treatments-xml/data/03/A7/EE/03A7EE62FFA58056ADB83E392C3A1580.xml

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<mods:title id="6711473F0F9EE353A173D0C02697E790">Two new genera in the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6FF5E06C6EE85A7DA737986341C786E9">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A7EE62FFA58056ADB83E392C3A1580" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6249797" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119354822" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6249797" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A7EE62FFA58056ADB83E392C3A1580" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A7EE62FFA58056ADB83E392C3A1580" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<subSubSection id="C3140CFFFFA58052ADB83E392F1212F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA58052ADB83E392FDA122D" blockId="0.[151,430,1605,1666]" box="[151,430,1605,1631]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<heading id="D0F9E818FFA58052ADB83E392FDA122D" bold="true" box="[151,430,1605,1631]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052ADB83E392FDA122D" bold="true" box="[151,430,1605,1631]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA58052ADB83E392F3B122D" authority="Hall" authorityName="Hall" box="[151,335,1605,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052ADB83E392F65122D" bold="true" box="[151,273,1605,1631]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Livendula</emphasis>
Hall
</taxonomicName>
, n. gen.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA58052ADB83E142F1212F0" blockId="0.[151,430,1605,1666]" box="[151,358,1640,1666]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
(
<figureCitation id="133543F1FFA58052ADB03E142E9912F0" box="[159,237,1640,1666]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 2" captionStartId="1.[151,257,1903,1924]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,1017,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[160,1427,997,1881]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 2. Adults (dorsal surface on left, ventral surface on right). 1 A. Livendula huebneri male, nr. Cacaulândia, S. W. Brazil [Ro] (USNM). 1 B. Livendula huebneri female, nr. Cacaulândia, S. W. Brazil [Ro] (USNM). 2 A. Minotauros lampros male, Estación Científica Yasuní, E. Ecuador (JHKW). 2 B. Minotauros lampros female, Estación Científica Yasuní, E. Ecuador (JHKW)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175693/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A,B; 3; 5)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3140CFFFFA58052ADB83ECE2CB712BE" box="[151,707,1714,1740]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA58052ADB83ECE2CB712BE" blockId="0.[151,1437,1714,2025]" box="[151,707,1714,1740]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052ADB83ECE2F4612BE" bold="true" box="[151,306,1714,1740]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<typeStatus id="54B5E1D6FFA58052ADB83ECE2EA012BE" box="[151,212,1714,1740]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA58052AC6E3ECF2CCB12BE" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[321,703,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huebneri">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052AC6E3ECF2C5712BE" box="[321,547,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Lemonias huebneri</emphasis>
Butler, 1867
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3140CFFFFA58052ADE93EA62A1B136E" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA58052ADE93EA62A1B136E" blockId="0.[151,1437,1714,2025]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052ADE93EA62F391286" bold="true" box="[198,333,1754,1780]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Etymology</emphasis>
: The name of this genus is based on the medieval Latin word for lavender, and refers to the almost universal occurrence of this color on the dorsal wings of males in this genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3140CFFFFA58051ADE93F562DEC1208" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA58053ADE93F562A411586" blockId="0.[151,1437,1714,2025]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,152,900]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052ADE93F562F231336" bold="true" box="[198,343,1834,1860]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Description</emphasis>
: MALE: Forewing length 
<quantity id="4CF6F291FFA58052AFB93F562D6D1336" box="[662,793,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="11.0">11–19 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052AE0A3F572DDA1336" box="[805,942,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Wing shape</emphasis>
: Both wings typically compact; forewing costa approximately straight, distal margin slightly convex, anal margin straight; hindwing rounded. 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052A8023F2F2BE4131E" box="[1325,1424,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Ve na t io n</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3191FE4FFA58052ADB83F062ECC13E6" box="[151,184,1914,1940]" name="American Samoa" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA58052ADF03F072F2213E6" box="[223,342,1915,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052ADF03F072F2213E6" box="[223,342,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Stichel (
<date id="FFB079B4FFA58052ACD73F062C1613E6" box="[504,610,1914,1940]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" value="1910" valueMax="1911">1910–11</date>
), under 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA58052AFEB3F072DE613E6" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[708,914,1914,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052AFEB3F072D5B13E6" box="[708,815,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Echenais</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
, [1819]), four forewing radial veins. 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA58052A8643F072E9913CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Dorsal surface</emphasis>
: Ground color of both wings brown or rufous brown; three black spots in discal cell of both wings and two at base of cell Cu2, an additional spot at base of cell Rs on hindwing, all of these encircled with lavender scaling in most species; jagged postdiscal band of black spots on both wings usually associated with variably prominent proximal and distal lavender scaling, a broad white postdiscal band present on both wings in one species (
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA48053ADD338942C3E1570" authority="Hewitson, 1870" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[252,586,232,258]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053ADD338942F1F1573" box="[252,363,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">L. amasis</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1870))
</taxonomicName>
, a variably broad distal white patch on hindwing extending to distal margin present in all derived species; dark submarginal spots faint to absent within hindwing white areas, but prominent elsewhere and almost always encircled with lavender scaling; forewing fringe either brown or with variably prominent white elements in cells Cu2, M3, M1 and R4+5, hindwing fringe either brown or checkered brown and white. 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053AC4439F72C6915D6" box="[363,541,395,420]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Ventral surface</emphasis>
: Differs from dorsal surface in following ways: Ground color of both wings pale to medium brown; dorsal lavender scaling replaced by whitish scaling of somewhat similar extent; whitish scaling surrounds basal spots in all species, all black spots more prominent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA48053ADE93A7F2D091696" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053ADE93A7F2F72166E" box="[198,262,515,540]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Head</emphasis>
: Ventral surface of labial palpi generally a mixture of pale white or pale yellow-brown and dark scaling, dorsal surface dark brown, second and third segments elongate; eyes brown and bare, with white or pale brown scaling at margins; frons brown with a thin vertical band of white or pale brown scaling laterally and a broad horizontal pale band ventrally; antennal length approximately 60 to 70% of forewing length, segments brown with an elongate band of white lateral scaling, nudum along inner ventral margin of shaft variably narrow and discontinuous; clubs black, tips orange brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA48053ADE93A8F2A0317F6" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053ADE93A8F2F76177E" box="[198,258,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Body</emphasis>
: Dorsal surface of thorax and abdomen dark brown, ventral surface pale brown to whitish; eighth sternite a simple rectangle with a smoothly rounded posterior margin; all legs pale brown or whitish, tarsus of foreleg unimerous, coxa of medium length for family, midleg and hindleg with a tibial spur and a group of spines at inner distal tip of tibia and spines along inner margin of all tarsal segments.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF710FFCFFA48053ADB83F132B5E13CD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175693/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[178,1414,1017,1861]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA48053ADB83F132B5E13CD" blockId="1.[151,1436,1903,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053ADB83F132F5813F6" bold="true" box="[151,300,1903,1924]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">FIGURES 1–2</emphasis>
. Adults (dorsal surface on left, ventral surface on right). 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053AE723F132D0F13F6" bold="true" box="[861,891,1903,1924]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">1A</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA48053AEA73F132A3113F6" box="[904,1093,1903,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huebneri">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053AEA73F132A3113F6" box="[904,1093,1903,1924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Livendula huebneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male, nr. Cacaulândia, S.W. Brazil [Ro] (USNM). 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053AC033FF02F3C13D3" bold="true" box="[300,328,1932,1953]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">1B</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA48053AC7A3FF12C6613D0" box="[341,530,1933,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huebneri">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053AC7A3FF12C6613D0" box="[341,530,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Livendula huebneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female, nr. Cacaulândia, S.W. Brazil [Ro] (USNM). 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053A9373FF02A4213D3" bold="true" box="[1048,1078,1932,1953]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">2A</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA48053A96D3FF12B7313D0" box="[1090,1287,1933,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minotauros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampros">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053A96D3FF12B7313D0" box="[1090,1287,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Minotauros lampros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male, Estación Científica Yasuní, E. Ecuador (JHKW). 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053AF373FD52C4013CC" bold="true" box="[536,564,1961,1982]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">2B</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA48053AF6F3FD62D7613CD" box="[576,770,1962,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minotauros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampros">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA48053AF6F3FD62D7613CD" box="[576,770,1962,1983]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Minotauros lampros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female, Estación Científica Yasuní, E. Ecuador (JHKW).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA78050ADE938E42F5A16C8" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,698]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA78050ADE938E42F4114C3" box="[198,309,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133543F1FFA78050AC6838E42FE414C0" box="[327,400,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,257,1951,1972]" captionTargetBox="[196,1381,750,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[191,1387,748,1930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Male genitalia. 3. Livendula huebneri, Matoury, French Guiana (USNM), with genitalia and cornutus (bottom) in lateral view, and valvae in ventral view (top). 4. Minotauros lampros, upper Río Tiputini, E. Ecuador (JHKW), with genitalia in lateral view, valvae in ventral view (left) and uncus / tegumen in dorsal view (right). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175694/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
): Uncus in lateral view approximately rectangular and typically more posteriorly elongate ventrally, with a broad and shallow dorsal indentation medially, lateral “window” dorsally separated in all species except 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA78050AC6938942CF81570" authority="Hewitson, 1863" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[326,652,232,258]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balista">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA78050AC6938942FC11573" box="[326,437,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">L. balista</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1863)
</taxonomicName>
; falces broad; vinculum slightly sinuate and approximately even in width, saccus elongate; valvae in lateral view approximately rectangular, with a rounded lateral bulge basally, an angular anteroventral margin, a dorsal desclerotized region medially, and two inwardly and upwardly curved, rounded processes posteriorly that are most readily visible as separate valve elements in ventral view, upper process broader and slightly more posteriorly elongate, valvae fused dorsally near tips with a broad and slightly medially raised sclerotized band; aedeagus very long and narrow, with pointed posterior tip opening dorsally or to right, and rounded anterior end opening anteroventrally and slightly to right; everted vesica very long and narrow, with a large and narrow “pitch-fork”-shaped cornutus positioned in middle section of vesica consisting of a long and thick dorsal spine and a shorter and narrower ventral spine attached to a more weakly sclerotized, flattened and approximately rectangular pad, and a small membranous tube exiting laterally from main stem of vesica near anterior tip of cornutus; very long and narrow, strap-like pedicel joins aedeagus in its anterior half.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF710FFCFFA78050ADB83FE32A531382" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175694/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[196,1381,750,1926]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA78050ADB83FE32A531382" blockId="2.[151,1436,1951,2032]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA78050ADB83FE32F5813C6" bold="true" box="[151,300,1951,1972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">FIGURES 3–4</emphasis>
. Male genitalia. 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA78050ACE23FE32FAD13C6" bold="true" box="[461,473,1951,1972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA78050ACCA3FDC2D7413C7" authority="Matoury" authorityName="Matoury" box="[485,768,1952,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huebneri">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA78050ACCA3FDC2CD413C7" box="[485,672,1952,1973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Livendula huebneri</emphasis>
, Matoury
</taxonomicName>
, French Guiana (USNM), with genitalia and cornutus (bottom) in lateral view, and valvae in ventral view (top). 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA78050AF103FC12C3F13A0" bold="true" box="[575,587,1981,2002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">4</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA78050AF773FC12D6813A0" box="[600,796,1981,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minotauros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampros">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA78050AF773FC12D6813A0" box="[600,796,1981,2002]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Minotauros lampros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, upper Río Tiputini, E. Ecuador (JHKW), with genitalia in lateral view, valvae in ventral view (left) and uncus/tegumen in dorsal view (right). Scale bar = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA68051ADE938E42FDF1508" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
FEMALE: Differs externally from male in following ways: Forewing length 
<quantity id="4CF6F291FFA68051A96538E42AB814C0" box="[1098,1228,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="12.0">12–20 mm</quantity>
; both wings more rounded; both wing surfaces paler plain brown, dorsal lavender scaling confined to submargin in most species, with derived species only having lavender scaling encircling basal spots; white hindwing patch in female not necessarily correlated with its presence in male, and when present smaller in extent than in male; one species with a white postdiscal band on forewing (
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AFA739442DB61520" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[648,962,312,338]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AFA739442D7E1523" box="[648,778,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L. violacea</emphasis>
(Butler, 1867))
</taxonomicName>
, another with a white postdiscal band on both wings (
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AC06391C2FED150B" box="[297,409,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AC06391C2FED150B" box="[297,409,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L. amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA68051ADE939F42DC015D0" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,948,392,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADE939F42F7215D3" box="[198,262,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Head</emphasis>
: Second and third palpal segments slightly more elongate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA68051ADE939CC2AEE15B8" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,1178,432,458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADE939CC2F7615BB" box="[198,258,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Body</emphasis>
: Foreleg with spines at inner distal tip of tibia and tarsal segments one to four.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA68051ADE939A42B621728" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADE939A42F411583" box="[198,309,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133543F1FFA68051AC6739A42FE61580" box="[328,402,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 6" captionStartId="6.[151,257,1738,1759]" captionTargetBox="[432,1154,192,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[428,1160,189,1712]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 6. Female genitalia in dorsal view. 5. Livendula huebneri, Parque Nacional Manu, Pakitza, Peru (USNM). 6. Minotauros lampros, Mitú, Colombia (AME). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175695/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
): Corpus bursae elongate and generally narrow, with a pair of medially to posteriorly positioned, variably small, spine-like signa in all species except one (
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AEEE3A7C2B661668" authority="Stichel, 1911" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" box="[961,1298,512,538]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epixanthe">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AEEE3A7C2A26166B" box="[961,1106,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L. epixanthe</emphasis>
(Stichel, 1911))
</taxonomicName>
, which typically have an elongate and convex outer margin at wall of corpus; ductus bursae membranous and very elongate (often of equal length to entire abdomen), with an enlarged “half-moon”-shaped section in posterior half that is hardened and slightly darkened by a dense layer of tiny spines on inner surface; posterior portion of ductus bursae with a variably elongate, straight, sclerotized section, which is entirely sclerotized in vicinity of ostium bursae, but only sclerotized ventrally and laterally for most of its length; membranous ductus seminalis exits ductus bursae dorsally, in vicinity of sclerotized section; ostium bursae a large, triangular, sclerotized plate, with posterior apical portion variably projecting away from abdominal surface to form a sclerotized cone, ostium opening round and posteriorly positioned; papillae anales approximately rectangular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA68051ADE93B1B2DEC1208" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADE93B1B2F9B17F3" bold="true" box="[198,495,871,897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">History of classification</emphasis>
: The first species to be described of those treated here in the new genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051A87E3B142EBF17DB" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A87E3B142EBF17DB" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AC273BEC2C3617D8" authority="Stoll, 1790" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1790" box="[264,578,912,938]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aristus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AC273BEC2FC217DB" box="[264,438,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Papilio aristus</emphasis>
Stoll, 1790
</taxonomicName>
. All of the remaining species were described in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051A9553BEC2BE317D8" authority="Hubner, 1807" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1807" box="[1146,1431,912,938]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A9553BEC2A9817DB" box="[1146,1260,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lemonias</emphasis>
Hübner, 1807
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051ADB83BC42F7617A3" box="[151,258,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADB83BC42F7617A3" box="[151,258,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Echenais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AC123BC42FC017A3" box="[317,436,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AC123BC42FC017A3" box="[317,436,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, almost entirely in that chronological order, predominantly by Hewitson, Butler and Stichel. It is a reflection of how common and widespread most 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AEB03B9C2A60178B" box="[927,1044,992,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AEB03B9C2A60178B" box="[927,1044,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are that seven had been described by the time of Bates’ early catalog (1868). All of the remainder, except one, the common yet overlooked species 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AC653C4C2D4A1038" authority="Brevignon &amp; Gallard, 1999" authorityName="Brevignon &amp; Gallard" authorityYear="1999" box="[330,830,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jasonhalli">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AC653C4C2FAA103B" box="[330,478,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L. jasonhalli</emphasis>
(Brévignon &amp; Gallard, 1999)
</taxonomicName>
, had been described by the time of Stichel’s (
<date id="FFB079B4FFA68051A87E3C4C2EC01000" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="1910" valueMax="1911">1910– 11</date>
) first catalog. Stichel (
<date id="FFB079B4FFA68051ACE33C242C401000" box="[460,564,1112,1138]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="1910" valueMax="1911">1910–11</date>
) treated all of the then described species except one in a single species group of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AC293CFC2F0510EB" box="[262,369,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AC293CFC2F0510EB" box="[262,369,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Echenais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but he additionally included in that group species from several other genera. He erroneously treated 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AC1A3CD42FD310B3" box="[309,423,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AC1A3CD42FD310B3" box="[309,423,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L. amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AF583CD42A7210B0" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[631,1030,1192,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egaensis">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AF583CD42D2210B3" box="[631,854,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lemonias egaensis</emphasis>
(Butler, 1867)
</taxonomicName>
, presumably because of the superficial similarity of the females. The arrangement in his second catalog (
<date id="FFB079B4FFA68051AED03CAC2A1C1098" box="[1023,1128,1232,1258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="1930" valueMax="1931">1930–31</date>
) was very similar, but 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051A8AB3CAC2E9D1163" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A8AB3CAC2E9D1163" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L. amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051ACF73C842C371163" box="[472,579,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ACF73C842C371163" box="[472,579,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Echenais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a good species, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AE433C842A751163" box="[876,1025,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epixanthe">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AE433C842A751163" box="[876,1025,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L. epixanthe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also raised to species status. Stichel recognized seven and nine species, respectively, in these two catalogs. Through the nomenclatural action of 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F2285FFA68051AC233D342FA91110" author="Hemming" box="[268,477,1352,1378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Hemming, A. F. (1943) Notes on the generic nomenclature of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, II. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London B, 12, 25 - 30." type="journal article" year="1943">Hemming (1943)</bibRefCitation>
, all the species previously treated in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AE8D3D342A791113" box="[930,1037,1352,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AE8D3D342A791113" box="[930,1037,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Echenais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
became part of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051A9F83D342B3A1113" box="[1239,1358,1352,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A9F83D342B3A1113" box="[1239,1358,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Most recently, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F2285FFA68051AC2D3D0C2C3111F8" author="Callaghan" box="[258,581,1392,1418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Callaghan, C. J. &amp; Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL, pp. 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan &amp; Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
recognized thirteen species in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AEF23D0C2AD811FB" box="[989,1196,1392,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aristus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AEF23D0C2AD811FB" box="[989,1196,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Adelotypa aristus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, unjustifiably treating 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADD73DE42F2511C3" box="[248,337,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">asemna</emphasis>
Stichel, 1910, and 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AF1C3DE42C0F11C3" box="[563,635,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">mollis</emphasis>
Butler, 1877, as full species (Hall, in prep.). Eleven species are here recognized in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AC663DBC2FCA11AB" box="[329,446,1472,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AC663DBC2FCA11AB" box="[329,446,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n. combs.) and transferred from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AE423DBC2D9011AB" box="[877,996,1472,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AE423DBC2D9011AB" box="[877,996,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AED63DBC2B5A11A8" authority="Hewitson, 1870" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[1017,1326,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AED63DBC2A3F11AB" box="[1017,1099,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">amasis</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1870)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A8103DBC2BE811AB" box="[1343,1436,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">aminias</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1863), 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AC5C3D942C141270" authority="Stoll, 1790" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1790" box="[371,608,1512,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aristus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AC5C3D942FB71273" box="[371,451,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">aristus</emphasis>
(Stoll, 1790)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AF433D942DE71270" authority="Hewitson, 1863" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[620,915,1512,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balista">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AF433D942CC81273" box="[620,700,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">balista</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1863)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AEB03D942AB31270" authority="Stichel, 1911" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" box="[927,1223,1512,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epixanthe">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AEB03D942A651273" box="[927,1041,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">epixanthe</emphasis>
(Stichel, 1911)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051A9FC3D942EAA1258" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huebneri">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A9FC3D942B4F1273" box="[1235,1339,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">huebneri</emphasis>
(Butler, 1867)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051ADC03E6C2CA31258" authority="Brevignon &amp; Gallard, 1999" authorityName="Brevignon &amp; Gallard" authorityYear="1999" box="[239,727,1552,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jasonhalli">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADC03E6C2F10125B" box="[239,356,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">jasonhalli</emphasis>
(Brévignon &amp; Gallard, 1999)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AFC73E6C2D1A125B" box="[744,878,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">leucocyana</emphasis>
(Geyer, 1837), 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A91A3E6C2AC8125B" box="[1077,1212,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">leucophaea</emphasis>
(Hübner, [1821]), 
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADB83E442E831223" box="[151,247,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">pauxilla</emphasis>
(Stichel, 1911), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051ACD93E442D7B1220" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[502,783,1592,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ACD93E442C2E1223" box="[502,602,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">violacea</emphasis>
(Butler, 1867)
</taxonomicName>
. A complete synonymic list of all 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051A99B3E442B5D1223" box="[1204,1321,1592,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A99B3E442B5D1223" box="[1204,1321,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
names is given in my revision of the subtribe Nymphidiina (Hall, in prep.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3140CFFFFA68056ADE93EFB2B781508" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA68051ADE93EFB2BE91390" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051ADE93EFB2C1A12D3" bold="true" box="[198,622,1671,1697]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis and systematic position</emphasis>
: All members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AE6D3EF42DC312D3" box="[834,951,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AE6D3EF42DC312D3" box="[834,951,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051A96A3EF42AB912D3" box="[1093,1229,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minotauros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A96A3EF42AB912D3" box="[1093,1229,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Minotauros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described below, possess dorsally fused valve tips and a ventrally positioned spiracle on male abdominal segment three, placing them in the nymphidiine subtribe Nymphidiina. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051AFE33EA42D351283" box="[716,833,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051AFE33EA42D351283" box="[716,833,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contains many confusingly similar species, and the genital morphology, particularly of males, is very uniform across the group. The genus is characterized by the presence of variably extensive lavender scaling on the dorsal wings of males in all species except the basal 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA68051A8AB3F542E93131B" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balista">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA68051A8AB3F542E93131B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L. balista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the possession in the male genitalia of all species of an extraordinarily long aedeagus and associated pedicel, a unique “pitch-fork”-shaped aedeagal cornutus, a very long saccus, and a unique valve shape, and the possession in the female genitalia of all species of a hardened “half-moon”-shaped swelling near the middle of the ductus bursae, presumably the location in which the male aedeagal cornutus fits during copulation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA18056ADB838E42B781508" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA18056ADB838E42F7814C3" box="[151,268,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA18056ADB838E42F7814C3" box="[151,268,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, as well as those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA18056AF4138E42C8214C3" box="[622,758,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minotauros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA18056AF4138E42C8214C3" box="[622,758,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Minotauros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lack the characters possessed by members of the most derived Nymphidiina clades, such as asymmetrical valve tip lengths and an ancillary spine at the base of the aedeagal cornutus, placing the genus in the basal half of the subtribe (Hall, in prep.). There are no obvious synapomorphies uniting 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA18056AC92396C2C46155B" box="[445,562,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA18056AC92396C2C46155B" box="[445,562,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with any other genus, but the fact that the aedeagal vesica of species in both genera has an unusual membranous extension from the main tube in the vicinity of the cornuti, combined with similarities in wing pattern, suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA18056AF95391C2D5B150B" box="[698,815,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA18056AF95391C2D5B150B" box="[698,815,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA18056AE47391C2D84150B" box="[872,1008,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minotauros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA18056AE47391C2D84150B" box="[872,1008,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Minotauros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very close relatives.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3140CFFFFA18056ADE939FB2C3A1580" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB15F74FFA18056ADE939FB2C3A1580" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA18056ADE939FB2F2B15D3" bold="true" box="[198,351,391,417]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Distribution</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C0E24F7FFA18056AC5F39F42F9115D3" box="[368,485,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A8366FFA18056AC5F39F42F9115D3" box="[368,485,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Livendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is entirely confined to South 
<collectingCountry id="F3191FE4FFA18056AE6A39F42DDE15D0" box="[837,938,392,418]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">America</collectingCountry>
east of the Andes, and ranges from 
<collectingCountry id="F3191FE4FFA18056A87739F42EA115B8" name="Venezuela" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="F3191FE4FFA18056ADD539CC2F2715B8" box="[250,339,432,458]" name="Bolivia" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3191FE4FFA18056AC7039CC2FDE15B8" box="[351,426,432,458]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and the Guianas. It is possible that all eleven species might be found sympatrically in certain regions of western Amazonia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>