002">35°28'30&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE615EB5FFFFAE10FD4BFE16D05140CD" box="[702,847,458,483]" degrees="148" direction="east" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="15" seconds="59" value="148.94972">148°56'59&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CAD9597FFFFAE10FCABFE16D08E40CD" box="[862,912,458,483]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="km" value="1.0">1km</quantity>
ENE. 
<location id="8E8A6EA9FFFFAE10FC16FE16D78640CC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC8964FFFFAE13FF62FF4BD126404D:8E8A6EA9FFFFAE10FC16FE16D78640CC" box="[995,1176,458,483]" latitude="-35.475002" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="148.94972" name="Woods Reserve" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" stateProvince="Victoria">Woods Reserve</location>
, 
<date id="FFEB1EB2FFFFAE10FB52FE16D61A40CD" box="[1191,1284,458,483]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" value="2011-01-08">
<collectingDate id="EFAFE75AFFFFAE10FB52FE16D61A40CD" box="[1191,1284,458,483]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" value="2011-01-08">8.i.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
, LT2009371, 
<collectorName id="26A05DA4FFFFAE10FF62FE32D3F64329" box="[151,232,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Popple</collectorName>
, 397-0003 (
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FE9BFE32D28B4329" bold="true" box="[366,405,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<collectionCode id="ED44A0B7FFFFAE10FE9BFE32D28B4329" box="[366,405,494,519]" country="Hungary" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15158" name="Debrecen University" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="Herbarium">DE</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
); 
<collectingRegion id="4991F690FFFFAE10FE58FE32D1294329" box="[429,567,494,519]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">VICTORIA</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
: 
<materialsCitation id="3B3D322FFFFFAE10FDB4FE32D7D24329" box="[577,1228,494,519]" collectingDate="1979-01-06" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Quick" location="Broadford Vic." municipality="Mt Piper" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Victoria" typeStatus="syntype">
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFFAE10FDB4FE32D17A4328" box="[577,612,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFFAE10FD9EFE32D1904329" box="[619,654,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EA208FFFFAE10FD60FE33D1E44329" box="[661,762,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Mt Piper</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8E8A6EA9FFFFAE10FCF0FE32D0B14329" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC8964FFFFAE13FF62FF4BD126404D:8E8A6EA9FFFFAE10FCF0FE32D0B14329" box="[773,943,494,519]" municipality="Mt Piper" name="Broadford Vic." pageId="76" pageNumber="77" stateProvince="Victoria">Broadford Vic.</location>
, 
<date id="FFEB1EB2FFFFAE10FC4EFE32D7064329" box="[955,1048,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" value="1979-01-06">
<collectingDate id="EFAFE75AFFFFAE10FC4EFE32D7064329" box="[955,1048,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" value="1979-01-06">6.i.1979</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="26A05DA4FFFFAE10FBD1FE32D7764329" box="[1060,1128,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Quick</collectorName>
(
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FB8CFE32D7DE4329" bold="true" box="[1145,1216,494,519]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<collectionCode id="ED44A0B7FFFFAE10FB8CFE32D7DE4329" box="[1145,1216,494,519]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">ANIC</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6BF9FFFFAE12FF34FDCED61744F6" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF34FDCED6324264" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF34FDCED28B4305" bold="true" box="[193,405,530,555]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Description. Male</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FE50FDCED2E54305" box="[421,507,530,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,196,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-345@14.[191,1395,193,1392]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Illustrations of male right timbals, with dorsal edge at left and posterior margin at bottom: (A–B) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Lake Dyer (27°38'S 152°22'E) and Charlevue Creek (23°41'S 149°08'E) respectively; (C) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (D) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Barakula State Forest via Chinchilla (26°15'S 150°49'E); (E) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E); (F) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (G) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°00'E); (H) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (I) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (J) P. subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (K) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (L) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (M) P. kobongoides sp. nov., 65km NNE. of St George (27°32'S 148°50'E); (N) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (O) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (P) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (Q–R) P. ayrensis Ewart, (Q) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (R) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E). Scaling is the same for all illustrations except (P), which is scaled differently to the rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268486" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268486/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Figs 4P</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FDF3FDCED12B4305" box="[518,565,530,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="52.[151,249,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,307,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-265@52.[199,1387,301,1568]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 31. Illustrations of male right opercula, with medial margin at bottom: (A) Pauropsalta subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (B) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (C) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (D) P. kobongoides sp. nov., 65km NNE. of St George (27°32'S 148°50'E); (E) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (F) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (G) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (H–I) P. ayrensis Ewart, (H) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (I) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E). Scaling is the same for all illustrations except (G), which is scaled differently to the rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268560/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">31G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FDB4FDCED16D4305" box="[577,627,530,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="63.[151,249,1771,1793]" captionTargetBox="[203,1365,339,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-146@63.[203,1383,337,1750]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 39. Illustrations of male pygofer and internal genitalia, viewed ventrally (left) and laterally from left (right): (A) Pauropsalta kobongoides sp. nov., 65km NNE. of St George (27°32'S 148°50'E); (B) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (C) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (D) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (E–F) P. ayrensis Ewart, (E) Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (F) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E). Scaling is the same for all illustrations except (D), which is scaled differently to the rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268578" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268578/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">39D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FD8AFDCED1834305" box="[639,669,530,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="68.[151,249,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[241,1346,1093,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-419@68.[241,1346,1093,1877]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 43. Map of mainland Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta inversa sp. nov., P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) and P. corymbiae sp. nov. Large symbols represent specimen records (see type data or material examined), and small symbols represent aural records (some recorded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268586" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268586/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">43</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FD5CFDCED1C24305" box="[681,732,530,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="72.[151,249,1411,1433]" captionTargetBox="[230,1356,195,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-256@72.[230,1356,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 46. (A–B) Pauropsalta inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (A) male, (B) female; (C–D) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E), (C) male, (D) female; (E–H) P. ayrensis Ewart, (E–F) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (E) male, (F) female, (G–H) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E), (G) male, (H) female. Approximately 1.6x natural size, except (C–D) at 1.0x natural size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268594" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268594/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">46C</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FD1BFDCED0354305" box="[750,811,530,555]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Head</emphasis>
. Dorsal surface black with a medium brown to reddishbrown triangular depression between the lateral ocelli, pointing anteriorly, with flat side against posterior margin of head; long silver pubescence behind eyes, with shorter yellow pubescence over remainder. Genae and vertex black, with long silver pubescence. Mandibular plate black with an outer narrow pale red marginal ridge, extending to suture between gena; long silver pubescence. Antennae black. Ocelli pinkish-red. Eyes red in live specimens, darkening to reddish-brown in dried specimens; distinct furrow between eyes and pronotum. Postclypeus black anteriorly, with reddish-brown margin; short and long silver pubescence along ventral surface except down midline; short yellow pubescence along posterior ventral surface. Anteclypeus black, with long silver pubescence. Rostrum mostly black, with proximal reddish-brown margin; silver pubescence; extending to mid coxae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF34FC8AD2D14569" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF34FC8AD20C4241" box="[193,274,854,879]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Thorax</emphasis>
. Pronotum black; central fascia brown to reddish-brown, forming a smear that narrows anteriorly and posteriorly, not extending to posterior or anterior margins; silver-yellow pubescence, especially along oblique fissures; pronotal collar black with a prominent reddish-brown distal margin. Mesonotum, including submedian and lateral sigilla black, with narrow, reddish-brown, dorsolateral triangular fasciae and longitudinal lateral fasciae surrounding lateral sigilla and extending to edges of submedian sigilla; cruciform elevation pale red, black anteriorly; ridges between wing grooves brown to reddish-brown; long silver-yellow pubescence, most evident around cruciform elevation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF34FB8FD0F7459D" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF34FB8FD3E84544" box="[193,246,1107,1130]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Legs</emphasis>
. Coxae black with reddish-brown margins; fore femora pale red with black longitudinal fasciae; mid and hind femora brown to reddish-brown, also with black longitudinal fasciae; fore, mid and hind tibiae brown to reddish-brown; tarsi and claws brown to reddish-brown; spines dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF34FB63D7454431" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF34FB63D21B45F8" box="[193,261,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Wings</emphasis>
. Fore wing venation reddish-brown to red, becoming darker towards apical cells and ambient veins; detectable angulation of fore wings at node; pterostigma reddish-brown; hind wing infuscation at the juncture of the anal lobe and wing margin, surrounding the distal termination of vein 2A, distinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF34FAF6D7E14449" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF34FAF6D204446D" box="[193,282,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Timbals</emphasis>
. Long ribs 1–2 fused ventrally; long ribs 1–4 fused dorsally to basal spur. Long rib 5 does not extend ventrally beyond adjacent intercalary rib. Four intercalary ribs developed equally and clearly visible.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF34FAAED0DF4481" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF34FAAED23444A5" box="[193,298,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Opercula</emphasis>
. Broadly sickle-shaped, obliquely elongated; central region domed, shiny, dark-brown to black; medial and lateral margins entirely reddish-brown; parallel to body axis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF34FA66D0C94735" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF34FA66D23544FD" box="[193,299,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Tergites black with contrasting red posterior margins between tergites 3 to 7; diffuse, reddish-brown colouration extending broadly around posterior half of tergite 8; silver-yellow short pubescence. Sternites mainly black with prominent red to reddish-brown colouration on lateral margins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE10FF34F9FAD2364615" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF34F9FAD2354711" box="[193,299,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Genitalia</emphasis>
. Pygofer brown to pale brown, grading to brown posteriorly, with black dorsal beak; upper lobes prominent, erect, terminally rounded; lower lobes distinct, bulbous, with an inner tooth strongly developed on each lobe; inner lobes enlarged, acute, posteriorly tapering; dorsal beak prominent, sharply pointed, slightly curved in lateral view; claspers with a pair of hooked processes; aedeagus with dorsal pseudoparameres that bifurcate and join theca near gonocoxite IX; pseudoparameres apically curved, tapering; theca sclerotized, gradually curved posteriorly, apex somewhat blunt, inwardly curved between dorsal and ventral edges, with a variable number of small spines on lateral sides, 10–14 small spines on posterior lateral sides and at least two large spines on posterior ventral edge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFFAE11FF32F89AD293406E" blockId="76.[151,1437,386,2031]" lastBlockId="77.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFFAE10FF32F89AD2004671" bold="true" box="[199,286,1862,1887]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Female</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFFAE10FED9F89AD2914671" box="[300,399,1862,1887]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="72.[151,249,1411,1433]" captionTargetBox="[230,1356,195,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-256@72.[230,1356,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 46. (A–B) Pauropsalta inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (A) male, (B) female; (C–D) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E), (C) male, (D) female; (E–H) P. ayrensis Ewart, (E–F) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (E) male, (F) female, (G–H) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E), (G) male, (H) female. Approximately 1.6x natural size, except (C–D) at 1.0x natural size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268594" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268594/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig 46D</figureCitation>
). Similar colouration and patterning to male. Head colouration similar to that of male, except often with reddish-brown vertex lobes. Pronotum black; central fascia reddish-brown, often broader than that of male and reaching anterior margin, extending further posteriorly and dorsolaterally to form a pair of outwardpointing, wedge-shaped patterns. Mesonotum black with reddish-brown dorsolateral and lateral fasciae in are between submedian and lateral sigilla, and entirely surrounding lateral sigilla; often more pronounced than in male. Legs similar in colour to those of male. Abdomen with tergites similar in colouration to those of male; abdominal segment 9 reddish-brown with a pair of dorsal longitudinal black fasciae, sometimes fused dorsally, extending to the anterior edge and ventrolaterally to some extent; sternites reddish-brown with a broad and more or less regular median black fascia on each of sternites II to VII; ovipositor sheath extending 3.5–4.0 mm beyond termination of abdominal segment 9.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFEAE11FF34FE90D24740FE" blockId="77.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
Measurements (mm). N= 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FE11FE90D10E404D" box="[484,528,332,357]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">4 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FDE2FE90D15C404D" box="[535,578,332,357]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
. Ranges and means (in parentheses), mm; BL: 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FBACFE90D770404D" box="[1113,1134,332,355]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
21.3–23.5 (22.8); 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FAB5FE90D64B404D" box="[1344,1365,332,355]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
27.0– 27.5 (27.3); FWL: 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FE9EFEACD29E40A9" box="[363,384,368,391]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
25.1–28.0 (26.3); 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FDA4FEACD17840A9" box="[593,614,368,391]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
26.0–28.4 (27.2); FWB: 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FC77FEACD08940A9" box="[898,919,368,391]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
10.0–10.9 (10.3); 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FB9DFEACD76340A9" box="[1128,1149,368,391]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
11.2–11.8 (11.5); HW: 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FA72FEACD68240A9" box="[1415,1436,368,391]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
6.8–7.4 (7.0); 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FEC2FE48D2524085" box="[311,332,404,427]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
6.7–7.6 (7.2); PW: 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FDD8FE48D15C4085" box="[557,578,404,427]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
6.0–6.4 (6.2); 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FD1FFE48D1E14085" box="[746,767,404,427]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
6.0–6.7 (6.4); AW: 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FC17FE48D0E94085" box="[994,1015,404,427]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
6.6–7.2 (6.9); 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FB6BFE48D7AD4085" box="[1182,1203,404,427]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
5.9–6.3 6.1); OL: 
<specimenCount id="9D53F3FBFFFEAE11FA72FE48D6824085" box="[1415,1436,404,427]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
12.3–13.4 (12.9).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2A68FAFFFEAE11FF62F88CD02F46EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268604" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268604/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" startId="77.[151,249,1872,1894]" targetBox="[188,1400,517,1850]" targetPageId="77">
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFEAE11FF62F88CD02F46EC" blockId="77.[151,1436,1872,1986]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFEAE11FF62F88CD2014648" bold="true" box="[151,287,1872,1894]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">FIGURE 49.</emphasis>
Male calling song structure of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFEAE11FDA2F88CD75B464B" authority="(Goding and Froggatt)" baseAuthorityName="Goding and Froggatt" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[599,1093,1872,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pauropsalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubristrigata">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFEAE11FDA2F88CD0424648" box="[599,860,1872,1894]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Pauropsalta rubristrigata</emphasis>
(Goding and Froggatt)
</taxonomicName>
illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) using RS5 (see methods).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2A68FAFFFDAE12FF62FBE6D0FF4426" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268606" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268606/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" startId="78.[151,249,1082,1104]" targetBox="[208,1382,197,1061]" targetPageId="78">
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFDAE12FF62FBE6D0FF4426" blockId="78.[151,1436,1082,1288]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FF62FBE6D23E457E" bold="true" box="[151,288,1082,1104]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">FIGURE 50.</emphasis>
Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFDAE12FBCEFBE6D23F4540" authority="(Goding and Froggatt)" baseAuthorityName="Goding and Froggatt" baseAuthorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pauropsalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubristrigata">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FBCEFBE6D65F457E" box="[1083,1345,1082,1104]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pauropsalta rubristrigata</emphasis>
(Goding and Froggatt)
</taxonomicName>
from four different localities, including: (i) Penola (37°24'S 140°50'E), (ii) Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E), (iii) Napoleon Reef (33°26'S149°45'E), and (iv) Woods Reserve (35°28'S 148°57'E). Recording (iv) is shown in two fragments from the same individual recording. Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. The upper fragment shows the typical lilting component and the lower fragment illustrates a transition into the extended lilting component (a grey dashed line indicates the point of transition). Recording (i) was made with RS6 by B. Haywood, while all other recordings were made by LWP using RS5 (see methods).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFDAE12FF34FAF3D276449A" blockId="78.[151,1440,1327,2036]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FF34FAF3D2CB4466" bold="true" box="[193,469,1327,1352]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Distinguishing features</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFDAE12FE11FAF3D0184466" baseAuthorityName="Goding and Froggatt" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[484,774,1327,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pauropsalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubristrigata">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FE11FAF3D0184466" box="[484,774,1327,1352]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pauropsalta rubristrigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily distinguished from all other species in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFDAE12FA72FAECD3E54442" authorityName="Goding and Froggatt, Eidsvold" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pauropsalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulata">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FA72FAECD3E54442" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">P. annulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group by its large size. No other species has a fore wing length greater than 
<quantity id="4CAD9597FFFDAE12FB36FA8FD6134442" box="[1219,1293,1363,1388]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="23.0">23mm</quantity>
. In addition, the extensive red colouration on the legs, wing veins and posterior margins of the tergites are together a highly distinctive feature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFDAE12FF34FA63D61744F6" blockId="78.[151,1440,1327,2036]" box="[193,1289,1471,1496]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FF34FA63D18044F6" bold="true" box="[193,670,1471,1496]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Geological and Pedological Associations</emphasis>
. Found in association with silt loams and sandy loams.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6BF9FFFDAE13FF34FA3FD126404D" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFDAE12FF34FA3FD1B7479E" blockId="78.[151,1440,1327,2036]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FF34FA3FD2EE44D2" bold="true" box="[193,496,1507,1532]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Distribution and Ecology</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFDAE12FDF5FA3FD16A44D2" box="[512,628,1507,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="68.[151,249,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[241,1346,1093,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-419@68.[241,1346,1093,1877]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 43. Map of mainland Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta inversa sp. nov., P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) and P. corymbiae sp. nov. Large symbols represent specimen records (see type data or material examined), and small symbols represent aural records (some recorded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268586" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268586/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Figure 43</figureCitation>
). Mostly cool temperate locations from south-east South Australia east through the subcoastal and highland locations of Victoria into New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory. In New South Wales it occurs from the Southern Highlands north through the western side of the Blue Mountains as far as Barrington Tops and 
<collectingCountry id="F34278E2FFFDAE12FE0FF993D1414746" box="[506,607,1615,1640]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
Range (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44583FFFDAE12FD37F993D0C74746" author="Moss, J. T. St. L. &amp; Popple, L. W." box="[706,985,1615,1640]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="53 - 60" refId="ref75999" refString="Moss, J. T. St. L. &amp; Popple, L. W. (2000) Cicada, butterfly and moth records from the Gibraltar Range, New South Wales (Hemiptera: Cicadidae; Lepidoptera). Queensland Naturalist, 38, 53 - 60." type="journal article" year="2000">Moss and Popple, 2000</bibRefCitation>
), with an isolated population at Mount Kaputar. Adults typically occur in the foliage and outer branches of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFDAE12FC78F9AFD72047A5" box="[909,1086,1651,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FC78F9AFD71747A2" box="[909,1033,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFDAE12FB49F9AFD62647A2" box="[1212,1336,1651,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FB49F9AFD62647A2" box="[1212,1336,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and also subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFDAE12FEF3F94BD2A9479E" box="[262,439,1687,1712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Symphyomyrtus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FEF3F94BD2A9479E" box="[262,439,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Symphyomyrtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
section 
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FDE1F94BD186479E" box="[532,664,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Maidenaria</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA3872FFFDAE13FF34F967D126404D" blockId="78.[151,1440,1327,2036]" lastBlockId="79.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FF34F967D24247FA" bold="true" box="[193,348,1723,1748]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Calling Song</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFDAE12FE9BF967D2D047FA" box="[366,462,1723,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1642,1664]" captionTargetBox="[200,1405,193,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-232@10.[181,1406,193,1621]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oscillograms providing a comparison of the calling song structure of each taxon (and hybrid population) in the Pauropsalta annulata species group: (A) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (B) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (C) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (D) P.n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Upper Yarraman (26°54'S 151°54'E); (E) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (F) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°44'S 149°07'E); (G) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (H) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (I) P. subtropica sp. nov., Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (J) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (K) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (L) P. kobongoides sp. nov., Weengallon (28°22'S 149°03'E); (M) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (N) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (O) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (P) P. ayrensis Ewart, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E). All recordings were made with RS1, except (M) and (O), which were obtained by A. Ewart with RS3 and the author using RS5, respectively (see methods)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268480/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Figs 2O</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136E24F7FFFDAE12FE29F967D13647FA" box="[476,552,1723,1748]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 49" captionStart-1="FIGURE 50" captionStartId-0="77.[151,249,1872,1894]" captionStartId-1="78.[151,249,1082,1104]" captionTargetBox-0="[188,1400,517,1850]" captionTargetBox-1="[208,1382,197,1061]" captionTargetId-0="figure-211@77.[187,1400,517,1850]" captionTargetId-1="figure-453@78.[204,1382,193,1061]" captionTargetPageId-0="77" captionTargetPageId-1="78" captionText-0="FIGURE 49. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) using RS5 (see methods)." captionText-1="FIGURE 50. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) from four different localities, including: (i) Penola (37°24'S 140°50'E), (ii) Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E), (iii) Napoleon Reef (33°26'S149°45'E), and (iv) Woods Reserve (35°28'S 148°57'E). Recording (iv) is shown in two fragments from the same individual recording. Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. The upper fragment shows the typical lilting component and the lower fragment illustrates a transition into the extended lilting component (a grey dashed line indicates the point of transition). Recording (i) was made with RS6 by B. Haywood, while all other recordings were made by LWP using RS5 (see methods)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268604" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268606" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5268604/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5268606/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">49–50</figureCitation>
). The calling song of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFDAE12FCD2F960D0C847FA" baseAuthorityName="Goding and Froggatt" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[807,982,1723,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pauropsalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubristrigata">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFDAE12FCD2F960D0C847FA" box="[807,982,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">P. rubristrigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises two components, lilting and buzzing, which alternate during song production. The buzzing component seems to be produced only sporadically. It comprises a single, drawn–out echeme (132–341 syllables, 
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– 
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</geoCoordinate>
s, n=2 individuals). The lilting component is made of repeated phrases, each of which includes a long echeme (12–20 syllables, 
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– 
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s) followed by a silence (
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– 
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</geoCoordinate>
s), a short echeme (3–5 syllables, 
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– 
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s) and another silence (
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– 
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s) (all statistics here and below, n=10 individuals). Sporadically, males produce an extended version of the lilting component with an additional echeme, of equal duration to the short echeme, immediately preceding the long echeme. It is during production of this latter part of the lilting component that the males have been observed to become particularly receptive to simulated female wing-flicks (D. Marshall, pers. comm., 
<date id="FFEB1EB2FFFDAE12FB4DF807D62F46DA" box="[1208,1329,2011,2036]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="2013-07-07">7.vii.2013</date>
.). At this stage, it is not clear if females respond, or indeed whether calling males are receptive to responses, during the lilting component prior to production of the extended version. The rhythmic structure of the calling song overall most closely resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFCAE13FE51FF3DD10341D9" authorityName="Ewart, Eidsvold" authorityYear="1989" box="[420,541,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pauropsalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ayrensis">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFCAE13FE51FF3DD10341D9" box="[420,541,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">P. ayrensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, it has a lower highest amplitude dominant frequency, lying between 4.6–5.5 kHz, a correspondingly lower frequency plateau between 3.5–7.2 kHz and lower amplitude plateau extending to 11.2 kHz. The calling song of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5543F1FFFCAE13FD8AFEF5D035406E" baseAuthorityName="Goding and Froggatt" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[639,811,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Pauropsalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubristrigata">
<emphasis id="B921E460FFFCAE13FD8AFEF5D035406E" box="[639,811,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">P. rubristrigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a phrase repetition rate of 
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– 
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s and a syllable repetition rate of 90–110 Hz.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>