<mods:titleid="E662086AD3D6DAF21E53AA1A049A9C89">Integrative taxonomic revision of the grasshopper genera Parapetasia Bolívar, 1884, and Loveridgacris Rehn, 1954 (Orthoptera, Pyrgomorphidae), with description of a new species of Loveridgacris</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="7E001DA79C9B2E6800FF75EE23C9B25F">Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Graduate School in Fundamental and Applied Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon & Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="CFCDC3AD755545A05A91C4969352759A">Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Graduate School in Fundamental and Applied Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="089A513F14D085A8F2E2BAD77CDBF9FB">Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Graduate School in Fundamental and Applied Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="CD4E5467500347CBA435C7D3D44E17F7">Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Graduate School in Fundamental and Applied Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="15204D1CCB74CE785FAE8FAB430AC3D3">Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="3FBFB23E0BD143A9D7D97C05AE7EFEBB">Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany & School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia</mods:affiliation>
<figureCitationid="00DC75FEB43C0FC148EF3178C38BEF9F"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Habitus images of Parapetasia and Loveridgacris species. A. P. femorata nymph; B. P. rammei nymph; C. P. femorata adult; D. P. rammei adult; E. L. impotens nymph; F. L. impotens adult (the black arrow points at the yellowish foamy secretion on the abdominal segment)."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157786">Figs 1 C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="52E4FDE244C75977894619721098E0B3"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Frontal, dorsal and lateral views. A – C. Frontal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Lateral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157787">2 B, E, H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="2E571DB228D2C0261C721AC512E41E59"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Phallic structures. A – C. Epiphallus dorsal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Ectophallus + Endophallus dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Ectophallus + Endophallus ventral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens; J – L. Ectophallus + Endophallus lateral view; J. P. femorata; K. P. rammei; L. L. impotens. A: appendices; AC: apodemal plate of cingulum; AE: aedeagus (aedeagal valves); AP: anterior projection of epiphallus; B: bridge of epiphallus; BC: basal thickening of cingulum; BE: basal emargination of cingulum; CM: central membrane of epiphallus; CV: valve of cingulum; DC: dorsal cleft of cingulum; EA: endophallic apodeme; F, marginal furrow separating suprarami and rami of cingulum; L: lophus of epiphallus; LP: lateral plate of epiphallus; RC: ramus of cingulum; S: sheath of ectophallus; SR: supraramus of cingulum; SZ: suprazygomal plate of cingulum; VC: ventral cleft of cingulum; VP: ventral process of cingulum; Z: zygoma of cingulum."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157791">6 B, E, H, K</figureCitation>
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<figureCitationid="A9BA7A2A877566FB6F5109C8BFC04707"captionStart="Figure 7"captionStartId="F7"captionText="Figure 7. A – C. Male cerci; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Female subgenital plates; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei. F. L. impotens. G – I. Female spermatheca; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens. AB: apical bulb of the spermathecal appendage; EG: egg-guide; FP: floor pouch of the female genital chamber; MLG: median longitudinal groove of the female genital chamber; PVS: postvaginal sclerite of the female genital chamber; SB: secondary diverticulum of the cecum of the spermatheca; SC: cecum of the spermatheca; SD: spermathecal duct; SP: spermathecal vesicle; TD: terminal dilatation of the spermathecal duct."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure7"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157792">7 B, E, H</figureCitation>
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<figureCitationid="8F1005E2564287693EE7FCE55E40CCB5"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Frontal, dorsal and lateral views. A – C. Frontal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Lateral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157787">2 B, E, H</figureCitation>
): acutely conical; fastigium of vertex slightly curved upwards, flat, slightly concave in basal part, distinctly triangular and narrowing toward apex; antennae thick, shorter than head and pronotum together, with short transverse or subtransverse segments, the last apical segment being distinctly longer than others.
<figureCitationid="21DC1DCD87205FB6E26F742247BA7CFD"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Frontal, dorsal and lateral views. A – C. Frontal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Lateral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157787">2 E, H</figureCitation>
): pronotum with large inflation in front of first sulcus, strongly and intensely rugose with more pointed tubercles; median carinae interrupted, lateral carinae absent; inferior margins of lateral lobes of pronotum straight; prozona shorter than metazona; posterior margin of metazona slightly emarginate in the middle; prosternal process very short, subacute; mesosternal interspace wider than long.
<figureCitationid="020A04C48ED3456D03A31A3D69ABDC51"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Habitus images of Parapetasia and Loveridgacris species. A. P. femorata nymph; B. P. rammei nymph; C. P. femorata adult; D. P. rammei adult; E. L. impotens nymph; F. L. impotens adult (the black arrow points at the yellowish foamy secretion on the abdominal segment)."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157786">1 D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="94FAC85DF137FD6B735E96A44B40EC73"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Frontal, dorsal and lateral views. A – C. Frontal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Lateral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157787">2 E, H</figureCitation>
): hind femur slender, its external area not expanded; upper-median margin of hind femora distinctly raised; obliquely expanded area at the base of hind femur strongly pronounced; external apical spine of hind tibiae present; hind tarsal segments not elongate.
<figureCitationid="59322EC4B4D970209DB2F5CA3E5A6181"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Habitus images of Parapetasia and Loveridgacris species. A. P. femorata nymph; B. P. rammei nymph; C. P. femorata adult; D. P. rammei adult; E. L. impotens nymph; F. L. impotens adult (the black arrow points at the yellowish foamy secretion on the abdominal segment)."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157786">1 D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="B2787F7973C1EAF4665A91BDF7806DF9"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Frontal, dorsal and lateral views. A – C. Frontal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Lateral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157787">2 E, H</figureCitation>
): less reticulated, shortened or brachypterous, oval, semilobed, reaching dorsally the third abdominal tergite, anterior margins rather curved, with very broadly rounded posterior margins.
<figureCitationid="5FD5E41F4010F9545D927A4F594A7E38"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Habitus images of Parapetasia and Loveridgacris species. A. P. femorata nymph; B. P. rammei nymph; C. P. femorata adult; D. P. rammei adult; E. L. impotens nymph; F. L. impotens adult (the black arrow points at the yellowish foamy secretion on the abdominal segment)."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157786">1 D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="7E0C3513EDBF4BAE9395E7E12E396E5C"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Frontal, dorsal and lateral views. A – C. Frontal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Lateral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157787">2 E, H</figureCitation>
): often annulated; abdominal tergites each with a trigonal medio-dorsal tubercle; male subgenital plate compressed toward apex above, margins slightly incised, parallel; male supra-anal plate conical; male cerci (Fig.
<figureCitationid="CEC882BFC5B5121A9807E5072429474C"captionStart="Figure 7"captionStartId="F7"captionText="Figure 7. A – C. Male cerci; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Female subgenital plates; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei. F. L. impotens. G – I. Female spermatheca; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens. AB: apical bulb of the spermathecal appendage; EG: egg-guide; FP: floor pouch of the female genital chamber; MLG: median longitudinal groove of the female genital chamber; PVS: postvaginal sclerite of the female genital chamber; SB: secondary diverticulum of the cecum of the spermatheca; SC: cecum of the spermatheca; SD: spermathecal duct; SP: spermathecal vesicle; TD: terminal dilatation of the spermathecal duct."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure7"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157792">7 B</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="1AE0869D2EDFE1ACBFF7236D1F3930C2"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Phallic structures. A – C. Epiphallus dorsal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Ectophallus + Endophallus dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Ectophallus + Endophallus ventral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens; J – L. Ectophallus + Endophallus lateral view; J. P. femorata; K. P. rammei; L. L. impotens. A: appendices; AC: apodemal plate of cingulum; AE: aedeagus (aedeagal valves); AP: anterior projection of epiphallus; B: bridge of epiphallus; BC: basal thickening of cingulum; BE: basal emargination of cingulum; CM: central membrane of epiphallus; CV: valve of cingulum; DC: dorsal cleft of cingulum; EA: endophallic apodeme; F, marginal furrow separating suprarami and rami of cingulum; L: lophus of epiphallus; LP: lateral plate of epiphallus; RC: ramus of cingulum; S: sheath of ectophallus; SR: supraramus of cingulum; SZ: suprazygomal plate of cingulum; VC: ventral cleft of cingulum; VP: ventral process of cingulum; Z: zygoma of cingulum."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157791">6 B</figureCitation>
): bridge narrow, its anterior margin curved emarginate, posterior margin almost straight; anterior projections small; lateral plates oblique or divergent, its external margins fairly expanded; appendices of epiphallus narrow, subparallel, with apical lobes having only broader terminal processes, smaller processes absent, attached marginally to the basal part of external expansion of lateral plates, lying marginally to the external expansion of lateral plates; lophi very small or short, slightly curved, and anteriorly directed with acute apex.
<figureCitationid="A17DC0583F999947281B18F56B53E955"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Phallic structures. A – C. Epiphallus dorsal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Ectophallus + Endophallus dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Ectophallus + Endophallus ventral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens; J – L. Ectophallus + Endophallus lateral view; J. P. femorata; K. P. rammei; L. L. impotens. A: appendices; AC: apodemal plate of cingulum; AE: aedeagus (aedeagal valves); AP: anterior projection of epiphallus; B: bridge of epiphallus; BC: basal thickening of cingulum; BE: basal emargination of cingulum; CM: central membrane of epiphallus; CV: valve of cingulum; DC: dorsal cleft of cingulum; EA: endophallic apodeme; F, marginal furrow separating suprarami and rami of cingulum; L: lophus of epiphallus; LP: lateral plate of epiphallus; RC: ramus of cingulum; S: sheath of ectophallus; SR: supraramus of cingulum; SZ: suprazygomal plate of cingulum; VC: ventral cleft of cingulum; VP: ventral process of cingulum; Z: zygoma of cingulum."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157791">6 E, H, K</figureCitation>
): central membrane fairly narrow, subtriangular, marked at its lateral margins by furrows; zygoma broadly transverse, not extending halfway along the cingulum; suprazygomal plate rather U-shaped, slightly shorter than the zygoma; apodemal plates strongly produced ventrally, the apices fairly close to each other; valves of cingulum of smaller size, narrow, divergent in dorsal view; rami of cingulum narrow in dorsal view; dorsal cleft of cingulum large, ventral cleft narrow; suprarami well developed, large; sheats of moderate size, the inner margins separated from each other; ventral process of cingulum broadly triangular, slender, almost exceeding beyond endophallic apodemes in ventral view; basal emargination of cingulum very deep;
<figureCitationid="70B64F847B8921D63B7A9D35B61AA6EE"captionStart="Figure 6"captionStartId="F6"captionText="Figure 6. Phallic structures. A – C. Epiphallus dorsal view; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Ectophallus + Endophallus dorsal view; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei; F. L. impotens; G – I. Ectophallus + Endophallus ventral view; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens; J – L. Ectophallus + Endophallus lateral view; J. P. femorata; K. P. rammei; L. L. impotens. A: appendices; AC: apodemal plate of cingulum; AE: aedeagus (aedeagal valves); AP: anterior projection of epiphallus; B: bridge of epiphallus; BC: basal thickening of cingulum; BE: basal emargination of cingulum; CM: central membrane of epiphallus; CV: valve of cingulum; DC: dorsal cleft of cingulum; EA: endophallic apodeme; F, marginal furrow separating suprarami and rami of cingulum; L: lophus of epiphallus; LP: lateral plate of epiphallus; RC: ramus of cingulum; S: sheath of ectophallus; SR: supraramus of cingulum; SZ: suprazygomal plate of cingulum; VC: ventral cleft of cingulum; VP: ventral process of cingulum; Z: zygoma of cingulum."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure6"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157791">6 E, H, K</figureCitation>
): endophallic apodemes of medium size, strongly produced forwards ventrally, exceeding beyond the basal emargination of cingulum; aedeagal valves small, short with button-like apices, with ventrolaterally directed process in its distal part; aedeagal sclerites narrow and of moderate size; pseudoarch small; spermatophore sac small, ovoid, not extending beyond the lateral limits of endophallic apodemes; gonopore at the middle.
<figureCitationid="B4B96E61F3A7072BADEF9993AA4604E3"captionStart="Figure 7"captionStartId="F7"captionText="Figure 7. A – C. Male cerci; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Female subgenital plates; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei. F. L. impotens. G – I. Female spermatheca; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens. AB: apical bulb of the spermathecal appendage; EG: egg-guide; FP: floor pouch of the female genital chamber; MLG: median longitudinal groove of the female genital chamber; PVS: postvaginal sclerite of the female genital chamber; SB: secondary diverticulum of the cecum of the spermatheca; SC: cecum of the spermatheca; SD: spermathecal duct; SP: spermathecal vesicle; TD: terminal dilatation of the spermathecal duct."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure7"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157792">7 E</figureCitation>
): ovipositor valves large, not sinuate; subgenital plate without carina, narrowed posteriorly, slightly emarginate at apex; egg guide prominent, conical, and slightly elongated; median longitudinal groove of genital chamber slender.
<figureCitationid="D3B561C10FB3C95DF2DE05A3A490061E"captionStart="Figure 7"captionStartId="F7"captionText="Figure 7. A – C. Male cerci; A. P. femorata; B. P. rammei; C. L. impotens; D – F. Female subgenital plates; D. P. femorata; E. P. rammei. F. L. impotens. G – I. Female spermatheca; G. P. femorata; H. P. rammei; I. L. impotens. AB: apical bulb of the spermathecal appendage; EG: egg-guide; FP: floor pouch of the female genital chamber; MLG: median longitudinal groove of the female genital chamber; PVS: postvaginal sclerite of the female genital chamber; SB: secondary diverticulum of the cecum of the spermatheca; SC: cecum of the spermatheca; SD: spermathecal duct; SP: spermathecal vesicle; TD: terminal dilatation of the spermathecal duct."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure7"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157792">7 H</figureCitation>
): spermatheca thick, lacking an apical pocket, with a laminated appearance in the apical part; spermatheca duct short, secondary diverticulum of spermathecal appendage of varying shape.
Predominantly grayish; eyes red dark or entirely black in adults; labium, labrum, and mandibles red; hind knee entirely black in adults; elytra yellow-brown with brown veins; cerci yellowish or blackish; abdominal segments all separated by red lines; lower external, lower internal, mid internal, and upper internal hind femoral areas bright black.
Pronotum testaceous brown with blood-like colored tubercles, more or less blackish below; antennae and legs reddish brown, more or less outlined with red; the outer-medial and upper-external area slightly variegated with yellowish brown, the margins more or less red, the tips of the femora black; hind tibiae all reddish brown, sometimes outlined with a blood-like color.
Apex of antennae, apical 2 / 3 of hind tibiae, and ankles with blood-like colored tubercles; margin of vertex, lower part of antennae, fore and median femora, upper-external and medio-external areas of hind femora, anterior and median tibiae, and basal part of hind tibiae marked with yellow, especially on ribs.
</paragraph>
<paragraphid="DE3586345BEAB0B92691A86B910F8C4D">Nymph with entirely black antennae, hind knees completely yellow.</paragraph>
<tableCitationid="C5DA6A9F6EA48AF1EE161300BBBD32AE"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="T1"captionText="Table 1. Measurements in millimeters (mm) of the examined Parapetasia and Loveridgacris species; n: number of individuals; FastigL: length of fastigium of vertex; PronotL: pronotum length; PronotW: pronotum width; TegL: length of wings; TL: hind tibia length; FL: hind femur length; Fw: hind femur width; and BodyL: body length, measured from the tip of the frons to the hindmost tip of the abdomen."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/1A86A727F5361F24F345A5AED02A4A55"tableUuid="1A86A727F5361F24F345A5AED02A4A55">1</tableCitation>
<figureCitationid="8F30DC526F04C22BF9A558BF50385E74"captionStart="Figure 8"captionStartId="F8"captionText="Figure 8. Geographical distribution of species in the genera Parapetasia and Loveridgacris (P. femorata, unfilled circle; P. rammei, filled circle; L. impotens, unfilled triangle; L. tectiferus sp. nov., filled triangle)."figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.125877.figure8"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1157793">8</figureCitation>
. The species has been primarily observed in highland zones and grass fields, specifically in Bare-Dschang (the type locality), Bamenda, Bangwe, Fotouni, and Mt. Manengouba.
is typically associated with highland ecosystems. The species is commonly found on bare ground, low vegetation, and sometimes on shrubs in open vegetation, such as cultivated farms and fallows, as well as in steppe habitats. In its natural habitat, it can be observed throughout the year, with adults being particularly abundant during the rainy season. Nymphs are more commonly found during this period as well. Foamy secretions on tergites 7 and 8 are notable characteristics of the species and are also common in other pyrgomorphid species.
