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<mods:title id="AD97FD0E2E50F9D958A8FB33E3E24793">Sciurus anomalus (Rodentia: Sciuridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="3A620A79B2D5D899DA185149F1860069">Wildlife Conservation and Management, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; squirrel @ ag. arizona. edu (JLK); sdoumas @ email. arizona. edu (SLD) P. O. Box 606, Eshtaol 99775, Israel</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="392EAE95262C8852A38A07778B3846C8">Gavish, Leah</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E6D69AD59961FFDBEF3E55F150C02541">Wildlife Conservation and Management, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; squirrel @ ag. arizona. edu (JLK); sdoumas @ email. arizona. edu (SLD) P. O. Box 606, Eshtaol 99775, Israel</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="F843CFD00E701943D1D0433CA15A1853">Wildlife Conservation and Management, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; squirrel @ ag. arizona. edu (JLK); sdoumas @ email. arizona. edu (SLD) P. O. Box 606, Eshtaol 99775, Israel</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFF5AFBFB58C3FBBC" blockId="0.[228,673,1039,1107]" box="[228,673,1039,1065]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFF5AFBFB58C3FBBC" ID-CoL="7WTGG" authority="Guldenstadt, 1785 Caucasian Squirrel" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" box="[228,673,1039,1065]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFF5AFBFB5BD4FBBC" box="[228,438,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFE03FBFB58C3FBBC" bold="true" box="[445,673,1039,1065]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Güldenstädt, 1785</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C3251FF83F21FFDFFECDFBC8585FFBC6" box="[371,573,1084,1107]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFECDFBC8585FFBC6" blockId="0.[228,673,1039,1107]" box="[371,573,1084,1107]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Caucasian Squirrel</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3251FF83F21FFDFFFD3FB98596CF936" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFFD3FB98597BFB36" blockId="0.[109,793,1132,1700]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3FB985BABFB16" authority="Erxleben, 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[109,457,1132,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="persicus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFFD3FB985B7CFB16" box="[109,286,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus persicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFE9BFB985BABFB16" author="ERXLEBEN, J. C. P." box="[293,457,1132,1155]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" refId="ref9215" refString="ERXLEBEN, J. C. P. 1777. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates, cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I. Mammalia. Weygandianis, Lipsiae (5 Leipzig), Germany." type="book" year="1777">Erxleben, 1777</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Mistaken application of name following 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFEB4FB785BABFB36" author="GMELIN, S. G." box="[266,457,1164,1187]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" pagination="1772" refId="ref9436" refString="GMELIN, S. G. 1774. Reise durch Russland zur untersuchung der drey nature-reiche. Volume III. Reise durch das nordliche Persien, in den jahren 1770, 1771. bis im April 1772. Academie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg, Russia." type="book chapter" year="1774">Gmelin (1774:379</bibRefCitation>
—see “Nomenclatural Notes”).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFFD3FB585BDFFAD6" blockId="0.[109,793,1132,1700]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3FB585800FB56" ID-CoL="7WTGG" authority=": Guldenstadt, 1785: 781" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityPageNumber="781" authorityYear="1785" box="[109,610,1196,1219]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFFD3FB585B5FFB56" box="[109,317,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
: Güldenstädt, 1785:781
</taxonomicName>
. 
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locality 
<quote id="F9C0BB613F21FFDFFF23FB385B12FB76" box="[157,368,1228,1251]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
“ 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F21FFDFFF19FB385B6DFB76" box="[167,271,1228,1251]" name="Georgia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Georgien</collectingCountry>
, Asien;”
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restricted to the 
<quote id="F9C0BB613F21FFDFFD80FB385B66FAB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
“fortress of Sabeka on the River Sulori, about 25 kilometres S.W. of Kutais, 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F21FFDFFF23FAF85A94FAB6" box="[157,246,1292,1315]" name="Georgia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Georgia</collectingCountry>
,”
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by Chaworth-Musters (1937:560). First use of current name combination.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFFD3FAB85BCAFAF6" box="[109,424,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3FAB85B4CFAF6" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[109,302,1356,1379]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caucasicus">Sciurus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
= caucasus
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFE13FAB85835FAF6" author="PALLAS, P. S." box="[429,599,1356,1379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" pagination="1" refId="ref11164" refString="PALLAS, P. S. 1811. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 1. Petropoli, In officina Caes. Acadamiae Scientiarum Impress, St. Petersburg, Russia." type="book chapter" year="1811">Pallas, 1811:186</bibRefCitation>
. 
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locality 
<quote id="F9C0BB613F21FFDFFD56FAB8597AFA16" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">“frequens est in fagetis et quercetis subalpinis et montanis Caucasi.”</quote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF401CFB3F21FFDFFCF7FA7559FBFA44" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573402/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" startId="0.[841,876,1409,1430]" targetBox="[863,1503,1036,1396]" targetPageId="0">
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<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFCF7FA7559EEFA03" bold="true" box="[841,908,1409,1430]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
—An adult 
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<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFBBAFA755F78FA03" box="[1028,1306,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus anomalus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mersin, Mersin Province, Turkey. Used with permission of the photographer Ahmet Karataş.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3FA785860FA36" authority="Ehrenberg, 1828" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[109,514,1420,1443]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFFD3FA785B49FA36" box="[109,299,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus syriacus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFEFCFA785860FA36" author="EHRENBERG, C. G." box="[322,514,1420,1443]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" refId="ref8988" refString="EHRENBERG, C. G. 1828. Symbolae physicae. Berolini G. Reimeri, Berlin, Germany." type="book" year="1828">Ehrenberg, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:plate 8. 
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locality 
<quote id="F9C0BB613F21FFDFFF23FA585B74FA56" box="[157,278,1452,1475]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
“ 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F21FFDFFF19FA585B6BFA56" box="[167,265,1452,1475]" name="Lebanon" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
.”
</quote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFFD3FA38587FF996" blockId="0.[109,793,1132,1700]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3FA385B85FA76" authority="Wagner, 1843: 155" authorityName="Wagner" authorityPageNumber="155" authorityYear="1843" box="[109,487,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russatus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFFD3FA385B7FFA76" box="[109,285,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus russatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFE9CFA385B85FA76" author="WAGNER, J. A." box="[290,487,1484,1507]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" refId="ref12364" refString="WAGNER, J. A. 1843. Die saugthiere in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen. Supplementband 3. Erlangen, Germany." type="book" year="1843">Wagner, 1843:155</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<typeStatus id="5484F2D13F21FFDFFE4FFA385844FA76" box="[497,550,1484,1507]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Type</typeStatus>
locality 
<quote id="F9C0BB613F21FFDFFD3CFA385B3CF996" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">“without indication of locality”</quote>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFEDBFA185878F996" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[357,538,1516,1539]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966:368</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFFD3F9F8586CF9F6" blockId="0.[109,793,1132,1700]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3F9F858E7F9B6" authority="Gray, 1867: 285" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="285" authorityYear="1867" box="[109,645,1548,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Macroxus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="syriacus" variety="pallescens">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFFD3F9F85B54F9B6" box="[109,310,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Macroxus syriacus</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFED6F9F85BB5F9B6" box="[360,471,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">pallescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFE63F9F858E7F9B6" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[477,645,1548,1571]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" pagination="270 - 286" refId="ref9552" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1867. XXXV. - synopsis of the Asiatic squirrels (Sciuridae) in the collection of the British Museum, describing one new Genus and some new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20: 270 - 286." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867:285</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<typeStatus id="5484F2D13F21FFDFFD30F9F858A1F9B6" box="[654,707,1548,1571]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Type</typeStatus>
locality unknown but restricted to 
<quote id="F9C0BB613F21FFDFFE05F9D85B67F9F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
“Mountains of Kurdistan, northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F21FFDFFF73F9B85A98F9F6" box="[205,250,1612,1635]" name="Iraq" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Iraq</collectingCountry>
”
</quote>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFE92F9B85868F9F6" author="HARRISON, D. L." box="[300,522,1612,1635]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" refId="ref9725" refString="HARRISON, D. L. 1972. The mammals of Arabia 3, Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Ernest Benn Limited, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1972">Harrison (1972:398)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFFD3F99858AFF916" blockId="0.[109,793,1132,1700]" box="[109,717,1644,1667]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3F9985BBFF916" authority="Gray, 1867: 273" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="273" authorityYear="1867" box="[109,477,1644,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="historicus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFFD3F9985B4FF916" box="[109,301,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus historicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFE8AF9985BBFF916" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[308,477,1644,1667]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" pagination="270 - 286" refId="ref9552" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1867. XXXV. - synopsis of the Asiatic squirrels (Sciuridae) in the collection of the British Museum, describing one new Genus and some new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20: 270 - 286." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867:273</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<typeStatus id="5484F2D13F21FFDFFE58F9985879F916" box="[486,539,1644,1667]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Type</typeStatus>
locality 
<quote id="F9C0BB613F21FFDFFDC6F99858AFF916" box="[632,717,1644,1667]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
“ 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F21FFDFFD3DF99858A2F916" box="[643,704,1644,1667]" name="Syria" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Syria</collectingCountry>
.”
</quote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFFD3F97F596CF936" blockId="0.[109,793,1132,1700]" box="[109,782,1675,1700]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3F97F5BB2F936" authority="Blanford, 1875: 311" authorityName="Blanford" authorityPageNumber="311" authorityYear="1875" box="[109,464,1675,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFFD3F97F5A9DF936" box="[109,255,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus fulvus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFEB8F97F5BB2F936" author="BLANFORD, W. T." box="[262,464,1675,1699]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" pagination="309 - 313" refId="ref8418" refString="BLANFORD, W. T. 1875. XL. - descriptions of new mammalian from Persia and Baluchistan. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4 16: 309 - 313." type="journal article" year="1875">Blanford, 1875:311</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<typeStatus id="5484F2D13F21FFDFFE65F978586DF931" box="[475,527,1676,1700]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Type</typeStatus>
locality 
<quote id="F9C0BB613F21FFDFFDD7F97F596CF936" box="[617,782,1675,1699]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
“Shiraz, 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F21FFDFFD7FF97F5960F936" box="[705,770,1675,1699]" name="Iran" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Persia</collectingCountry>
.”
</quote>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3251FF83F21FFDEFFD3F9255BF0FCF7" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFFD3F925597AF8BD" blockId="0.[109,792,1745,1832]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFD94F92558EFF97D" box="[554,653,1745,1768]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
, suborder 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3F9055B65F89D" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" box="[109,263,1777,1800]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
, family 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFECDF9055BB8F89D" box="[371,474,1777,1800]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuridae</taxonomicName>
, subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFDD5F90558B0F89D" box="[619,722,1777,1800]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sciurinae">Sciurinae</taxonomicName>
, tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFFD3F8E55AA6F8BD" box="[109,196,1809,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Sciurini">Sciurini</taxonomicName>
, subtribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFEFEF8E55BFEF8BD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[320,412,1809,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Sciurina">Sciurina</taxonomicName>
, genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFDBEF8E55832F8BD" box="[512,592,1809,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFDBEF8E55832F8BD" box="[512,592,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Sciurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFD62F8E5597AF8BD" box="[732,792,1809,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Tenes">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFD62F8E5597AF8BD" box="[732,792,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">Tenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFCF6FA0F5FBDF9A7" blockId="0.[840,1522,1531,1586]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFCEFFA0F5E65F987" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[849,1031,1531,1554]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFBA6FA0F5F60F987" author="HOFFMANN, R. S. &amp; C. G. ANDERSON &amp; R. W. THORINGTON, Jr. &amp; L. R. HEANEY" box="[1048,1282,1531,1554]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" refId="ref10044" refString="HOFFMANN, R. S., C. G. ANDERSON, R. W. THORINGTON, Jr., AND L. R. HEANEY. 1993. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 419 - 465 in Mammal species of the world (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1993">Hoffmann et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Three subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFCF6F9EF59A8F9A7" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" box="[840,970,1563,1586]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFCF6F9EF59A8F9A7" box="[840,970,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are recognized (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFBC2F9EF5F78F9A7" author="ELLERMAN, J. R." box="[1148,1306,1563,1586]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" pagination="765 - 816" refId="ref9008" refString="ELLERMAN, J. R. 1948. Key to the rodents of south-west Asia in the British museum collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 118: 765 - 816." type="journal article" year="1948">Ellerman 1948</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFA96F9EF5FB0F9A7" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[1320,1490,1563,1586]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" refId="ref8601" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1978. The mammals of the Palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. Natural History British Museum, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1978">Corbet 1978:78</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFCF6F9A55EE0F932" blockId="0.[840,1523,1616,1832]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFCF6F9A559E2F9FD" box="[840,896,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">S. a.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFC2EF9A55F6AF9F2" authority="Guldenstadt, 1785: 781" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityPageNumber="781" authorityYear="1785" box="[912,1288,1616,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFC2EF9A5599AF9FD" box="[912,1016,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">anomalus</emphasis>
Güldenstädt, 1785:781
</taxonomicName>
. See above 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFA1FF9A559DBF91D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">(caucasus =</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFC78F9855EE8F912" authority="Pallas" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[966,1162,1648,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caucasicus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFC78F9855E59F91D" box="[966,1083,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">caucasicus</emphasis>
Pallas
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFB22F9855F37F912" authority="Wagner" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" box="[1180,1365,1648,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russatus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFB22F9855E97F91D" box="[1180,1269,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">russatus</emphasis>
Wagner
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFA24F98559BAF932" authority="Erxleben" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="persicus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFA24F9855F91F91D" box="[1434,1523,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">persicus</emphasis>
Erxleben
</taxonomicName>
are synonyms).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFCF6F945598AF972" blockId="0.[840,1523,1616,1832]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFCF6F945598EF95D" box="[840,1004,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">S. a. pallescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFC4DF9445EF9F952" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[1011,1179,1712,1735]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" pagination="270 - 286" refId="ref9552" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1867. XXXV. - synopsis of the Asiatic squirrels (Sciuridae) in the collection of the British Museum, describing one new Genus and some new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20: 270 - 286." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867:285</bibRefCitation>
. See above (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFA9CF9455FA4F952" authority="Blanford" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1875" box="[1314,1478,1712,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFA9CF9455F03F95D" box="[1314,1377,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">fulvus</emphasis>
Blanford
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F21FFDFFCF6F9045E70F8BD" blockId="0.[840,1523,1616,1832]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFCF6F9045916F89D" box="[840,884,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">S. a.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFCC4F9055EE6F89D" authority="Ehrenberg, 1828" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[890,1156,1776,1800]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Macroxus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFCC4F90559ACF89D" box="[890,974,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">syriacus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F21FFDFFC6AF9045EE6F89D" author="EHRENBERG, C. G." box="[980,1156,1776,1800]" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" refId="ref8988" refString="EHRENBERG, C. G. 1828. Symbolae physicae. Berolini G. Reimeri, Berlin, Germany." type="book" year="1828">Ehrenberg, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:plate 8. See above (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F21FFDFFAEDF9045F93F89D" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[1363,1521,1776,1800]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="historicus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F21FFDFFAEDF9045FD5F89D" box="[1363,1463,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="48">historicus</emphasis>
Gray
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F20FFDEFFD3FF3F5B07FDB7" blockId="1.[109,793,203,866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. The name ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFDB8FF3F5802FF77" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[518,608,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="persicus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFDB8FF3F5802FF77" box="[518,608,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">persicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ was mistakenly assigned by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFF41FF1F5BD5FE97" author="ERXLEBEN, J. C. P." box="[255,439,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref9215" refString="ERXLEBEN, J. C. P. 1777. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates, cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I. Mammalia. Weygandianis, Lipsiae (5 Leipzig), Germany." type="book" year="1777">Erxleben (1777)</bibRefCitation>
to S. G. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFD91FF1F597AFE97" author="GMELIN, S. G." box="[559,792,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1772" refId="ref9436" refString="GMELIN, S. G. 1774. Reise durch Russland zur untersuchung der drey nature-reiche. Volume III. Reise durch das nordliche Persien, in den jahren 1770, 1771. bis im April 1772. Academie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg, Russia." type="book chapter" year="1774">Gmelin’s (1774:379)</bibRefCitation>
description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFEABFEFF5BAEFEB7" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[277,460,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="persicus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFEABFEFF5BAEFEB7" box="[277,460,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Sciurus persicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was based on a dormouse, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFF7BFEDF5B41FED7" authority="glis" box="[197,291,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" genus="Glis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFF7BFEDF5B41FED7" box="[197,291,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Glis glis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thorington and Hoffmann 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFD15FEDF5AC1FEF7" author="KRYsTUFEK, B." pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref10581" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B. 2010. Glis glis (Rodentia: Gliridae). Mammalian Species 42: 195 - 206." type="journal article" year="2010">Kryštufek 2010</bibRefCitation>
). The name has occasionally been applied to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFD78FEBF5AB5FE17" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFD78FEBF5AB5FE17" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since the initial error (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFD9CFE9F596AFE17" author="PAVLINOV &amp; I. Y &amp; E. L. YAKHONTOV &amp; A. K. A GADZHANYAN" box="[546,776,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 289" refId="ref11250" refString="PAVLINOV, I. Y., E. L. YAKHONTOV, AND A. K. A GADZHANYAN. 1995. Mammals of Eurasia. I. Rodentia. Taxonomic and geographic guide. Archives of the Zoological Museum, Moscow State University 32: 1 - 289." type="journal article" year="1995">Pavlinov et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
). The authority is sometimes mistakenly listed as J. F. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFD79FE7F5AD4FE57" author="GMELIN, J. F." pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref9484" refString="GMELIN, J. F. 1788. Systema Naturae Linnaei. 13 th ed., Vol. 1, Part 1. Impensis Georg. Emanuel. Beer., Leipzig, Germany." type="journal volume" year="1788">Gmelin (1788)</bibRefCitation>
, which references a description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFDF8FE5F58ACFE57" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" box="[582,718,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFDF8FE5F58ACFE57" box="[582,718,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the 13th edition of 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFEADFE3F5BAEFE77" box="[275,460,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Systema Naturae</emphasis>
; however, the publication date is actually 1788. The result is that Güldenstädt, 1785 becomes the appropriate author.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F20FFDEFF26FDDF5BF0FCF7" blockId="1.[109,793,203,866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFF26FDDF5A8AFDD7" box="[152,232,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFF26FDDF5A8AFDD7" box="[152,232,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Sciurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is from the ancient Greek, 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFD97FDDF5836FDD7" box="[553,596,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">skia</emphasis>
meaning shadow or shade, and 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFEAEFDBF5B20FDF7" box="[272,322,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">oura</emphasis>
for tail (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFE10FDBF58C8FDF7" author="THORINGTON, R. W., Jr. &amp; J. L. KOPROWSKI &amp; M. A. STEELE &amp; J. F. WHATTON" box="[430,682,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref11945" refString="THORINGTON, R. W., Jr., J. L. KOPROWSKI, M. A. STEELE, AND J. F. WHATTON. 2012. Squirrels of the world. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2012">Thorington et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFD79FDBF5AEEFD17" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFD79FDBF5AEEFD17" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to being irregular or abnormal. Additional common names are golden squirrel (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFE22FD7F5862FD37" author="PAZ, U." box="[412,512,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="359 - 361" refId="ref11195" refString="PAZ, U. 1967. Enlightening. Israel Land and Nature 6: 359 - 361." type="journal article" year="1967">Paz 1967</bibRefCitation>
), Transcaucasian squirrel (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFFC8FD5F5B23FD57" author="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K." box="[118,321,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref12074" refString="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1967">Vereshchagin 1967</bibRefCitation>
), Persian squirrel, Georgian squirrel, tritina, tria, tsikvi, tsiku, abkhidkha, kovkasi, skyur, mkrosh, garmzysychan (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFF75FD1F5B30FC97" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[203,338,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
), Syrian squirrel, suriye sincabi, dereek, dirik, kallay, kalle, sincab, sincap, teyin, gasgas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFDC3FCFF596AFCB7" author="OSBORN, D. J." box="[637,776,779,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
), galia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFF0EFCDF5B5DFCD7" author="MASSETI, M." box="[176,319,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10761" refString="MASSETI, M. 2012. Atlas of the terrestrial mammals of the Ionian and Aegean islands. De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany." type="book" year="2012">Masseti 2012</bibRefCitation>
), sinjab (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFE1AFCDF584CFCD7" author="ATALLAH, S. I." box="[420,558,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="241 - 320" refId="ref8315" refString="ATALLAH, S. I. 1977. Mammals of the eastern Mediterranean region; their ecology, systematics and zoogeographical relationships. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 25: 241 - 320." type="journal article" year="1977">Atallah 1977</bibRefCitation>
), and anadolu sincabi (Gavish and Gurnell 1999).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSection id="E2B055983F20FFDEFECFFC585F67FDD7" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="C3251FF83F20FFDEFECFFC585F67FDD7" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F20FFDEFECFFC585876FC53" blockId="1.[369,532,940,966]" box="[369,532,940,966]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
<heading id="D0C8FB1F3F20FFDEFECFFC585876FC53" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[369,532,940,966]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFECFFC585876FC53" bold="true" box="[369,532,940,966]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F20FFDEFF26FC1B5E18FE97" blockId="1.[109,792,1007,1926]" lastBlockId="1.[840,1523,203,578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
No naturally sympatric congeners of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFDEFFC1B597AFB93" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" box="[593,792,1007,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFDEFFC1B597AFB93" box="[593,792,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur. However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFE96FBFB5BFFFBB3" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[296,413,1039,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFE96FBFB5BFFFBB3" box="[296,413,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Eurasian red squirrel) was introduced into the northern slopes of the greater Caucasus from 
<collectingRegion id="49FB82913F20FFDEFD5DFBDB597AFBD3" box="[739,792,1071,1094]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Altai</collectingRegion>
in 1937 and is sympatric with 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFE7BFBBB580BFBF3" box="[453,617,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFDBFFBBB580BFBF3" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" box="[513,617,1103,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">anomalus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in the southern and central Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFED3FB9B5844FB13" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[365,550,1135,1158]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFD86FB9B596AFB13" author="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K." box="[568,776,1135,1158]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref12074" refString="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1967">Vereshchagin 1967</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFFD3FB7B5A96FB33" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" box="[109,244,1167,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFFD3FB7B5A96FB33" box="[109,244,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFD94FB7B58C2FB33" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[554,672,1167,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFD94FB7B58C2FB33" box="[554,672,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a rustchestnut to buff-yellow, but not white, venter (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFDE0FB5B596AFB53" author="LURZ, P. W. W. &amp; J. GURNELL &amp; L. MAGRIS" box="[606,776,1199,1222]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref10682" refString="LURZ, P. W. W., J. GURNELL, AND L. MAGRIS. 2005. Sciurus vulgaris. Mammalian Species 769: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2005">Lurz et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
), less prominent (1.0– 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F20FFDEFEF0FB3B5BF7FB73" box="[334,405,1231,1254]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" unit="cm" value="1.2">1.2 cm</quantity>
) ear tufts (compared to 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F20FFDEFD1AFB3B597AFB73" box="[676,792,1231,1254]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" unit="cm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.5 cm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFF2CFB1B5B60FA93" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[146,258,1263,1286]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFF2CFB1B5B60FA93" box="[146,258,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) during winter in the northern areas of overlap, the presence of a plantar pad on the posterior soles of the hind feet, 4 (not 6) digital pads on the hind feet (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFDB1FADB58D6FAD3" author="WILTAFSKY, H." box="[527,692,1327,1350]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref12389" refString="WILTAFSKY, H. 1978. Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 - Eichhornchen. Pp. 85 - 105 in Handbuch der saugetiere Europas, Rodentia (J. Niethammer and F. Krapp, eds.). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden, Germany." type="book" year="1978">Wiltafsky 1978</bibRefCitation>
), 10 (not 8) mammae, the absence of a reduced P3, and a baculum that is distally curved (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFEA2FA9B5BAAFA13" author="POLYAKOVA, R. S." box="[284,456,1391,1414]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1247 - 1254" refId="ref11301" refString="POLYAKOVA, R. S. 1962. The taxonomic position of common and Caucasian squirrels. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 41: 1247 - 1254." type="journal article" year="1962">Polyakova 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFE69FA9B5838FA13" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[471,602,1391,1414]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFDD7FA9B5971FA13" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[617,787,1391,1414]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref8601" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1978. The mammals of the Palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. Natural History British Museum, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1978">Corbet 1978:78</bibRefCitation>
; Albayrak and Arslan 2006). It has been suggested, based on a sample of nearly 200 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFEC7FA5B5862FA53" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" box="[377,512,1455,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFEC7FA5B5862FA53" box="[377,512,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens, that 5 digital pads are found on the hind feet and that only 8 mammae occur (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFFC8FA1B5B4BF993" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[118,297,1519,1542]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; Albayrak and Arslan 2006). Bones of extremities of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFF76F9FB5B32F9B3" authorityName=": Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1785" box="[200,336,1551,1574]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFF76F9FB5B32F9B3" box="[200,336,1551,1574]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more massive and relatively shorter than those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFEBFF9DB5B16F9D3" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[257,372,1583,1606]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFEBFF9DB5B16F9D3" box="[257,372,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is likely a reflection of the less arboreal habits of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFE84F9BB58EFF9F3" authority="(Polyakova 1962)" baseAuthorityName="Polyakova" baseAuthorityYear="1962" box="[314,653,1615,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFE84F9BB5BA2F9F3" box="[314,448,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFE6DF9BB58E0F9F3" author="POLYAKOVA, R. S." box="[467,642,1615,1638]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1247 - 1254" refId="ref11301" refString="POLYAKOVA, R. S. 1962. The taxonomic position of common and Caucasian squirrels. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 41: 1247 - 1254." type="journal article" year="1962">Polyakova 1962</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Differences between the bones of girdles and extremities of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFDD4F99B588FF913" baseAuthorityName="Polyakova" baseAuthorityYear="1962" box="[618,749,1647,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFDD4F99B588FF913" box="[618,749,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relative to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFF7AF97B5B55F933" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[196,311,1679,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFF7AF97B5B55F933" box="[196,311,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been described also (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFDE2F97B596AF933" author="POLYAKOVA, R. S." box="[604,776,1679,1702]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1247 - 1254" refId="ref11301" refString="POLYAKOVA, R. S. 1962. The taxonomic position of common and Caucasian squirrels. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 41: 1247 - 1254." type="journal article" year="1962">Polyakova 1962</bibRefCitation>
). The scapular body of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFEE5F95B5BBDF953" baseAuthorityName="Polyakova" baseAuthorityYear="1962" box="[347,479,1711,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFEE5F95B5BBDF953" box="[347,479,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more massive, humerus is relatively shorter with a wider head and a more developed lesser tuberosity and epicondyle, and the radius and ulna are shorter and wider with a greater separation between the 2 bones. The manus and pes are relatively shorter and wider, the pelvic girdle contains a widened ilium and an innominate bone that is longer and wider with more ridges and tuberosities, and the long bones of the hindlimbs (femur, tibia, and fibula) are relatively short but thickened (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFC01FF1F5E08FE97" author="POLYAKOVA, R. S." box="[959,1130,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1247 - 1254" refId="ref11301" refString="POLYAKOVA, R. S. 1962. The taxonomic position of common and Caucasian squirrels. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 41: 1247 - 1254." type="journal article" year="1962">Polyakova 1962</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F20FFDEFCCDFEFF5F67FDD7" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
Although some authors have questioned the validity of specific status for 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFC57FEDF5FF6FED7" authority="(Lowe and Gardiner 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1001,1428,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFC57FEDF5E0EFED7" box="[1001,1132,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
(Lowe and Gardiner 1983)
</taxonomicName>
, specific status has been supported based upon cranial morphology, pelage characters, dentition (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB88FE9F5ED9FE17" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1078,1211,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB72FE9F5F31FE17" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[1228,1363,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref8601" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1978. The mammals of the Palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. Natural History British Museum, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1978">Corbet 1978</bibRefCitation>
), pectoral and pelvic girdle morphology, and extremity morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFA3DFE7F591FFE57" author="POLYAKOVA, R. S." pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1247 - 1254" refId="ref11301" refString="POLYAKOVA, R. S. 1962. The taxonomic position of common and Caucasian squirrels. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 41: 1247 - 1254." type="journal article" year="1962">Polyakova 1962</bibRefCitation>
; Hecht-Markou and Zafiratos 1990). Mitochondrial DNA evidence suggests a polyphyletic Old World origin for 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFA1DFE3F5F91FE77" box="[1443,1523,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFA1DFE3F5F91FE77" box="[1443,1523,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Sciurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that is ancient for 3 clades (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFBC6FE1F5E9FFD97" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1144,1277,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFBC6FE1F5E9FFD97" box="[1144,1277,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
alone, the 2 other Old World species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFC50FDFF5EF3FDB7" authority=", Japanese" authorityName="Japanese" box="[1006,1169,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFC50FDFF5E41FDB7" box="[1006,1059,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. lis</emphasis>
, Japanese
</taxonomicName>
squirrel and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFA9FFDFF5FF6FDB7" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[1313,1428,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFA9FFDFF5FF6FDB7" box="[1313,1428,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the New World 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFC76FDDF5E7AFDD7" box="[968,1048,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFC76FDDF5E7AFDD7" box="[968,1048,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Sciurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB8DFDDF5E97FDD7" author="OSHIDA, T. &amp; A. ARSLAN &amp; M. NODA" box="[1075,1269,555,578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="14 - 25" refId="ref11053" refString="OSHIDA, T., A. ARSLAN, AND M. NODA. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships among the Old World Sciurus squirrels. Folia Zoologica 58: 14 - 25." type="journal article" year="2009">Oshida et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="E2B055983F20FFDDFC55FD785EBDFE57" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="C3251FF83F20FFDDFC55FD785EBDFE57" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F20FFDEFC55FD785F32FD33" blockId="1.[1003,1360,652,678]" box="[1003,1360,652,678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
<heading id="D0C8FB1F3F20FFDEFC55FD785F32FD33" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,652,678]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFC55FD785F32FD33" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,652,678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F20FFDEFCCDFD3B59EFFBB3" blockId="1.[840,1523,719,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFCCDFD3B5E5BFD73" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[883,1081,719,742]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFCCDFD3B5E5BFD73" box="[883,1081,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130450F63F20FFDEFBF1FD3B5EF7FD73" box="[1103,1173,719,742]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[841,876,1409,1430]" captionTargetBox="[863,1503,1036,1396]" captionTargetId="figure-214@0.[863,1503,1036,1396]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult Sciurus anomalus anomalus from Mersin, Mersin Province, Turkey. Used with permission of the photographer Ahmet Karataş." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573402/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) is a small tree squirrel with no obvious sexual dimorphism in size or coloration. Ranges (mm) of external measurements for adults of the 3 subspecies (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFCEFFCDB5993FCD3" box="[849,1009,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFC37FCDB5993FCD3" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[905,1009,815,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">anomalus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFBBEFCDB5E45FCD3" box="[1024,1063,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">n =</emphasis>
61; 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFBE7FCDB5F62FCD3" box="[1113,1280,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. a. pallescens</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFAB1FCDB5F54FCD3" box="[1295,1334,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">n =</emphasis>
9; 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFAE5FCDB5F89FCD3" box="[1371,1515,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFA2CFCDB5F89FCD3" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[1426,1515,815,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Macroxus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">syriacus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFCF6FCBB590DFCF3" box="[840,879,847,870]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">n =</emphasis>
10— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFC15FCBB5E54FCF3" author="OSBORN, D. J." box="[939,1078,847,870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFBFBFCBB5EAAFCF3" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1093,1224,847,870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB69FCBB5F05FCF3" author="ONDRIAS, J. C." box="[1239,1383,847,870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 136" refId="ref10963" refString="ONDRIAS, J. C. 1966. The taxonomy and geographical distribution of the rodents of Greece. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 14: 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1966">Ondrias 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFAC8FCBB591FFC13" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFC33FC9B5E45FC13" author="HARRISON, D. L." box="[909,1063,879,902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref9725" refString="HARRISON, D. L. 1972. The mammals of Arabia 3, Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Ernest Benn Limited, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1972">Harrison 1972</bibRefCitation>
) combined were: total length, 322–358 (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFA5BFC9B5938FC33" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">n =</emphasis>
10); length of tail, 130–180 (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFB33FC7B5ED0FC33" box="[1165,1202,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">n =</emphasis>
20); length of hind foot, 45.8– 60 (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFCCCFC5B59FAFC53" box="[882,920,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">n =</emphasis>
75); and length of ear, 23–31 (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFB5CFC5B5F6AFC53" box="[1250,1288,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">n =</emphasis>
64). Adult body mass ranges 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F20FFDEFC29FC3B5E67FC73" box="[919,1029,975,998]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" unit="g" value="330.0" valueMax="410.0" valueMin="250.0">250–410 g</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFBA6FC3B5EC9FC73" author="ONDRIAS, J. C." box="[1048,1195,975,998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 136" refId="ref10963" refString="ONDRIAS, J. C. 1966. The taxonomy and geographical distribution of the rodents of Greece. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 14: 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1966">Ondrias 1966</bibRefCitation>
; Hecht-Markou and Zafiratos 1990; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFC30FC1B5E75FB93" author="GAVISH, L." box="[910,1047,1007,1030]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
; Hecht-Markou 1994; Albayrak and Arslan 2006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F20FFDEFCCDFBDB5FE8F813" blockId="1.[840,1523,719,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
The dorsum is buffy chestnut-gray in 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFAA4FBDB5FDCFBD3" box="[1306,1470,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFAE8FBDB5FDCFBD3" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1366,1470,1071,1094]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">anomalus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
to a pale grizzled gray in 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFB92FBBB5EB0FBF3" box="[1068,1234,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. a. pallescens</emphasis>
; countershading is evident with a light venter that varies from rust-chestnut to buff-yellow (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFCEFFB7B598CFB33" author="ELLERMAN, J. R." box="[849,1006,1167,1190]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="765 - 816" refId="ref9008" refString="ELLERMAN, J. R. 1948. Key to the rodents of south-west Asia in the British museum collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 118: 765 - 816." type="journal article" year="1948">Ellerman 1948</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFC45FB7B5E1FFB33" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1019,1149,1167,1190]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB35FB7B5F73FB33" author="GAVISH, L." box="[1163,1297,1167,1190]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
). The longest hair on the dorsum of 
<specimenCount id="9D3987FA3F20FFDEFC5DFB5B5E05FB53" box="[995,1127,1199,1222]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F20FFDEFB16FB5B5EB1FB53" box="[1192,1235,1199,1222]" name="Iraq" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">Iraq</collectingCountry>
was 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F20FFDEFAB4FB5B5F36FB53" box="[1290,1364,1199,1222]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
, and the maximum length of vibrissae was 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F20FFDEFB3FFB3B5EAAFB73" box="[1153,1224,1231,1254]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB66FB3B5F07FB73" author="ETEMAD, E." box="[1240,1381,1231,1254]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref9260" refString="ETEMAD, E. 1978. The mammals of Iran, volume I, rodents and the key to their classification. National Society the Protection of Natural Resources &amp; Human Environment, Association Press, Tehran, Iran." type="book" year="1978">Etemad 1978</bibRefCitation>
). A pale buff to yellow eye ring is evident (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB37FB1B5F6EFA93" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1161,1292,1263,1286]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFAA5FB1B5F89FA93" author="VON LEHMANN, E." box="[1307,1515,1263,1286]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="251 - 317" refId="ref12338" refString="VON LEHMANN, E. 1966. Taxonomische Bemerkungen zur Saugerausbeute der Kumerloeveschen Orientreisen 1953 - 1965. Zoologische Beitrage 12: 251 - 317." type="journal article" year="1966">von Lehmann 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFCF6FAFB59ACFAB3" author="GAVISH, L." box="[840,974,1295,1318]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
). The heavily furred tail ranges from a light yellowbrown in 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFC0AFADB5E3CFAD3" box="[948,1118,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. a. pallescens</emphasis>
to a deep red in some specimens of 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFCF6FABB5984FAF3" box="[840,998,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFCC0FABB5984FAF3" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[894,998,1359,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">anomalus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFC4BFABB5EF1FAF3" author="ELLERMAN, J. R." box="[1013,1171,1359,1382]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="765 - 816" refId="ref9008" refString="ELLERMAN, J. R. 1948. Key to the rodents of south-west Asia in the British museum collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 118: 765 - 816." type="journal article" year="1948">Ellerman 1948</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB1FFABB5F59FAF3" author="HARRISON, D. L." box="[1185,1339,1359,1382]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref9725" refString="HARRISON, D. L. 1972. The mammals of Arabia 3, Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Ernest Benn Limited, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1972">Harrison 1972</bibRefCitation>
). The dorsal part of the tail in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F20FFDEFC6DFA9B5E34FA13" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[979,1110,1391,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F20FFDEFC6DFA9B5E34FA13" box="[979,1110,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="49">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is red and the ventral part is gray-yellow. The hair has 2 or more than 2 colors, usually black-yellow. Typically, tips of the hair are black. Widest part of tail is at base and narrower part at the rounded end (Hecht-Markou 1994). Authors disagree on extent of seasonal differences in pelage coloration. Summer pelage is not much different in coloration than winter pelage; however, venter may take on more of a rusty hue in winter (Vinogradov and Argiropulo 1941; Vinogradov and Gromov 1952; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFC55F99B5E17F913" author="OSBORN, D. J." box="[1003,1141,1647,1670]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB3DF99B5F30F913" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[1155,1362,1647,1670]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFADFF99B5F81F913" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1377,1507,1647,1670]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Dorsal hairs during winter are banded with deep gray near the follicle, with successive bands of black-chestnut, pale whitish buff, and a chestnut-black tip (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB2CF93B5F77F973" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1170,1301,1743,1766]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
). White may be evident on posterior dorsum (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFBE2F91B5F29F893" author="VINOGRADOV, B. S. &amp; G. A. NOVIKOV &amp; AND L. A. Portenko" box="[1116,1355,1775,1798]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref12249" refString="VINOGRADOV, B. S., G. A. NOVIKOV, AND L. A. Portenko (eds.). 1953. Atlas of economic birds and game animals of the U. S. S. R. Vol. 2. Academy of Sciences of the United Soviet Socialist Republic, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1953">Vinogradov et al. 1953</bibRefCitation>
). Ears in winter may have small (
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F20FFDEFC42F8FB5E0CF8B3" box="[1020,1134,1807,1830]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 mm</quantity>
) terminal tufts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFAA7F8FB5FF9F8B3" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1305,1435,1807,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
), which develop in interior part of ear (Hecht-Markou 1994) in northern parts of the distribution, and the soles of hind feet become covered sparsely with hair in the Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F20FFDEFB46F89B5F18F813" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1272,1402,1903,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F23FFDDFF26FF3F5EBDFE57" blockId="2.[109,793,203,482]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1523,203,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">
Skull (
<figureCitation id="130450F63F23FFDDFF5DFF3F5B41FF77" box="[227,291,203,226]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[148,753,545,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-600@2.[148,753,545,1797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult female Sciurus anomalus (University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute [KU] #105169) from Yatağan, Denizli Province, Turkey.Greatest length of skull is 51.4mm. Used with permission of the photographer Jeb Zirato." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573404/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) is relatively short but robust with broad and expanded zygomata (Yalçin and Arslan 2010). Braincase is broad, smooth, and depressed posteriorly, whereas rostrum is compressed laterally and frontal region is flattened (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFD78FEDF5AC0FEF7" author="ETEMAD, E." pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref9260" refString="ETEMAD, E. 1978. The mammals of Iran, volume I, rodents and the key to their classification. National Society the Protection of Natural Resources &amp; Human Environment, Association Press, Tehran, Iran." type="book" year="1978">Etemad 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Auditory bullae are moderately inflated. Means (mm; range in parenthesis) of cranial characteristics for 
<specimenCount id="9D3987FA3F23FFDDFD39FE9F597AFE17" box="[647,792,363,386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" type="generic">17 specimens</specimenCount>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFFC8FE7F5A98FE37" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[118,250,395,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFEB7FE7F5BF9FE37" author="ONDRIAS, J. C." box="[265,411,395,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 136" refId="ref10963" refString="ONDRIAS, J. C. 1966. The taxonomy and geographical distribution of the rodents of Greece. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 14: 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1966">Ondrias 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFE14FE7F5807FE37" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" box="[426,613,395,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFDCBFE7F596DFE37" author="HARRISON, D. L." box="[629,783,395,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref9725" refString="HARRISON, D. L. 1972. The mammals of Arabia 3, Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Ernest Benn Limited, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1972">Harrison 1972</bibRefCitation>
) were: condylobasal length, 45.6 (42.4–49.0); basal length, 41.3 (40.9–42.7); length of diastema, 12.8 (11.8–14.2); occipital breadth, 22.3 (21.6–23.1); zygomatic breadth, 28.2 (26.2–31.0); interorbital constriction, 15.6 (14.3–18.1); height of skull per bullae, 19.6 (18.1–21.2); palatine height, 11.9 (11.2–12.3); height of brain case, 17.3 (17.0–17.8); length of maxillary toothrow, 9.1 (8.3–9.5); and length of mandibular toothrow, 8.7 (8.1–9.1). A detailed series of 17 cranial and external measures from western and central 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFC51FE7F5E58FE37" box="[1007,1082,395,418]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and describing little sex dimorphism are available (Albayrak and Arslan 2006).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="E2B055983F23FFDDFB8FFDF25FB6FA94" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="C3251FF83F23FFDDFB8FFDF25FB6FA94" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F23FFDDFB8FFDF25F6BFDB5" blockId="2.[1073,1289,518,544]" box="[1073,1289,518,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="D0C8FB1F3F23FFDDFB8FFDF25F6BFDB5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,518,544]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFB8FFDF25F6BFDB5" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,518,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F23FFDDFCCDFDBE5FB6FA94" blockId="2.[840,1523,586,1281]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F23FFDDFCCDFDBE5E22FDF4" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[883,1088,586,609]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFCCDFDBE5E22FDF4" box="[883,1088,586,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed in southwestern Asia (
<figureCitation id="130450F63F23FFDDFCEFFD9E59FBFD14" box="[849,921,618,641]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[109,144,963,984]" captionTargetBox="[418,1216,201,949]" captionTargetId="figure-636@3.[416,1216,200,950]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3.—Geographic distribution of Sciurus anomalus modified from Thorington et al. (2012) with subspecific ranges denoted as: 1, S. a. anomalus; 2, S. a. pallescens; 3, S. a. syriacus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573406/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFC07FD9E5E09FD14" box="[953,1131,618,641]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F23FFDDFBBFFD9E5E09FD14" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1025,1131,618,641]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">anomalus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is found in Transcaucasia north to the southern slopes of the Caucasian Range to include 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFCF6FD5E59C0FD54" box="[840,930,682,705]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFC11FD5E5E73FD54" box="[943,1041,682,705]" name="Armenia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Armenia</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFBEEFD5E5EA5FD54" box="[1104,1223,682,705]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB65FD5E5F32FD54" author="DAHL, S. K." box="[1243,1360,682,705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref8677" refString="DAHL, S. K. 1954. Animal world of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Vol. 1: vertebrates. Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Yerevan, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1954">Dahl 1954</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFADDFD5E5F89FD54" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1379,1515,682,705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFCF6FD3E5E7EFD74" author="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K." box="[840,1052,714,737]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref12074" refString="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1967">Vereshchagin 1967</bibRefCitation>
; Pavlinov and Rossolimo 1987; Harrison and Bates 1991), nearly all of 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFB26FD1E5E86FC94" box="[1176,1252,746,769]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB48FD1E5FF1FC94" author="MISONNE, X." box="[1270,1427,746,769]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref10901" refString="MISONNE, X. 1957. Mammiferes de la Turquie sud-orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia 21: 53 - 68." type="journal article" year="1957">Misonne 1957</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFA1DFD1E591CFCB4" author="OSBORN, D. J." pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFC31FCFE5E70FCB4" author="ALKAN, B." box="[911,1042,778,801]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="152 - 162" refId="ref8083" refString="ALKAN, B. 1965. Turkiyenin agac ve tarla sincaplari (Mammalia-Sciuridae) uzerinde bazi incelemeler. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 5: 152 - 162." type="journal article" year="1965">Alkan 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB9DFCFE5EBCFCB4" author="YIGIT, N. &amp; E. cOLAK &amp; M. SOZEN &amp; A. KARATAS" box="[1059,1246,778,802]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref12515" refString="YIGIT, N., E. cOLAK, M. SOZEN, AND A. KARATAS. 2006. Rodents of Turkiye &quot; Turkiye kemiricileri &quot; (A. Demirsoy, ed.). Meteksan, Ankara, Turkey." type="book" year="2006">Yiğit et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
) including the island of Imbros (Gavish and Gurnell 1999; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB79FCDE5F29FCD4" author="OZKAN, B." box="[1223,1355,810,833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="133 - 147" refId="ref11086" refString="OZKAN, B. 1999. Gokceada ve Bozcaada kemirici faunasi (Mammalia; Rodentia). Turkish Journal of Zoology 23: 133 - 147." type="journal article" year="1999">Özkan 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFAE4FCDE5F8EFCD4" author="MASSETI, M." box="[1370,1516,810,833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="3 - 26" refId="ref10713" refString="MASSETI, M. 2005. Natural and anthropochorous squirrels and dormice of the Mediterranean region. Hystrix 16: 3 - 26." type="journal article" year="2005">Masseti 2005</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFCF6FCBE591CFCF4" author="MASSETI, M." box="[840,894,842,865]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="367 - 373" refId="ref10737" refString="MASSETI, M. 2010. Homeless mammals of the Iolian and Aegean islands. Bonn Zoological Bulletin 57: 367 - 373." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
), the Greek island of Lesbos (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB49FCBE5FF0FCF4" author="ONDRIAS, J. C." box="[1271,1426,842,865]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 136" refId="ref10963" refString="ONDRIAS, J. C. 1966. The taxonomy and geographical distribution of the rodents of Greece. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 14: 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1966">Ondrias 1966</bibRefCitation>
; Hecht- 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFCF6FC9E59B9FC14" author="MARKOU, P." box="[840,987,874,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="429 - 443" refId="ref9866" refString="HECHT- MARKOU, P. 1994. Besehreibung, geographische verbreitung, biotope und ortswechsel des Sciurus anomalus Gueldenstadt, 1785 auf der Insel Lesbos (Griechentand). Annales Musei Goulandris 9: 429 - 443." type="journal article" year="1994">Markou 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFC54FC9E5E42FC14" author="MARKOU, P." box="[1002,1056,874,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="201 - 221" refId="ref9904" refString="HECHT- MARKOU, P. 1999. Das markieren des lebensraumes von Sciurus anomalus auf der Insel Lesbos. Annales Musei Goulandris 10: 201 - 221." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB8EFC9E5EA0FC14" author="MASSETI, M." box="[1072,1218,874,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="3 - 26" refId="ref10713" refString="MASSETI, M. 2005. Natural and anthropochorous squirrels and dormice of the Mediterranean region. Hystrix 16: 3 - 26." type="journal article" year="2005">Masseti 2005</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB6FFC9E5F65FC14" author="MASSETI, M." box="[1233,1287,874,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="367 - 373" refId="ref10737" refString="MASSETI, M. 2010. Homeless mammals of the Iolian and Aegean islands. Bonn Zoological Bulletin 57: 367 - 373." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
), and possibly northern 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFCCDFC7E59FDFC34" box="[883,927,906,929]" name="Iraq" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Iraq</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFC0FFC7E5E7CFC34" author="HATT, R. T." box="[945,1054,906,929]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref9839" refString="HATT, R. T. 1959. The mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 106: 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1959">Hatt 1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB90FC7E5EA2FC34" author="ETEMAD, E." box="[1070,1216,906,929]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref9260" refString="ETEMAD, E. 1978. The mammals of Iran, volume I, rodents and the key to their classification. National Society the Protection of Natural Resources &amp; Human Environment, Association Press, Tehran, Iran." type="book" year="1978">Etemad 1978</bibRefCitation>
; Harrison and Bates 1991). 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFCF6FC5E5980FC54" box="[840,994,938,961]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F23FFDDFC39FC5E5980FC54" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[903,994,938,961]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Macroxus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">syriacus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is known from 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFB21FC5E5F63FC54" box="[1183,1281,938,961]" name="Lebanon" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFAAEFC5E5F2EFC54" box="[1296,1356,938,961]" name="Syria" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Syria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFAE5FC5E5FF8FC54" box="[1371,1434,938,961]" name="Israel" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Israel</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFA14FC5E5F90FC54" box="[1450,1522,938,961]" name="Jordan" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Jordan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFCEFFC3E5990FC74" author="TRISTRAM, H. B." box="[849,1010,970,993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="84 - 93" refId="ref12048" refString="TRISTRAM, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings Zoological Society of London 1866: 84 - 93." type="journal article" year="1866">Tristram 1866</bibRefCitation>
; Abel 1933:222; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB7BFC3E5FF9FC74" author="BODENHEIMER, F. S." box="[1221,1435,970,993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref8498" refString="BODENHEIMER, F. S. 1935. Animal life in Palestine. L. Mayer, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1935">Bodenheimer 1935</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFA0FFC3E59A1FB94" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFC69FC1E5E5DFB94" author="PAZ, U." box="[983,1087,1002,1025]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="359 - 361" refId="ref11195" refString="PAZ, U. 1967. Enlightening. Israel Land and Nature 6: 359 - 361." type="journal article" year="1967">Paz 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFBECFC1E5EA4FB94" author="ILANI, G." box="[1106,1222,1002,1025]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="41" refId="ref10212" refString="ILANI, G. 1982. Zoological observations. Israel Land and Nature 1: 41." type="journal article" year="1982">Ilani 1982</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB67FC1E5F6DFB94" author="ILANI, G." box="[1241,1295,1002,1025]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="194" refId="ref10229" refString="ILANI, G. 1986. Squirrel at the shrine of Pan. Israel Land and Nature 11: 194." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
; Ilani and Shalmon 1984; Harrison and Bates 1991), and potentially extreme southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFC12FBDE599AFBD4" box="[940,1016,1066,1089]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFBB6FBDE5EE5FBD4" author="ALKAN, B." box="[1032,1159,1066,1089]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="152 - 162" refId="ref8083" refString="ALKAN, B. 1965. Turkiyenin agac ve tarla sincaplari (Mammalia-Sciuridae) uzerinde bazi incelemeler. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 5: 152 - 162." type="journal article" year="1965">Alkan 1965</bibRefCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFB20FBDE5F27FBD4" box="[1182,1349,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">S. a. pallescens</emphasis>
is found in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFA79FBDE5F90FBD4" box="[1479,1522,1066,1089]" name="Iraq" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Iraq</collectingCountry>
and the Zagros Mountains of western 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFB59FBBE5F71FBF4" box="[1255,1299,1098,1121]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Iran</collectingCountry>
and the 
<collectingRegion id="49FB82913F23FFDDFACFFBBE5F91FBF4" box="[1393,1523,1098,1121]" country="Iran" name="Fars" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Fars district</collectingRegion>
of southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFC6EFB9E599EFB14" box="[976,1020,1130,1153]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFBB0FB9E5ECFFB14" author="HARRISON, D. L." box="[1038,1197,1130,1153]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="257 - 263" refId="ref9695" refString="HARRISON, D. L. 1956. Mammals from Kurdistan, Iraq, with description of a new bat. Journal of Mammalogy 37: 257 - 263." type="journal article" year="1956">Harrison 1956</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB01FB9E5F33FB14" author="ETEMAD, E." box="[1215,1361,1130,1153]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref9260" refString="ETEMAD, E. 1978. The mammals of Iran, volume I, rodents and the key to their classification. National Society the Protection of Natural Resources &amp; Human Environment, Association Press, Tehran, Iran." type="book" year="1978">Etemad 1978</bibRefCitation>
; Harrison and Bates 1991). Two individuals were released on the European side of the Bosporus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFBE2FB5E5E90FB54" author="OSBORN, D. J." box="[1116,1266,1194,1217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFAB5FB5E5FDAFB54" author="BERTOLINO, S." box="[1291,1464,1194,1217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="701 - 708" refId="ref8390" refString="BERTOLINO, S. 2009. Animal trade and non-indigenous species introduction: the world-wide spread of squirrels. Diversity and Distributions 15: 701 - 708." type="journal article" year="2009">Bertolino 2009</bibRefCitation>
); an unknown number of individuals from 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFB44FB3E5F51FB74" box="[1274,1331,1226,1249]" name="Syria" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Syria</collectingCountry>
were introduced into Jordan’s Dibbeen Nature Reserve (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB49FB1E5FA1FA94" author="KHOURY, F." box="[1271,1475,1258,1281]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="435 - 451" refId="ref10511" refString="KHOURY, F., ET AL. 2012. Some introduced vertebrate species to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Vertebrate Zoology 62: 435 - 451." type="journal article" year="2012">Khoury et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSubSection id="C3251FF83F23FFDBFB98FAB45E86FA0D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" type="description">
<subSection id="E2B055983F23FFDCFB98FAB458BDFAAF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F23FFDDFB98FAB45F77FACF" blockId="2.[1062,1301,1344,1370]" box="[1062,1301,1344,1370]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="D0C8FB1F3F23FFDDFB98FAB45F77FACF" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1344,1370]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFB98FAB45F77FACF" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1344,1370]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F23FFDCFCCDFA7758BDFAAF" blockId="2.[840,1523,1411,1946]" lastBlockId="3.[109,792,1059,1338]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">
Fossils of the earliest 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F23FFDDFB30FA775E82FA0F" box="[1166,1248,1411,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFB30FA775E82FA0F" box="[1166,1248,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Sciurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Miocene in Europe and North America are indistinguishable from the present-day genus (Emry and Thorington 1984). The M3 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F23FFDDFCF6FA1759B7FA6F" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[840,981,1507,1530]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFCF6FA1759B7FA6F" box="[840,981,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recovered at the Tourkobounia-1 locality and estimated to be from the early Villanyian (late Pliocene or early Pleistocene—De Bruijn and van der Meulen 1975) and was common in the middle Paleolithic in southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFA18F9B75F91F9CF" box="[1446,1523,1603,1626]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFCEFF9975E45F9EF" author="DEMIREL, A. &amp; P. ANDREWS &amp; I. YALcINKAYA &amp; A. ERSOY" box="[849,1063,1635,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="3048 - 3059" refId="ref8896" refString="DEMIREL, A., P. ANDREWS, I. YALcINKAYA, AND A. ERSOY. 2011. The taphonomy and palaeoenvironmental implications of the small mammals from Karain Cave, Turkey. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 3048 - 3059." type="journal article" year="2011">Demirel et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and late Paleolithic in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFA90F9975FECF9EF" box="[1326,1422,1635,1658]" name="Lebanon" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFA21F997591DF90F" author="HOOIJER, D. A." pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref10144" refString="HOOIJER, D. A. 1961. The fossil vertebrates of Ksar'Akil, a Paleolithic rock shelter in the Lebanon. Zoologische Verhandelingen 49: 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1961">Hooijer 1961</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFC33F9775E7DF90F" author="KERSTEN, A. M." box="[909,1055,1667,1690]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="27 - 45" refId="ref10402" refString="KERSTEN, A. M. 1992. Rodents and insectivores from the Palaeolithic rock shelter of Ksar'Akil (Lebanon) and their palaeoecological implications. Paleorient 18: 27 - 45." type="journal article" year="1992">Kersten 1992</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F23FFDDFB8BF9775ED9F90F" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1077,1211,1667,1690]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFB8BF9775E20F90F" box="[1077,1090,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFBEEF9775ED9F90F" box="[1104,1211,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known in the Levant from the late middle Pleistocene until the dawn of the Holocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFCEFF937599EF94F" author="TCHERNOV, E." box="[849,1020,1731,1754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref11638" refString="TCHERNOV, E. 1988. The biogeographical history of the southern Levant. Pp. 240 - 250 in The zoogeography of Israel (Y. Yom-Tov and E. Tchernov, eds.). Dr. W. J. Junk Publishing, Dordrecht, The Netherlands." type="book" year="1988">Tchernov 1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFBB3F9375E26F94F" author="TCHERNOV, E." box="[1037,1092,1731,1754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref11689" refString="TCHERNOV, E. 1992. Chapter 10. Pp. 149 - 188 in The evolution and dispersal of modern humans in Asia (T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura, eds.). Hokusen-sha, Tokyo, Japan." type="book" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFBE8F9375EEFF94F" author="TCHERNOV, E." box="[1110,1165,1731,1754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" refId="ref11737" refString="TCHERNOV, E. 1994. New comments on the biostratigraphy of the middle and upper Pleistocene of the southern Levant. Pp. 333 - 350 in Late quaternary chronology and paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean (O. Bar-Yosef and R. S. Kra, eds.). Radiocarbon, Tucson, Arizona." type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F23FFDDFB20F9375EB7F94F" author="TCHERNOV, E." box="[1182,1237,1731,1754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" pagination="209 - 228" refId="ref11795" refString="TCHERNOV, E. 1997. Are late Pleistocene environmental factors, faunal changes and cultural transformations causally connected? The case of the southern Levant. Paleorient 23: 209 - 228." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
). The species appears to have spread southward during the last postglacial period and subsequently retreated northward away from 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFAE6F8F75FF7F88F" box="[1368,1429,1795,1818]" name="Israel" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Israel</collectingCountry>
(except for current relict populations—Gavish 1993) in the late Pleistocene (Boessneck and von den Driesch 1974). Fossils of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F23FFDDFCD9F897598DF8EF" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[871,1007,1891,1914]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFCD9F8975916F8EF" box="[871,884,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFC3AF897598DF8EF" box="[900,1007,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reported at several excavation sites in the Mediterranean maquis and forests in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F23FFDDFAFCF8775F1DF80F" box="[1346,1407,1923,1946]" name="Israel" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Israel</collectingCountry>
including Kebara at Mt. Carmel from 60,000 years ago, Qafzeh in Galilee from 92,000 years ago, and Oumm Qatafa in the Judean desert from 150,000 years ago (Belmaker and Hovers 2011; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFD61FB975A85FB0F" author="MAUL, L. C." pageId="3" pageNumber="51" pagination="464 - 480" refId="ref10827" refString="MAUL, L. C., ET AL. 2011. Microfaunal remains at middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel: preliminary results on small vertebrates, environment and biostratigraphy. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 464 - 480." type="journal article" year="2011">Maul et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F22FFDCFEBFFB705BE8FB0E" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[257,394,1156,1179]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFEBFFB705BE8FB0E" box="[257,394,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a widely distributed mesophilous resident of the Transcaucasian region during the Pliocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFFC9FB375B2BFB4F" author="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K." box="[119,329,1219,1242]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" refId="ref12074" refString="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1967">Vereshchagin 1967</bibRefCitation>
) but was apparently absent from 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F22FFDCFD07FB375975FB4F" box="[697,791,1219,1242]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
at this time (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFEBEFB175B08FB6F" author="SEN, S." box="[256,362,1251,1274]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" pagination="89 - 171" refId="ref11487" refString="SEN, S. 1977. La faune de rongeurs Pliocenes de Ҫalta (Ankara, Turquie). Bulletin du Museum National d'Historie Naturelle 465: 89 - 171." type="journal article" year="1977">Sen 1977</bibRefCitation>
). A humerus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F22FFDCFD99FB1058D2FB6E" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[551,688,1251,1275]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFD99FB105856FB6E" box="[551,564,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFDFBFB1058D2FB6E" box="[581,688,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected in an archaeological excavation from the early Bronze Age at Demircihüyük in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F22FFDCFEC1FAD75BAEFAAF" box="[383,460,1315,1338]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFE63FAD758ADFAAF" author="VON DEN DRIESCH, A." box="[477,719,1315,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" pagination="233 - 246" refId="ref12313" refString="VON DEN DRIESCH, A. 1981. Kleinsaugerknochen aus den archaologischen Ausgrabungen am Demircihuyuk / Nordwestanatolien. Spixiana 4: 233 - 246." type="journal article" year="1981">von den Driesch 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="DF401CFB3F23FFDDFFD3F8E75B39F808" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573404/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" startId="2.[109,144,1811,1832]" targetBox="[148,753,545,1797]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F23FFDDFFD3F8E75B39F808" blockId="2.[109,793,1811,1949]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFFD3F8E75ACCF8BD" bold="true" box="[109,174,1811,1832]" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult female 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F23FFDDFE32F8C4585BF8D0" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[396,569,1840,1861]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F23FFDDFE32F8C4585BF8D0" box="[396,569,1840,1861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="50">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute [KU] #105169) from Yatağan, Denizli Province, Turkey. Greatest length of skull is 51.4 mm. Used with permission of the photographer Jeb Zirato.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF401CFB3F22FFDCFFD3FC375BA6FC60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573406" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573406/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" startId="3.[109,144,963,984]" targetBox="[418,1216,201,949]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F22FFDCFFD3FC375BA6FC60" blockId="3.[109,1523,963,1013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFFD3FC375ACEFC4D" bold="true" box="[109,172,963,984]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
—Geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F22FFDCFE79FC375813FC4D" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[455,625,963,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFE79FC375813FC4D" box="[455,625,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
modified from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFCB8FC37598EFC4D" author="THORINGTON, R. W., Jr. &amp; J. L. KOPROWSKI &amp; M. A. STEELE &amp; J. F. WHATTON" box="[774,1004,963,984]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" refId="ref11945" refString="THORINGTON, R. W., Jr., J. L. KOPROWSKI, M. A. STEELE, AND J. F. WHATTON. 2012. Squirrels of the world. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2012">Thorington et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
with subspecific ranges denoted as: 1, 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFAE1FC375F8EFC4D" box="[1375,1516,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F22FFDCFA31FC375F8EFC4D" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1423,1516,963,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">anomalus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; 2, 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFF3BFC145B7BFC60" box="[133,281,992,1013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">S. a. pallescens</emphasis>
; 3, 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFE80FC145BDCFC60" box="[318,446,992,1013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">
S. a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F22FFDCFED0FC145BDCFC60" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[366,446,992,1013]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Macroxus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">syriacus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="E2B055983F22FFDBFE9FFA8B5EA2FDB7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F22FFDCFE9FFA8B5806FA0C" blockId="3.[289,612,1407,1433]" box="[289,612,1407,1433]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">
<heading id="D0C8FB1F3F22FFDCFE9FFA8B5806FA0C" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[289,612,1407,1433]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFE9FFA8B5806FA0C" bold="true" box="[289,612,1407,1433]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F22FFDCFF26FA365F02FBCF" blockId="3.[109,792,1474,1945]" lastBlockId="3.[840,1523,1059,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFF26FA365ABEFA4F" bold="true" box="[152,220,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Form.</emphasis>
—Dental formula is i 1/1, c 0/0, p 1/1, m 3/3, total 20. Incisors are orthodont, recurved, compressed laterally, and with an anterior orange pigmentation (Harrison and Bates 1991). The formula for roots of cheek teeth are p2 3/2, m1 3/4, m2 3/4, m3 3/3; the 3rd molar can have a small, underdeveloped 4th root (Hecht-Markou 1994). Vertebral formula is 7 C, 12 T, 7 L, 3 S, and 25 Ca, total 54. The 5th cervical vertebra lacks the dorsal projection from the center of the vertebra. Three of the caudal vertebrae are fused in the adult. Eight of the 12 pairs of ribs are real and connected to sternum (Hecht-Markou 1994). Lengths of limb bones to total body length (given as % of total body length ± 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFD14F8D658AAF8AC" box="[682,712,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">SE</emphasis>
) for 
<specimenCount id="9D3987FA3F22FFDCFCB5F8D65ABCF8CC" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F22FFDCFE9BF8B65BFEF8CC" box="[293,412,1858,1881]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFE0EF8B65803F8CC" author="POLYAKOVA, R. S." box="[432,609,1858,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" pagination="1247 - 1254" refId="ref11301" refString="POLYAKOVA, R. S. 1962. The taxonomic position of common and Caucasian squirrels. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 41: 1247 - 1254." type="journal article" year="1962">Polyakova 1962</bibRefCitation>
) were: forelimb (47.1 ± 0.55), hindlimb (69.5 ± 0.77), humerus (67.7 ± 0.25), radius (15.0 ± 0.42), manus (16.0 ± 0.22), femur (21.4 ± 0.23), tibia (23.1 ± 0.22), and pes (24.9 ± 0.32). Ratio of the length of forelimb to hindlimb is 0.68:1 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFB1FFBB75F2DFBCF" author="POLYAKOVA, R. S." box="[1185,1359,1091,1114]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" pagination="1247 - 1254" refId="ref11301" refString="POLYAKOVA, R. S. 1962. The taxonomic position of common and Caucasian squirrels. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 41: 1247 - 1254." type="journal article" year="1962">Polyakova 1962</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F22FFDCFCCDFB905FF7FAEF" blockId="3.[840,1523,1059,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F22FFDCFCCDFB905E57FBEE" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[883,1077,1124,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFCCDFB905E57FBEE" box="[883,1077,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 4 digits on the front feet and 5 on the hind feet (Hecht-Markou 1994; Albayrak and Arslan 2006). Soles of forefeet have 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F22FFDCFBF6FB575E14FB2F" box="[1096,1142,1187,1210]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F22FFDCFB3EFB575EA9FB2F" box="[1152,1227,1187,1210]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and the Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFA12FB57591FFB4F" author="OGNEV, S. I." pageId="3" pageNumber="51" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; Albayrak and Arslan 2006), 6 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFB58FB375F1BFB4F" author="ONDRIAS, J. C." box="[1254,1401,1219,1242]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 136" refId="ref10963" refString="ONDRIAS, J. C. 1966. The taxonomy and geographical distribution of the rodents of Greece. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 14: 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1966">Ondrias 1966</bibRefCitation>
) or 7 pads (Hecht-Markou 1994) in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F22FFDCFBE2FB175EC9FB6F" box="[1116,1195,1251,1274]" name="Greece" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Greece</collectingCountry>
; 5 or 6 pads are found on the plantar soles of the hind feet in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F22FFDCFB0FFAF75E9EFA8F" box="[1201,1276,1283,1306]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(Albayrak and Arslan 2006). The dark brown claws are relatively short for a tree squirrel (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFCC9FAB7599EFACF" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[887,1020,1347,1370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
), averaging 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F22FFDCFB37FAB75EBEFACF" box="[1161,1244,1347,1370]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="0.65">0.65 cm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F22FFDCFA3FFAB75FB6FACF" box="[1409,1492,1347,1370]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="0.45">0.45 cm</quantity>
in width with slightly rounded tips (Hecht-Markou 1994).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F22FFDBFCCDFA775977FEF7" blockId="3.[840,1523,1059,1946]" lastBlockId="4.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">
Blood parameters (mean ± 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFB26FA705EDBFA0E" box="[1176,1209,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">SD</emphasis>
) for healthy 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F22FFDCFAFBFA705FAAFA0E" baseAuthorityName="Lowe and Gardiner" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1349,1480,1411,1435]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFAFBFA705F30FA0E" box="[1349,1362,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFADEFA705FAAFA0E" box="[1376,1480,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<specimenCount id="9D3987FA3F22FFDCFA66FA7759FCFA2F" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" type="female">15 females</specimenCount>
, 15 males—Khazraiinia et al. 2008) were: red blood cell count, 7.18 ± 1.5 × 
<superScript id="7C4AE13B3F22FFDCFBB1FA375E50FA45" attach="left" box="[1039,1074,1474,1498]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">106</superScript>
µl; packed cell volume, 46 ± 6%; hemoglobin concentration, 15.5 ± 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F22FFDCFBC5FA175ECFFA6F" box="[1147,1197,1507,1530]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" unit="g" value="1.5">1.5 g</quantity>
/dl; mean corpuscular volume 52.4 ± 8 fl; mean corpuscular hemoglobin, 22.5 ± 2.7 pg; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, 33 ± 1.7%; white blood cell count, 4.35 ± 1.42 × 
<superScript id="7C4AE13B3F22FFDCFBF2F9B75E0DF9C5" attach="left" box="[1100,1135,1602,1626]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">103</superScript>
µl; neutrophil count, 2.4 ± 0.9 × 
<superScript id="7C4AE13B3F22FFDCFA6EF9B75F91F9C5" attach="none" box="[1488,1523,1602,1626]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">103</superScript>
µl; lymphocyte count, 1.8 ± 0.8 × 
<superScript id="7C4AE13B3F22FFDCFB73F9975E92F9E5" attach="left" box="[1229,1264,1634,1658]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">103</superScript>
µl; monocyte count, 0.37 ± 0.04 × 
<superScript id="7C4AE13B3F22FFDCFC6FF9775991F905" attach="left" box="[977,1011,1666,1690]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">103</superScript>
µl; eosinophil count, 0.37 ± 0.05 × 
<superScript id="7C4AE13B3F22FFDCFAD4F9775FEEF905" attach="left" box="[1386,1420,1666,1690]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">103</superScript>
µl; basophil count, 0.37 ± 0.06 × 
<superScript id="7C4AE13B3F22FFDCFBF2F9575E0DF925" attach="left" box="[1100,1135,1698,1722]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">103</superScript>
µl; platelet count, 433 ± 15 × 
<superScript id="7C4AE13B3F22FFDCFA15F9575FACF925" attach="left" box="[1451,1486,1698,1722]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">103</superScript>
µl; and plasma total protein, 7.44 ± 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F22FFDCFB16F9375E8AF94F" box="[1192,1256,1731,1754]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" unit="g" value="0.46">0.46 g</quantity>
/dl. Two 
<typeStatus id="5484F2D13F22FFDCFAF2F9375FE6F94F" box="[1356,1412,1731,1754]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">types</typeStatus>
of hemoglobin (Hb A, Hb F) are found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F22FFDCFB12F91059EAF88F" authority="(Khazraiinia et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Khazraiinia" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F22FFDCFB12F9105F4CF96E" box="[1196,1326,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="51">S. anomalus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFA83F917591FF88F" author="KHAZRAIINIA, P. &amp; A. ROSTAMI &amp; H. HADDADZADEH &amp; S. M. NASSIRI" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" pagination="44 - 48" refId="ref10435" refString="KHAZRAIINIA, P., A. ROSTAMI, H. HADDADZADEH, AND S. M. NASSIRI. 2008. Hematological characteristics and hemoglobin typing of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 17: 44 - 48." type="journal article" year="2008">Khazraiinia et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F22FFDCFC2BF8F75E06F88F" author="ASADI, F. &amp; A. ROSTAMI &amp; P. ASADIAN &amp; M. POURKABIR" box="[917,1124,1795,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="51" pagination="188 - 191" refId="ref8270" refString="ASADI, F., A. ROSTAMI, P. ASADIAN, AND M. POURKABIR. 2008. Serum biochemistry and hematology values and hemoglobin electrophoresis in Persian squirrels (Sciurus anomalus). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 36: 188 - 191." type="journal article" year="2008">Asadi et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
provide similar medians and ranges for these blood parameters and include additional blood chemistry (means with ranges in parentheses): creatinine, 388.3 µmol/l (356.8–419.9); uric acid, 0.07 mmol/l (0.06–0.08); cholesterol, 5.1 mmol/l (4.7–5.5); triglyceride, 4.21 mmol/l (4.11–4.42); calcium, 1.88 mmol/l (1.78–2.06); magnesium, 0.62 mmol/l (0.50–0.87); inorganic phosphate, 1.76 mmol/l (1.26–2.17); urea nitrogen, 5.58 mmol/l (4.54–7.28); glucose, 5.93 mmol/l (4.94– 6.92); alkaline phosphatase, 18 U/l (14–27); aspartate aminotransferase, 6 U/l (3–28); and amylase, 545.2 U/l (523.5–616.1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFF26FE9F58D6FC57" blockId="4.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
Abdominal organs are covered by the greater omentum (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFFC8FE7F5BF3FE37" author="SADEGHINEZHAD, J. &amp; Z. TOOTIAN &amp; G. H. AKBARI &amp; R. CHIOCCHETTI" box="[118,401,395,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="524 - 530" refId="ref11389" refString="SADEGHINEZHAD, J., Z. TOOTIAN, G. H. AKBARI, AND R. CHIOCCHETTI. 2012. The topography and gross anatomy of the abdominal gastrointestinal tract of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). International Journal of Morphology 30: 524 - 530." type="journal article" year="2012">Sadeghinezhad et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Abdominal gastrointestinal tract is 13.2 ± 4.5 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFF64FE5F5A98FE57" box="[218,250,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">SD</emphasis>
cm long with a surface area of 617.9 ± 
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and holds 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFF58FE3F5B28FE77" box="[230,330,459,482]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.95" metricValueMax="9.2" metricValueMin="8.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="g" value="8.95" valueMax="9.2" valueMin="8.7">8.7±9.2g</quantity>
in contents (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFE5BFE3F596BFE77" author="SADEGHINEZHAD, J. &amp; Z. TOOTIAN &amp; G. H. AKBARI &amp; R. CHIOCCHETTI" box="[485,777,459,482]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="524 - 530" refId="ref11389" refString="SADEGHINEZHAD, J., Z. TOOTIAN, G. H. AKBARI, AND R. CHIOCCHETTI. 2012. The topography and gross anatomy of the abdominal gastrointestinal tract of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). International Journal of Morphology 30: 524 - 530." type="journal article" year="2012">Sadeghinezhad et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Stomach is unilocular and 4.9± 
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in length. Small intestine is 71.3 ± 
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long and has clear divisions into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The distribution pattern of neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the ileum are similar to other mammals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFDC2FDBF5ABFFD17" author="SADEGHINEZHAD, J. &amp; Z. TOOTIAN &amp; R. LATORRE &amp; C. SORTENI &amp; R. CHIOCCHETTI" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="201 - 212" refId="ref11440" refString="SADEGHINEZHAD, J., Z. TOOTIAN, R. LATORRE, C. SORTENI, AND R. CHIOCCHETTI. 2013. Intrinsic innervation of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) ileum. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 42: 201 - 212." type="journal article" year="2013">Sadeghinezhad et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). The cecum is 3.7± 
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long, situated on the right side of abdominal cavity, and lacks a vermiform appendix. The ascending colon (13.2± 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFED4FD5F5BCFFD57" box="[362,429,683,706]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="4.5">4.5cm</quantity>
long) appears to be the main fermentation chamber and consists of a unique arrangement formed by 2 loops and 2 straight portions. The transverse colon (6.5± 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFD6BFD1F597BFC97" box="[725,793,747,770]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5cm</quantity>
long) connects ascending and descending colon on the left side of abdominal cavity with a sigmoid flexure before entering the pelvic cavity (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFF05FCBF5BAEFCF7" author="SADEGHINEZHAD, J. &amp; Z. TOOTIAN &amp; G. H. AKBARI &amp; R. CHIOCCHETTI" box="[187,460,843,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="524 - 530" refId="ref11389" refString="SADEGHINEZHAD, J., Z. TOOTIAN, G. H. AKBARI, AND R. CHIOCCHETTI. 2012. The topography and gross anatomy of the abdominal gastrointestinal tract of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). International Journal of Morphology 30: 524 - 530." type="journal article" year="2012">Sadeghinezhad et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Mucus content of small intestine includes both carboxylated and sulfated acidic mucins with few neutral mucins (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFEFFFC7F5860FC37" author="TOOTIAN, Z. &amp; J. SADEGHINEZHAD &amp; M. T. SHEIBANI &amp; S. FAZELIPOUR &amp; N. DE SORDI &amp; R. CHIOCCHETTI" box="[321,514,907,930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="38 - 45" refId="ref11990" refString="TOOTIAN, Z., J. SADEGHINEZHAD, M. T. SHEIBANI, S. FAZELIPOUR, N. DE SORDI, AND R. CHIOCCHETTI. 2013. Histological and mucin histochemical study of the small intestine of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). Anatomical Science International 88: 38 - 45." type="journal article" year="2013">Tootian et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Kidneys are bean shaped and average 1.7 by 
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(
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFE38FC5F5BCEFC57" box="[390,428,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">n =</emphasis>
6— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFE67FC5F58C7FC57" author="VESHKINI, A. &amp; M. TAVANA &amp; I. S. HAGHDOST &amp; M. N. MASOULEH &amp; S. H. SAVOJBOLAGHI" box="[473,677,939,962]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref12107" refString="VESHKINI, A., M. TAVANA, I. S. HAGHDOST, M. N. MASOULEH, AND S. H. SAVOJBOLAGHI. 2011. Excretory urography by subcutaneous injection of iodixanol in Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). Pakistan Veterinary Journal 31: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2011">Veshkini et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFF26FC3F580DFAF7" blockId="4.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
Phallus is 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFEBAFC3F5B29FC77" box="[260,331,971,994]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 mm</quantity>
long (Albayrak and Arslan 2006); baculum has a wide, flattened, and rounded apex and is distally recurved on the dorsal aspect with a length of 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFE40FBFF5813FBB7" box="[510,625,1035,1058]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 mm</quantity>
; basal diameter with a mild bifurcation is 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFE3CFBDF5B9DFBD7" box="[386,511,1067,1090]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.6 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFDB1FBDF58A1FBD7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[527,707,1067,1090]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFD6CFBDF5AC0FBF7" author="OGNEV, S. I." pageId="4" pageNumber="52" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; Hecht-Markou 1999; Albayrak and Arslan 2006). Males that are not reproductively active have testicles that are 15 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFFD3FB7F5AD6FB37" box="[109,180,1163,1186]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
and retained within the abdomen, whereas the scrotal testes of reproductively active males reach sizes of 30 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFD6FFB5F597AFB57" box="[721,792,1195,1218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFFC8FB3F5B4CFB77" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[118,302,1227,1250]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Males with sperm had scrotal testes&gt; 20 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFF28FB1F5ABFFA97" box="[150,221,1259,1282]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
in size, enlarged epididymis, and well-developed Cowper’s glands (diameter = 10–15 mm—Stroganova 1958). Two prominent Cowper’s glands are located under the skin around the anus in males (Hecht-Markou 1994).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFF26FA9F5BF4F9D7" blockId="4.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
The os clitoridis is modestly twisted along the 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFD2DFA9F58AFFA17" box="[659,717,1387,1410]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
length with a splayed distal end that possesses a slight tuberosity on the ventral side (Hecht-Markou 1999). Ten pairs of teats are arranged in 1 pectoral pair, 2 abdominal pairs, and 2 inguinal pairs in the female (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFEF6FA1F5BA9F997" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[328,459,1515,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
); however, some females have only 8 pairs of teats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFED9F9FF5842F9B7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[359,544,1547,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; Hecht-Markou 1994; Albayrak and Arslan 2006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFF26F9BF5BE1F897" blockId="4.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFF26F9BF5B65F9F6" bold="true" box="[152,263,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Function.</emphasis>
—Adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F25FFDBFECFF9BF585FF9F7" box="[369,573,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFECFF9BF585FF9F7" box="[369,573,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
molts twice each year; the spring molt begins in February through April and the autumn molt occurs in September and October (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFD0FF97F5AC1F957" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Molting is prolonged at elevations&gt; 
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and ceases during reproductive activity; juvenile squirrels molt once in autumn (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFF71F91F5B11F897" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[207,371,1771,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFF26F8FF5FDCFEF7" blockId="4.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="4.[840,1523,203,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
Testes of males demonstrate some annual cycle of recrudescence; however, some males appear to have functional testes that are descended in the scrotum throughout the year (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFD1EF8BF5AC0F817" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). For females during the breeding season, the vagina increases from 9 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFEE4F87F5BF6F837" box="[346,404,1931,1954]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
to 17 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFDB0F87F5828F837" box="[526,586,1931,1954]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
, the uterine horns extend from 35 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFBAEFF3F5E28FF77" box="[1040,1098,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
to 80 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFB13FF3F5E8BFF77" box="[1197,1257,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
, and ovary expands from 3 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFC3AFF1F59DFFE97" box="[900,957,235,258]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
to 6 by 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFB9CFF1F5E3EFE97" box="[1058,1116,235,258]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFBD1FF1F5F44FE97" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1135,1318,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Nursing females exhibit distended teats surrounded by a hairless ring at the end of the 5- to 6-week period of nursing (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFB73FEDF5FE0FED7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1229,1410,299,322]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
) and teats darken following 1st lactation (Albayrak and Arslan 2006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFCCDFE9F5EA2FDB7" blockId="4.[840,1523,203,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Vitamin A levels are highest in spring and decrease throughout the summer with adult levels greater than juvenile levels (Enukidze and Nikolaishvili 1980). Pregnant females with resorbed embryos had the highest levels of Vitamin A with reduced levels obvious in squirrels with helminth infections (Enukidze and Nikolaishvili 1980).</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="E2B055983F25FFDBFC14FDA95E86FA0D" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFC14FDA95FF3FDE2" blockId="4.[938,1425,605,631]" box="[938,1425,605,631]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<heading id="D0C8FB1F3F25FFDBFC14FDA95FF3FDE2" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[938,1425,605,631]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFC14FDA95FF3FDE2" bold="true" box="[938,1425,605,631]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFCCDFD555F89FC2D" blockId="4.[840,1523,673,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
Some mortality occurs in utero, for the average number of placental scars is 4, whereas the average number of embryos is 3.5 for each female; embryos are distributed evenly between the uterine horns (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFC04FCF55E09FC8D" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[954,1131,769,792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). A nearly fully developed fetus was 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F25FFDBFCF6FCD559ECFCAD" box="[840,910,801,824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
long (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFC6DFCD55EE6FCAD" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[979,1156,801,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Young can mature at 5–6 months of age; females born in winter or early spring can breed in late summer or early autumn (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFBE7FC955F6BFCED" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1113,1289,865,888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFAA9FC955F81FCED" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[1303,1507,865,888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
). Tooth wear and sagittal crest increase noticeably between juvenile, subadult, and adult age classes (Albayrak and Arslan 2006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFCCDFC355E86FA0D" blockId="4.[840,1523,673,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
Breeding can occur throughout the year, although the intensity appears to decline during October and November in the Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFC07FBF55E0BFB8D" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[953,1129,1025,1048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
) and peaks inApril to May andAugust to September in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F25FFDBFC4AFBD55E5DFBAD" box="[1012,1087,1057,1080]" name="Greece" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Greece</collectingCountry>
(Hecht-Markou 1994). In Transcaucasia, 2–7 young are born, most frequently in late January–early February, April, and mid-July–late August (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFA8CFB955F89FBED" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1330,1515,1121,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFCF6FB755E79FB0D" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[840,1051,1153,1176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFB95FB755ECCFB0D" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1067,1198,1153,1176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; Hecht-Markou 1994). Young were reported during late April and May in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F25FFDBFAA5FB555F1AFB2D" box="[1307,1400,1185,1208]" name="Lebanon" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
and immature squirrels were collected during November and December (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFCEFFB1559D8FB6D" author="HATT, R. T." box="[849,954,1249,1272]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref9839" refString="HATT, R. T. 1959. The mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 106: 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1959">Hatt 1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFC77FB155E1DFB6D" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" box="[969,1151,1249,1272]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
; Harrison and Bates 1991) leading 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFCF6FAF55995FA8D" author="HARRISON, D. L." box="[840,1015,1281,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" refId="ref9725" refString="HARRISON, D. L. 1972. The mammals of Arabia 3, Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Ernest Benn Limited, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1972">Harrison (1972)</bibRefCitation>
to conclude that the breeding season extends from spring into the summer in the Middle East. Females alone care for the young (Hecht-Markou 1994) and become aggressive in maternal defense, to include attacking threats to the litter with claws and teeth (Hecht-Markou 1994).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3251FF83F25FFD8FBECFA125E04FD17" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" type="biology_ecology">
<subSection id="E2B055983F25FFD9FBECFA125817F977" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFBECFA125E8AF995" blockId="4.[1106,1256,1510,1536]" box="[1106,1256,1510,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<heading id="D0C8FB1F3F25FFDBFBECFA125E8AF995" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,1510,1536]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFBECFA125E8AF995" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,1510,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDBFCCDF9DE5E60F8F4" blockId="4.[840,1523,1578,1953]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFCCDF9DE5ED6F9D7" bold="true" box="[883,1204,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
—Population numbers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F25FFDBFCF6F9BE5E74F9F4" box="[840,1046,1610,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFCF6F9BE5E74F9F4" box="[840,1046,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can fluctuate considerably, presumably due to variation in food availability (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFABCF99E5F89F914" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[1282,1515,1642,1665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFCF6F97E5E7CF934" author="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K." box="[840,1054,1674,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" refId="ref12074" refString="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1967">Vereshchagin 1967</bibRefCitation>
); however, numbers appear more stable than those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F25FFDBFC67F95E5F7CF954" authority="(Stroganova 1958)" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[985,1310,1706,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F25FFDBFC67F95E5E2FF954" box="[985,1101,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFBE2F95E5F71F954" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1116,1299,1706,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F25FFDBFA97F95E5F91F954" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1321,1523,1706,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova (1958)</bibRefCitation>
reported sighting 0.75–1.25 individuals/km of census transect in a nut orchard, whereas only 0.11 and 0.17 individuals/km were observed in mixed forest. Density was estimated at 1.04– 1.82 individuals/ha in oak-pine mixed forests in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F25FFDBFAEDF8DE5FD0F8D4" box="[1363,1458,1834,1857]" name="Lebanon" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
(Abi- Said et al. 2014).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F25FFDAFCCDF89E5AD0FC17" blockId="4.[840,1523,1578,1953]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,203,1922]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
Habitat loss due to incompatible agriculture, fire, and timber harvest has resulted in population declines in the Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFFC8FF3F5B26FF77" author="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K." box="[118,324,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref12074" refString="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1967">Vereshchagin 1967</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFEE3FF3F5BC6FF77" box="[349,420,203,226]" name="Jordan" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Jordan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFE08FF3F5806FF77" author="AMR, Z. S. &amp; E. EID &amp; M. A. QARQAZ &amp; M. ABU BAKER" box="[438,612,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref8143" refString="AMR, Z. S., E. EID, M. A. QARQAZ, AND M. ABU BAKER. 2006. The status and distribution of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 55: 199 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">Amr et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFD13FF3F58BAFF77" box="[685,728,203,226]" name="Iraq" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Iraq</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFD54FF3F5AC0FE97" author="HATT, R. T." pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref9839" refString="HATT, R. T. 1959. The mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 106: 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1959">Hatt 1959</bibRefCitation>
). Habitat fragmentation is the major threat to the species on Lesbos (Matsinos and Papadopoulou 2004). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD31FEFF597AFEB7" box="[655,792,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD31FEFF597AFEB7" box="[655,792,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was detected in an unburned pine forest but not in forest burned 9 years earlier (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFEA7FEBF5B9EFEF7" author="SOYUMERT, A. &amp; TAVSANOGLU, O. &amp; MACAR, B. Y. &amp; KAYNAS, AND &amp; B. GuRKAN" box="[281,508,331,354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="97 - 102" refId="ref11557" refString="SOYUMERT, A., Ҫ. TAVSANOGLU, O. MACAR, B. Y. KAYNAS, AND B. GuRKAN. 2010. Presence of large and medium-sized mammals in a burned pine forest in southwestern Turkey. Hystrix 21: 97 - 102." type="journal article" year="2010">Soyumert et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Drought also appears to result in population decline (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFE24FE9F585FFE17" author="AMR, Z. S. &amp; E. EID &amp; M. A. QARQAZ &amp; M. ABU BAKER" box="[410,573,363,386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref8143" refString="AMR, Z. S., E. EID, M. A. QARQAZ, AND M. ABU BAKER. 2006. The status and distribution of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 55: 199 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">Amr et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Accidental mortality results from individuals entering water tanks from which they cannot escape (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFEABFE5F5BA0FE57" author="AMR, Z. S. &amp; E. EID &amp; M. A. QARQAZ &amp; M. ABU BAKER" box="[277,450,427,450]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref8143" refString="AMR, Z. S., E. EID, M. A. QARQAZ, AND M. ABU BAKER. 2006. The status and distribution of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 55: 199 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">Amr et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE64FE5F583DFE57" box="[474,607,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE64FE5F5B85FE57" box="[474,487,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE49FE5F583DFE57" box="[503,607,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
becomes habituated to vehicle traffic and noise (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFE61FE3F58F3FE77" author="AMR, Z. S. &amp; E. EID &amp; M. A. QARQAZ &amp; M. ABU BAKER" box="[479,657,459,482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref8143" refString="AMR, Z. S., E. EID, M. A. QARQAZ, AND M. ABU BAKER. 2006. The status and distribution of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 55: 199 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">Amr et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Wild boar (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFC8FE1F5A86FD97" box="[118,228,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Sus scrofa</emphasis>
), edible dormouse (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE01FE1F5878FD97" authority="glis" box="[447,538,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" genus="Glis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE01FE1F5878FD97" box="[447,538,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Glis glis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and a variety of birds pilfer winter seed stores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE22FDFF5971FDB7" authority="(Kolosov et al. 1965)" baseAuthorityName="Kolosov" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[412,787,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE22FDFF5BCBFDB7" box="[412,425,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE07FDFF5843FDB7" box="[441,545,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">anomalus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFD8CFDFF596AFDB7" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[562,776,523,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Eurasian lynx (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEB0FDDF5B11FDD7" authority="lynx" box="[270,371,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEB0FDDF5B11FDD7" box="[270,371,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Lynx lynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), wildcat (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE58FDDF581CFDD7" box="[486,638,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvestris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE58FDDF581CFDD7" box="[486,638,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Felis silvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), domestic cat (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFFC8FDBF5B2FFDF7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[118,333,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="silvestris" subSpecies="catus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFC8FDBF5B2FFDF7" box="[118,333,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Felis silvestris catus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), red fox (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE00FDBF582DFDF7" authority="vulpes" box="[446,591,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpes">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE00FDBF582DFDF7" box="[446,591,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Vulpes vulpes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), gray wolf (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD64FDBF5AC5FD17" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD64FDBF5AC5FD17" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Canis lupus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), European badger (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE34FD9F5872FD17" authority="meles" box="[394,528,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE34FD9F5872FD17" box="[394,528,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Meles meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), beech marten (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD72FD9F5AC6FD37" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Martes foina</emphasis>
), European pine marten (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE0DFD7F587DFD37" box="[435,543,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martes">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE0DFD7F587DFD37" box="[435,543,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. martes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), least weasel (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD7CFD7F5AD6FD57" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD7CFD7F5AD6FD57" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Mustela nivalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), northern goshawk (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE14FD5F583CFD57" box="[426,606,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Accipter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gentilis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE14FD5F583CFD57" box="[426,606,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Accipter gentilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Eurasian sparrowhawk (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFF59FD3F5B26FD77" box="[231,324,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Accipter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nisus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFF59FD3F5B26FD77" box="[231,324,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">A. nisus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), common buzzard (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD84FD3F58A0FD77" authority="buteo" box="[570,706,715,738]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buteo">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD84FD3F58A0FD77" box="[570,706,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Buteo buteo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), longlegged buzzard (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE9EFD1F5BEAFC97" baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[288,392,747,770]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufinus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE9EFD1F5BEAFC97" box="[288,392,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">B. rufinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), red kite (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFDBCFD1F58FAFC97" authority="milvus" box="[514,664,747,770]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Milvus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="milvus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFDBCFD1F58FAFC97" box="[514,664,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Milvus milvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), black kite (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFFC8FCFF5A93FCB7" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[118,241,779,802]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Milvus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="migrans">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFC8FCFF5A93FCB7" box="[118,241,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. migrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Eurasian eagle-owl (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE58FCFF5838FCB7" authority="bubo" box="[486,602,779,802]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Bubo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubo">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE58FCFF5838FCB7" box="[486,602,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Bubo bubo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and tawny owls (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFC8FCDF5A82FCD7" box="[118,224,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Stix aluco</emphasis>
) are known to prey upon squirrels (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFDE2FCDF5972FCD7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[604,784,811,834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFFD3FCBF5B5BFCF7" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[109,313,843,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
; Heptner and Sludskii 1992; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFDD0FCBF5AC0FC17" author="DE CUPERE, B. &amp; S. THYS &amp; W. VAN NEER &amp; A. ERVYNCK &amp; M. CORREMANS &amp; M. WAELKENS" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref8799" refString="DE CUPERE, B., S. THYS, W. VAN NEER, A. ERVYNCK, M. CORREMANS, AND M. WAELKENS. 2008. Eagle owl (Bubo bubo) pellets from Roman Sagalassos (SW Turkey): distinguishing the prey remains from nest and roost sites. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 19: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="2008">De Cupere et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F24FFDAFF26FC7F5FE9FE97" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1922]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFF26FC7F5B74FC36" bold="true" box="[152,278,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Space use.</emphasis>
—In 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFEEBFC7F5BF6FC37" box="[341,404,907,930]" name="Israel" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Israel</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE19FC7F5810FC37" box="[423,626,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE19FC7F5810FC37" box="[423,626,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
prefers forest dominated by oaks (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEF5FC5F5841FC57" authorityName="Webb" authorityYear="1838" box="[331,547,939,962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calliprinos">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEF5FC5F5841FC57" box="[331,547,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Quercus calliprinos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD8FFC5F58D3FC57" box="[561,689,939,962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD8FFC5F58D3FC57" box="[561,689,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and pistachio (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFF7AFC3F5BF8FC77" box="[196,410,971,994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Pistacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pataestina">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFF7AFC3F5BF8FC77" box="[196,410,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Pistacia pataestina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Danford and Alston 1877; Ilani and Shalmon 1984; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFEE6FC1F5B85FB97" author="GAVISH, L." box="[344,487,1003,1026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
) and was abundant in the last century in the wooded parts of the Upper Galilee and the Golan Heights (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFEA1FBDF5B8DFBD7" author="BODENHEIMER, F. S." box="[287,495,1067,1090]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref8498" refString="BODENHEIMER, F. S. 1935. Animal life in Palestine. L. Mayer, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1935">Bodenheimer 1935</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFD99FBDF5810FBD7" box="[551,626,1067,1090]" name="Jordan" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Jordan</collectingCountry>
, pure pine forests are preferred over mixed pine-oak (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD97FBBF58A9FBF7" box="[553,715,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Pinus-Quercus</emphasis>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFD59FBBF5A87FB17" author="AMR, Z. S. &amp; E. EID &amp; M. A. QARQAZ &amp; M. ABU BAKER" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref8143" refString="AMR, Z. S., E. EID, M. A. QARQAZ, AND M. ABU BAKER. 2006. The status and distribution of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 55: 199 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">Amr et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Throughout 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFE37FB9F5B8AFB17" box="[393,488,1131,1154]" name="Lebanon" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
and the Zagros Mountains in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFF32FB7F5ADAFB37" box="[140,184,1163,1186]" name="Iraq" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Iraq</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFF4CFB7F5B43FB37" box="[242,289,1163,1186]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Iran</collectingCountry>
, open oak forests are also important squirrel habitat (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFF79FB5F5B50FB57" author="HATT, R. T." box="[199,306,1195,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref9839" refString="HATT, R. T. 1959. The mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 106: 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1959">Hatt 1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFEFFFB5F5B98FB57" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" box="[321,506,1195,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFDB8FB5F58F1FB57" author="ATALLAH, S. I." box="[518,659,1195,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="241 - 320" refId="ref8315" refString="ATALLAH, S. I. 1977. Mammals of the eastern Mediterranean region; their ecology, systematics and zoogeographical relationships. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 25: 241 - 320." type="journal article" year="1977">Atallah 1977</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFD78FB5F5976FB57" box="[710,788,1195,1218]" name="Turkey" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFFD3FB3F5A94FB77" box="[109,246,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFD3FB3F5A94FB77" box="[109,246,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found frequently in orchards and forests that are dominated by oak (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEC5FB1F5852FA97" box="[379,560,1259,1282]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trojana">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEC5FB1F5852FA97" box="[379,560,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Quercus trojana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), juniper (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD10FB1F5ADFFAB7" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsa">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD10FB1F5ADFFAB7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Juniperus excelsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), walnut (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEFEFAFF5BB9FAB7" box="[320,475,1291,1314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEFEFAFF5BB9FAB7" box="[320,475,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Juglans regia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), pine (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFDFAFAFF58AEFAB7" box="[580,716,1291,1314]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFDFAFAFF58AEFAB7" box="[580,716,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Pinus nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), willow (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFF14FADF5B7FFAD7" box="[170,285,1323,1346]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFF14FADF5B7FFAD7" box="[170,285,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Salix alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), apples, pears, plums (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD88FADF5973FAD7" box="[566,785,1323,1346]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elaeagnifolia">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD88FADF5973FAD7" box="[566,785,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Pyrus elaeagnifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFFD3FABF5A99FAF7" box="[109,251,1355,1378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="domestica">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFD3FABF5A99FAF7" box="[109,251,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">P. domestica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEB0FABF5B01FAF7" box="[270,355,1355,1378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="syria">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEB0FABF5B01FAF7" box="[270,355,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">P. syria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEC9FABF5BB5FAF7" box="[375,471,1355,1378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEC9FABF5BB5FAF7" box="[375,471,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">P. malus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), hawthorn (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFDD0FABF5AF2FA17" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Crateagus aronia</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFF21FA9F5B53FA17" box="[159,305,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monogyna">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFF21FA9F5B53FA17" box="[159,305,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">C. monogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and rose (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE09FA9F585DFA17" box="[439,575,1387,1410]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canina">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE09FA9F585DFA17" box="[439,575,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Rosa canina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFDE4FA9F5972FA17" author="HOOGSTRAAL, H." box="[602,784,1387,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="227 - 323" refId="ref10116" refString="HOOGSTRAAL, H. 1959. Biological observations on certain Turkish Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology 45: 227 - 323." type="journal article" year="1959">Hoogstraal 1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFFD3FA7F5B61FA37" author="OSBORN, D. J." box="[109,259,1419,1442]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
; Albayrak and Arslan 2006). Beech (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD73FA7F596CFA37" box="[717,782,1419,1442]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD73FA7F596CFA37" box="[717,782,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Fagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) forests ≤ 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F24FFDAFF5EFA5F5B5DFA57" box="[224,319,1451,1474]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="2000.0">2,000 m</quantity>
in elevation are commonly inhabited in Caucasia but 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEBFFA3F5BE5FA77" box="[257,391,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEBFFA3F5BE5FA77" box="[257,391,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also found in elm (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFDC6FA3F58DDFA77" box="[632,703,1483,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFDC6FA3F58DDFA77" box="[632,703,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Ulmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), chestnut (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFF1DFA1F5B68F997" box="[163,266,1515,1538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFF1DFA1F5B68F997" box="[163,266,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), maple (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEC4FA1F5864F997" authorityName="Boiss. &amp; Buhse" authorityYear="1860" box="[378,518,1515,1538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insigne">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEC4FA1F5864F997" box="[378,518,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Acer insigne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), ash (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFDE6FA1F58DAF997" box="[600,696,1515,1538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFDE6FA1F58DAF997" box="[600,696,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Fraxinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), cherry (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFFC8F9FF5AA6F9B7" box="[118,196,1547,1570]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFC8F9FF5AA6F9B7" box="[118,196,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Prunus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), pear (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE9AF9FF5BF5F9B7" box="[292,407,1547,1570]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Caucasica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE9AF9FF5BF5F9B7" box="[292,407,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Caucasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), poplar (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFDB2F9FF5801F9B7" box="[524,611,1547,1570]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFDB2F9FF5801F9B7" box="[524,611,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Populus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), alder (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD74F9FF596AF9B7" box="[714,776,1547,1570]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD74F9FF596AF9B7" box="[714,776,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Alnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and linden (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFF4BF9DF5B45F9D7" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[245,295,1579,1602]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Tilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFF4BF9DF5B45F9D7" box="[245,295,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Tilia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), whereas pine forests appear to be avoided (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFFC8F9BF5A93F9F7" author="DAHL, S. K." box="[118,241,1611,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref8677" refString="DAHL, S. K. 1954. Animal world of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Vol. 1: vertebrates. Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Yerevan, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1954">Dahl 1954</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFEB7F9BF5BABF9F7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[265,457,1611,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFE5FF9BF58EFF9F7" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[481,653,1611,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFD1BF9BF5A85F917" author="BOBRINSKII, N. A. &amp; B. A. KUZNETSOV &amp; A. P. KUZYAKIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref8454" refString="BOBRINSKII, N. A., B. A. KUZNETSOV, AND A. P. KUZYAKIN. 1965. Key of the mammals of the USSR. 2 nd ed. Sovietskaya Nauka, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Bobrinskii et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFF44F99F5BBBF917" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[250,473,1643,1666]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFE52F99F5816F917" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[492,628,1643,1666]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD31F99F597AF917" box="[655,792,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD31F99F58FEF917" box="[655,668,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD10F99F597AF917" box="[686,792,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Caucasia appears restricted to subtropical forest areas and fruit and nut plantations in elevations where snow is uncommon (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFF08F93F5B15F977" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[182,375,1739,1762]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). On the Greek island of Lesbos, squirrels dwell in lower elevation chestnut (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFDE3F91F596DF897" box="[605,783,1771,1794]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFDE3F91F596DF897" box="[605,783,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Castanea sativa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) plantations, olives (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFEF9F8FF5BBEF8B7" box="[327,476,1803,1826]" class="Gastropoda" family="Limapontiidae" genus="Olea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="europea">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFEF9F8FF5BBEF8B7" box="[327,476,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Olea europea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), walnut (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFDEFF8FF58C1F8B7" box="[593,675,1803,1826]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFDEFF8FF58C1F8B7" box="[593,675,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">J. regia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), almonds (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFFC8F8DF5B74F8D7" box="[118,278,1835,1858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFC8F8DF5B74F8D7" box="[118,278,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Prunus dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), pears (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE37F8DF58E1F8D7" box="[393,643,1835,1858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amygdaliformis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE37F8DF58E1F8D7" box="[393,643,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Pyrus amygdaliformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as well as plantations and mixed natural forests of oak (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD33F8BF5973F8F7" box="[653,785,1867,1890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aegilops">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD33F8BF5973F8F7" box="[653,785,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Q. aegilops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFFD3F89F5A96F817" box="[109,244,1899,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccifera">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFFD3F89F5A96F817" box="[109,244,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Q. coccifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and conifers (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFE22F89F58C6F817" box="[412,676,1899,1922]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Cupressus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sempervirens">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFE22F89F58C6F817" box="[412,676,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Cupressus sempervirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFD0DF89F5973F817" box="[691,785,1899,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brutia">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFD0DF89F5973F817" box="[691,785,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">P. brutia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFCF6FF3F59FEFF77" box="[840,924,203,226]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCF6FF3F59FEFF77" box="[840,924,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">P. nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Hecht-Markou 1994) upward to the coniferous forest of Mt. Lepetymnos (1,009 m—Hecht-Markou 1994).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F24FFDAFCCDFEFF5E29FE57" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFCCDFEFF5E51FEB7" box="[883,1075,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCCDFEFF5E51FEB7" box="[883,1075,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will migrate from one habitat to another dependent on the seasonal availability of food (Hecht-Markou 1994). Based upon the frequent resighting of squirrels in the same areas, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFC76FE9F5E28FE17" box="[968,1098,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC76FE9F59B7FE17" box="[968,981,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC5CFE9F5E28FE17" box="[994,1098,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably demonstrates strong site fidelity; however, migrations are reported in response to food shortages (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFC39FE5F5E59FE57" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[903,1083,427,450]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F24FFDAFCCDFE3F5E97FCF7" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFCCDFE3F5E55FE77" box="[883,1079,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCCDFE3F5E55FE77" box="[883,1079,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nests in tree hollows lined with moss and dry leaves (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFC4DFE1F5ECAFD97" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1011,1192,491,514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFB09FE1F5F3BFD97" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[1207,1369,491,514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFAD6FE1F5F89FD97" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1384,1515,491,514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFCF6FDFF59B4FDB7" author="GAVISH, L." box="[840,982,523,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
) and may do so in groups (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFA91FDFF5F89FDB7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1327,1515,523,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFCF6FDDF59D6FDD7" author="HATT, R. T." box="[840,948,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref9839" refString="HATT, R. T. 1959. The mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 106: 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1959">Hatt 1959</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFC53FDDF5E5BFDD7" box="[1005,1081,555,578]" name="Turkey" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, nests occur in oak (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFA9FFDDF5FF3FDD7" box="[1313,1425,555,578]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trojana">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFA9FFDDF5FF3FDD7" box="[1313,1425,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Q. trojana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), walnut (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFCEFFDBF59C7FDF7" box="[849,933,587,610]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCEFFDBF59C7FDF7" box="[849,933,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">J. regia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), juniper (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFB9CFDBF5EEDFDF7" box="[1058,1167,587,610]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsa">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFB9CFDBF5EEDFDF7" box="[1058,1167,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">J. excelsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and willow (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFA82FDBF5FEEFDF7" box="[1340,1420,587,610]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFA82FDBF5FEEFDF7" box="[1340,1420,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) cavities (Albayrak and Arslan 2006). Nest cavities in trees are shallow extending to depths of 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F24FFDAFB33FD7F5E96FD37" box="[1165,1268,651,674]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="35.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="20.0">20–50 cm</quantity>
(Hecht-Markou 1994) and entrances, facing south and southeast (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFAA6FD5F5FD8FD57" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[1304,1466,683,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
), are located at heights of 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F24FFDAFB8BFD3F5EEFFD77" box="[1077,1165,715,738]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="9.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="5.0">
5– 
<specimenCount id="9D3987FA3F24FFDAFBEEFD3F5EEFFD77" box="[1104,1165,715,738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" type="generic">14 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. However, nests may also occur under rocks, tree roots, gravestones, and buildings (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFAC4FD1F591FFCB7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFC32FCFF5E3CFCB7" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[908,1118,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFBCBFCFF5E9AFCB7" box="[1141,1272,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFBCBFCFF5EE0FCB7" box="[1141,1154,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFB2EFCFF5E9AFCB7" box="[1168,1272,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
changes nests between seasons to eliminate ectoparasites, but it will reuse the nests in subsequent years (Hecht-Markou 1994).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F24FFDAFCCDFC9F5EE7F9F7" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCCDFC9F59CAFC16" bold="true" box="[883,936,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Diet.</emphasis>
—Foods are most abundant in spring and summer, with shortages common in winter (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFB58FC7F5FC6FC37" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1254,1444,907,930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Tree seeds are the primary food; oaks (including 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFAF1FC5F5F89FC57" authorityName="Webb" authorityYear="1838" box="[1359,1515,939,962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calliprinos">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFAF1FC5F5F89FC57" box="[1359,1515,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Q. calliprinos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFCF6FC3F59B1FC77" box="[840,979,971,994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infecloria">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCF6FC3F59B1FC77" box="[840,979,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Q. infecloria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFC5FFC3F5E21FC77" box="[993,1091,971,994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC5FFC3F5E21FC77" box="[993,1091,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Q. cerris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are major food sources throughout the range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFC0DFC1F5E19FB97" box="[947,1147,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC0DFC1F5E19FB97" box="[947,1147,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFB2EFC1F5F2FFB97" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1168,1357,1003,1026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFADFFC1F5F89FB97" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1377,1515,1003,1026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFCF6FBFF5E64FBB7" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" box="[840,1030,1035,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFBABFBFF5EC2FBB7" author="GAVISH, L." box="[1045,1184,1035,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Fir seeds (species not noted) are taken in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFC64FBDF5E44FBD7" box="[986,1062,1067,1090]" name="Turkey" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFB85FBDF5EAFFBD7" author="OSBORN, D. J." box="[1083,1229,1067,1090]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
), Persian walnuts (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFA13FBDF591DFBF7" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Julans" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFA13FBDF591DFBF7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Julans regia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), chestnuts (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFBA2FBBF5EE1FBF7" box="[1052,1155,1099,1122]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFBA2FBBF5EE1FBF7" box="[1052,1155,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), hazelnuts (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFA9EFBBF5F81FBF7" box="[1312,1507,1099,1122]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="avellana">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFA9EFBBF5F81FBF7" box="[1312,1507,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Corylus avellana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), beechnuts (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFC72FB9F5E6FFB17" box="[972,1037,1131,1154]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC72FB9F5E6FFB17" box="[972,1037,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Fagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and apricot seeds (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFAB2FB9F5F32FB17" box="[1292,1360,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Pruna</emphasis>
) are eaten in Caucasia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFC03FB7F5EDCFB37" author="VINOGRADOV, B. S. &amp; G. A. NOVIKOV &amp; AND L. A. Portenko" box="[957,1214,1163,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref12249" refString="VINOGRADOV, B. S., G. A. NOVIKOV, AND L. A. Portenko (eds.). 1953. Atlas of economic birds and game animals of the U. S. S. R. Vol. 2. Academy of Sciences of the United Soviet Socialist Republic, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1953">Vinogradov et al. 1953</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFB6EFB7F5F35FB37" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1232,1367,1163,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Pine (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFA0BFB7F59E6FB57" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFA0BFB7F59E6FB57" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Pinus pinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFC2AFB5F5996FB57" box="[916,1012,1195,1218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brutia">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC2AFB5F5996FB57" box="[916,1012,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">P. brutia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and cedar (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFB3DFB5F5F7DFB57" box="[1155,1311,1195,1218]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cedrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lebani">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFB3DFB5F5F7DFB57" box="[1155,1311,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Cedrus lebani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) seeds are favorite foods in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFC11FB3F5E6CFB77" box="[943,1038,1227,1250]" name="Lebanon" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFB9DFB3F5E8BFB77" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" box="[1059,1257,1227,1250]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
; Abi-Said et al. 2014). Nine larders contained 7–62 nuts about 50% of which were chestnuts, 35% walnuts, and 15% hazelnuts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFA8DFAFF5F89FAB7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1331,1515,1291,1314]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFCF6FADF5E40FAD7" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[840,1058,1323,1346]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
). Buds and other vegetation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFACFFADF591CFAF7" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
), a variety of berries including 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFB75FABF5F08FAF7" box="[1227,1386,1355,1378]" class="Liliopsida" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsa">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFB75FABF5F08FAF7" box="[1227,1386,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Smilax excelsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFAC6FABF591CFA17" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFC2AFA9F5E7DFA17" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[916,1055,1387,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
), Cornelian cherries (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFA9AFA9F5F80FA17" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1316,1506,1387,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
), the seeds and pulp of commercial fruits such as apples, pears, peaches, grapes, and plums (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFB31FA5F5F28FA57" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1167,1354,1451,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
), cereal grains (
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCEFFA3F5E74FA77" box="[849,1046,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Aegilops peregina</emphasis>
), and mushrooms (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFB52FA3F5FB5FA77" box="[1260,1495,1483,1506]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Polyporus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="sulphureus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFB52FA3F5FB5FA77" box="[1260,1495,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Polyporus sulphureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFCF6FA1F5E61F997" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[840,1027,1515,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFBA8FA1F5E97F997" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[1046,1269,1515,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFAB6FA1F5FF7F997" author="GAVISH, L." box="[1288,1429,1515,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
) can be significant components of the diets of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFAB7F9FF5FF6F9B7" box="[1289,1428,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFAB7F9FF5F74F9B7" box="[1289,1302,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFA94F9FF5FF6F9B7" box="[1322,1428,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Insects (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFCEFF9DF5E69F9D7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[849,1035,1579,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
) and bird eggs and nestlings (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFADAF9DF5F89F9D7" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1380,1515,1579,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFCF6F9BF59BAF9F7" author="ETEMAD, E." box="[840,984,1611,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refId="ref9260" refString="ETEMAD, E. 1978. The mammals of Iran, volume I, rodents and the key to their classification. National Society the Protection of Natural Resources &amp; Human Environment, Association Press, Tehran, Iran." type="book" year="1978">Etemad 1978</bibRefCitation>
) also are eaten.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F24FFD9FCCDF99F5BF9FCD7" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,1922]" lastBlockId="6.[109,792,203,1762]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCCDF99F5F50F917" box="[883,1330,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCCDF99F5EE6F916" bold="true" box="[883,1156,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Diseases and parasites.</emphasis>
—Leptospirosis
</emphasis>
antibodies were reported for 6 of 57 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFBABF97F5EB7F937" box="[1045,1237,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFBABF97F5EB7F937" box="[1045,1237,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Caucasia; antibodies for the following serological groups were identified: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFADFF95F5F8EF957" box="[1377,1516,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrogenes">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFADFF95F5F8EF957" box="[1377,1516,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">L. pyrogenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFCF6F93F5982F977" box="[840,992,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCF6F93F5982F977" box="[840,992,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">L. autumnalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFC51F93F5E0FF977" box="[1007,1133,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC51F93F5E0FF977" box="[1007,1133,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">L. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFB12F93F59EBF897" authority="(Kakabadze et al. 1978)" baseAuthorityName="Kakabadze" baseAuthorityYear="1978" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataviae">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFB12F93F5F4BF977" box="[1196,1321,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">L. bataviae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFA85F93F591CF897" author="KAKABADZE, M. G. &amp; G. P. ENUKIDZE &amp; K. G. NIKOLAISHVILI &amp; I. Z. SOLOSHENKO" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="485 - 487" refId="ref10315" refString="KAKABADZE, M. G., G. P. ENUKIDZE, K. G. NIKOLAISHVILI, AND I. Z. SOLOSHENKO. 1978. Data towards the study of squirrel infestation with leptospirosis in Georgia and Azerbaidzhan. Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 90: 485 - 487." type="journal article" year="1978">Kakabadze et al. 1978</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFC29F91F5E1DF897" authorityName="Nicolle" authorityYear="1908" box="[919,1151,1771,1794]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Leishmania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="infantum">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC29F91F5E1DF897" box="[919,1151,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Leishmania infantum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not detected in 3 individuals examined in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F24FFDAFC68F8FF5E60F8B7" box="[982,1026,1803,1826]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFBADF8FF5EB1F8B7" author="FALLAH, E." box="[1043,1235,1803,1826]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref9300" refString="FALLAH, E., ET AL. 2006. Study on the prevalence of visceral Leishmaniasis in rodent's of Azarshahr district (new focus), northwest of Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 61: 27 - 33." type="journal article" year="2006">Fallah et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Endoparasites identified include 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFC1FF8DF5F25F8D7" authority="(Enukidze 1960)" baseAuthorityName="Enukidze" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[929,1351,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Cateaotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFC1FF8DF5EE4F8D7" box="[929,1158,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Cateaotaenia pusilla</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFB29F8DF5F5EF8D7" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[1175,1340,1835,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFAEBF8DF5F89F8D7" baseAuthorityName="Zeder" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[1365,1515,1835,1858]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="martis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFAEBF8DF5F89F8D7" box="[1365,1515,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Taenia martis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFCF6F8BF5F8FF8F7" authority="(Enukidze and Nikolaishvili 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Enukidze and Nikolaishvili" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[840,1517,1867,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Echinococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCF6F8BF5E03F8F7" box="[840,1121,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Echinococcus granulosus</emphasis>
(Enukidze and Nikolaishvili 1980)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFCF6F89F5E85F817" authority="(Couch et al. 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Couch" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[840,1255,1899,1922]" class="Aves" family="Columbidae" genus="Eimeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Columbiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serbica">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFCF6F89F5999F817" box="[840,1019,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Eimeria serbica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F24FFDAFBAEF89F5EBFF817" author="COUCH, L. &amp; A. ARSLAN &amp; D. W. DUSZYNSKI" box="[1040,1245,1899,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" pagination="1399 - 1400" refId="ref8630" refString="COUCH, L., A. ARSLAN, AND D. W. DUSZYNSKI. 2005. Redescription and new host record of Eimeria serbica from the Caucasian tree squirrel, Sciurus anomalus, from Turkey. Journal of Parasitology 91: 1399 - 1400." type="journal article" year="2005">Couch et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFDAFB47F89F5F3FF817" authorityName="Seurat" authorityYear="1916" box="[1273,1373,1899,1922]" class="Secernentea" family="Oxyuridae" genus="Syphacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ascaridida" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFB47F89F5F3FF817" box="[1273,1373,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Syphacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F24FFD9FA1FF89F5B48FF77" authority="(Enukidze 1960)" baseAuthorityName="Enukidze" baseAuthorityYear="1960" class="Chromadorea" family="Ascarididae" genus="Ascaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="54" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F24FFDAFA1FF89F5F91F817" box="[1441,1523,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Ascaris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FFC8FF3F5B7CFF77" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[118,286,203,226]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The ectoparasites, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FDB0FF3F58CFFF77" box="[526,685,203,226]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FDB0FF3F58CFFF77" box="[526,685,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Acari— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FFD3FF1F5B73FE97" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[109,273,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
; Anderson and Magnarelli 1993), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FD39FF1F5ADDFEB7" authority="(Acari)" baseAuthorityName="Acari" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="redikorzovi">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD39FF1F597AFE97" box="[647,792,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">I. redikorzovi</emphasis>
(Acari)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FF73FEFF5B82FEB7" baseAuthorityName="Schrank" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[205,480,267,290]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Ceratophyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sciurorum">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF73FEFF5B82FEB7" box="[205,480,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Ceratophyllus sciurorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Siphonaptera—Stroganova 1958; Albayrak and Arslan 2006), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FE61FEDF583DFED7" box="[479,607,299,322]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Ceratophyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cusimilis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE61FEDF583DFED7" box="[479,607,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">C. cusimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Siphonaptera— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FFD3FEBF5B72FEF7" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[109,272,331,354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FE98FEBF5B53FE17" authority="(Anoplura-Durden and Musser 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Anoplura-Durden and Musser" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Enderleinellidae" genus="Enderleinellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phthiraptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="krochinae">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE98FEBF5854FEF7" box="[294,566,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Enderleinellus krochinae</emphasis>
(Anoplura—Durden and Musser 1994)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FE83FE9F5B22FE37" authority="(Anoplura-Durden and Musser 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Anoplura-Durden and Musser" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Enderleinellidae" genus="Enderleinellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phthiraptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitzschi">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE83FE9F5854FE17" box="[317,566,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Enderleinellus nitzschi</emphasis>
(Anoplura—Durden and Musser 1994)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FEEDFE7F58E2FE37" authorityName="Ferris" authorityYear="1923" box="[339,640,395,418]" class="Insecta" family="Polyplacidae" genus="Neohaematopinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phthiraptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syriacus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FEEDFE7F58E2FE37" box="[339,640,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Neohaematopinus syriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Anoplura— Durden and Musser 1994) are known to infest 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FD36FE5F5973FE57" box="[648,785,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD36FE5F58F7FE57" box="[648,661,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD19FE5F5973FE57" box="[679,785,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A rich fungal community exists in the pelage. Dermatophytes most frequently isolated from skin lesions were 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FD3BFE1F5AC4FDB7" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Arthrodermataceae" genus="Microsporum" kingdom="Fungi" order="Onygenales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="canis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD3BFE1F5AC4FDB7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Microsporum canis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.3%), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FEB2FDFF5BF0FDB7" box="[268,402,523,546]" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Arthrodermataceae" genus="Microsporum" kingdom="Fungi" order="Onygenales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="gypseum">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FEB2FDFF5BF0FDB7" box="[268,402,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. gypseum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.3–9.5%), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FD98FDFF58DFFDB7" authorityName="Guiart &amp; Grigoraki" authorityYear="1928" baseAuthorityName="Sabour." box="[550,701,523,546]" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Arthrodermataceae" genus="Microsporum" kingdom="Fungi" order="Onygenales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="persicolor">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD98FDFF58DFFDB7" box="[550,701,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. persicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.3%), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FF1FFDDF5B88FDD7" box="[161,490,555,578]" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Arthrodermataceae" genus="Trichophyton" kingdom="Fungi" order="Onygenales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mentagrophytes">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF1FFDDF5B88FDD7" box="[161,490,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.3–14.3%). All samples from skin lesions and pelage showed the growth of saprophytes to include 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FF55FD9F5B51FD17" box="[235,307,619,642]" class="Mucoromycetes" family="Mucoraceae" genus="Mucor" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Mucorales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Zygomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF55FD9F5B51FD17" box="[235,307,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Mucor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(38.3%), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FE14FD9F5847FD17" box="[426,549,619,642]" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Trichocomaceae" genus="Penicillium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Eurotiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE14FD9F5847FD17" box="[426,549,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Penicillium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(28.3%), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FD23FD9F597AFD17" box="[669,792,619,642]" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Trichocomaceae" genus="Aspergillus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Eurotiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD23FD9F597AFD17" box="[669,792,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Aspergillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(26.7%), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FF6CFD7F5B26FD37" box="[210,324,651,674]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Alternaria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF6CFD7F5B26FD37" box="[210,324,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Alternaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(23.3%), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FE66FD7F5820FD37" box="[472,578,651,674]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Nectriaceae" genus="Fusarium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE66FD7F5820FD37" box="[472,578,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Fusarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(20%). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FD29FD7F5973FD37" authorityName="Baillon" authorityYear="1889" box="[663,785,651,674]" class="Malasseziomycetes" family="Malasseziaceae" genus="Malassezia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Malasseziales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD29FD7F5973FD37" box="[663,785,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Malassezia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FFD3FD5F5A94FD57" authorityName="F.C. Harrison" authorityYear="1927" box="[109,246,683,706]" class="Microbotryomycetes" family="Chrysozymaceae" genus="Rhodotorula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Sporidiobolales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FFD3FD5F5A94FD57" box="[109,246,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Rhodotorula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FE82FD5F5BFBFD57" box="[316,409,683,706]" class="Saccharomycetes" family="Debaryomycetaceae" genus="Candida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Saccharomycetales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE82FD5F5BFBFD57" box="[316,409,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Candida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were the most important yeasts isolated (Khosravi and Mahmoudi 2003; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FDC1FD3F5AC1FC97" author="ROSTAMI, A. &amp; D. SHIRANI &amp; H. SHOKRI &amp; A. R. KHOSRAVI &amp; R. DAIEGHAZVINI &amp; Z. TOOTIAN" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="21 - 25" refId="ref11326" refString="ROSTAMI, A., D. SHIRANI, H. SHOKRI, A. R. KHOSRAVI, R. DAIEGHAZVINI, AND Z. TOOTIAN. 2010. Fungal flora of the hair coat of Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) with and without skin lesion in Tehran, Iran. Journal de Mycologie Medicale 20: 21 - 25." type="journal article" year="2010">Rostami et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Alopecia in a yearling female from 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FDF7FD1F5817FC97" box="[585,629,747,770]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Iran</collectingCountry>
was attributed to infection by the dermatophyte 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FE55FCFF5BF4FCD7" authority="(Hosseininejad et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Hosseininejad" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Arthrodermataceae" genus="Epidermophyton" kingdom="Fungi" order="Onygenales" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="floccosum">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE55FCFF597AFCB7" box="[491,792,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Epidermophyton floccosum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FFC8FCDF5BE8FCD7" author="HOSSEININEJAD, M. &amp; A. EBRAHIMI &amp; F. HOSSEINI" box="[118,394,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="215 - 216" refId="ref10174" refString="HOSSEININEJAD, M., A. EBRAHIMI, AND F. HOSSEINI. 2010. Isolation of Epidermophyton floccosum from a Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). Comparative Clinical Pathology 19: 215 - 216." type="journal article" year="2010">Hosseininejad et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FF26FCBF5B30FAF7" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
Pelts are harvested in significant numbers in Caucasia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FFC8FC9F5A9EFC17" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[118,252,875,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FEB3FC9F5BBEFC17" author="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K." box="[269,476,875,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref12074" refString="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1967">Vereshchagin 1967</bibRefCitation>
) and are used for fur clothing and ornamentation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FEC5FC7F5B8DFC37" author="DAHL, S. K." box="[379,495,907,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref8677" refString="DAHL, S. K. 1954. Animal world of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Vol. 1: vertebrates. Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Yerevan, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1954">Dahl 1954</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FDC5FC7F5AD7FC57" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. (1965)</bibRefCitation>
considered the number of pelts to be commercially insignificant relative to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FED4FC3F5BBEFC77" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[362,476,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FED4FC3F5BBEFC77" box="[362,476,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, likely because the quality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FFD3FC1F5A8DFB97" box="[109,239,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FFD3FC1F5A18FB97" box="[109,122,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF39FC1F5A8DFB97" box="[135,239,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pelts is considerably less than that of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FD18FC1F5975FB97" baseAuthorityName="Stroganova" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[678,791,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD18FC1F5975FB97" box="[678,791,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Vinogradov and Gromov 1952; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FE57FBFF58F3FBB7" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[489,657,1035,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FD19FBFF5ABCFBD7" author="BOBRINSKII, N. A. &amp; B. A. KUZNETSOV &amp; A. P. KUZYAKIN" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref8454" refString="BOBRINSKII, N. A., B. A. KUZNETSOV, AND A. P. KUZYAKIN. 1965. Key of the mammals of the USSR. 2 nd ed. Sovietskaya Nauka, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Bobrinskii et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
). Recent harvest rates are not available. Carcasses of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FFD3FBBF5A8DFBF7" box="[109,239,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FFD3FBBF5A18FBF7" box="[109,122,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF39FBBF5A8DFBF7" box="[135,239,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are used to feed other domestic animals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FD1EFBBF5AC0FB17" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FF07FB9F5B59FB17" box="[185,315,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF07FB9F5AA4FB17" box="[185,198,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF6DFB9F5B59FB17" box="[211,315,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is consumed by humans in northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FD53FB9F597AFB17" box="[749,792,1131,1154]" name="Iraq" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Iraq</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FFC8FB7F5B72FB37" author="HARRISON, D. L." box="[118,272,1163,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref9725" refString="HARRISON, D. L. 1972. The mammals of Arabia 3, Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Ernest Benn Limited, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1972">Harrison 1972</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FEF1FB7F5BF4FB37" box="[335,406,1163,1186]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Jordan</collectingCountry>
(Mendelsshon and Yom-Tov 1999). Young squirrels are sold as pets in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FE52FB5F5855FB57" box="[492,567,1195,1218]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FDF7FB5F58B7FB57" author="OSBORN, D. J." box="[585,725,1195,1218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FD53FB5F597AFB57" box="[749,792,1195,1218]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FFC8FB3F5B2FFB77" author="ROSTAMI, A. &amp; D. SHIRANI &amp; H. SHOKRI &amp; A. R. KHOSRAVI &amp; R. DAIEGHAZVINI &amp; Z. TOOTIAN" box="[118,333,1227,1250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="21 - 25" refId="ref11326" refString="ROSTAMI, A., D. SHIRANI, H. SHOKRI, A. R. KHOSRAVI, R. DAIEGHAZVINI, AND Z. TOOTIAN. 2010. Fungal flora of the hair coat of Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) with and without skin lesion in Tehran, Iran. Journal de Mycologie Medicale 20: 21 - 25." type="journal article" year="2010">Rostami et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FE28FB3F5BBFFB77" box="[406,477,1227,1250]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Jordan</collectingCountry>
(Mendelsshon and Yom-Tov 1999). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FF04FB1F5B5CFA97" box="[186,318,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF04FB1F5B5CFA97" box="[186,318,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is often fed in the wild to increase viewing opportunities in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FEA4FAFF5B07FAB7" box="[282,357,1291,1314]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FECBFAFF5861FAB7" author="MASSETI, M." box="[373,515,1291,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10761" refString="MASSETI, M. 2012. Atlas of the terrestrial mammals of the Ionian and Aegean islands. De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany." type="book" year="2012">Masseti 2012</bibRefCitation>
). It is considered a pest in some regions of Caucasia where it invades nut and fruit orchards (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FFC8FABF5B20FAF7" author="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K." box="[118,322,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref12074" refString="VERESHCHAGIN, N. K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1967">Vereshchagin 1967</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FF26FA9F5817F977" blockId="6.[109,792,203,1762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF26FA9F5B22FA16" bold="true" box="[152,320,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Miscellaneous.</emphasis>
—Surveys for discarded pine cones that have had seeds removed can provide information on occupancy by 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FF2CFA5F5847FA57" authority="(Amr et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Amr" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[146,549,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FF2CFA5F5B34FA57" box="[146,342,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FED7FA5F5878FA57" author="AMR, Z. S. &amp; E. EID &amp; M. A. QARQAZ &amp; M. ABU BAKER" box="[361,538,1451,1474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref8143" refString="AMR, Z. S., E. EID, M. A. QARQAZ, AND M. ABU BAKER. 2006. The status and distribution of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 55: 199 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">Amr et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FD8DFA5F58D9FA57" box="[563,699,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FD8DFA5F58D9FA57" box="[563,699,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the least common of 9 mammals trapped in the Zagros Mountains of 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FF30FA1F5AD8F997" box="[142,186,1515,1538]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Iran</collectingCountry>
(1.2% of 198 individuals—Shayan et al. 2008); however, the species can be livetrapped successfully (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FD3EF9FF596AF9B7" author="GAVISH, L." box="[640,776,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Camera traps were used to detect 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FE63F9DF5801F9D7" box="[477,611,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE63F9DF5B88F9D7" box="[477,490,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FE47F9DF5801F9D7" box="[505,611,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FDCDF9DF5AC1F9F7" author="SOYUMERT, A. &amp; TAVSANOGLU, O. &amp; MACAR, B. Y. &amp; KAYNAS, AND &amp; B. GuRKAN" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="97 - 102" refId="ref11557" refString="SOYUMERT, A., Ҫ. TAVSANOGLU, O. MACAR, B. Y. KAYNAS, AND B. GuRKAN. 2010. Presence of large and medium-sized mammals in a burned pine forest in southwestern Turkey. Hystrix 21: 97 - 102." type="journal article" year="2010">Soyumert et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; Abi-Said et al. 2014; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FE2AF9BE5875F9F7" author="ILEMIN, Y." box="[404,535,1610,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref10273" refString="ILEMIN, Y. 2014. A camera trapping survey reveals a melanistic grey wolf (Canis lupus) in an unusual habitat in Turkey (Mammalia: Carnivora). Zoology in the Middle East 60: 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="2014">İlemin 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Individuals have been maintained in captivity for&gt; 2 weeks and can be sedated using a xylazine/diazepam intramuscular cocktail (xylazine 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F27FFD9FD05F97F5892F937" box="[699,752,1675,1698]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" unit="mg" value="5.0">5 mg</quantity>
/kg, diazepam 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F27FFD9FF62F95F5B7EF957" box="[220,284,1707,1730]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" unit="mg" value="30.0">30 mg</quantity>
/kg—Veshkini et al. 2011). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FDF5F95F58B2F957" box="[587,720,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FDF5F95F58B2F957" box="[587,720,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is displayed in Iran’s 
<collectingRegion id="49FB82913F27FFD9FEA0F93F5B0BF977" box="[286,361,1739,1762]" country="Iran" name="Tehran" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Tehran</collectingRegion>
Zoo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FE12F93F5807F977" author="ASADI, F. &amp; A. ROSTAMI &amp; P. ASADIAN &amp; M. POURKABIR" box="[428,613,1739,1762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="188 - 191" refId="ref8270" refString="ASADI, F., A. ROSTAMI, P. ASADIAN, AND M. POURKABIR. 2008. Serum biochemistry and hematology values and hemoglobin electrophoresis in Persian squirrels (Sciurus anomalus). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 36: 188 - 191." type="journal article" year="2008">Asadi et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="E2B055983F27FFD8FECBF8DD5E04FD17" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FECBF8DD5872F8D6" blockId="6.[373,528,1833,1859]" box="[373,528,1833,1859]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<heading id="D0C8FB1F3F27FFD9FECBF8DD5872F8D6" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[373,528,1833,1859]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FECBF8DD5872F8D6" bold="true" box="[373,528,1833,1859]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FF26F899597AF811" blockId="6.[109,792,1901,1956]" box="[152,792,1901,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
Although 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FEBDF8995BA0F811" box="[259,450,1901,1924]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FEBDF8995BA0F811" box="[259,450,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most often solitary, groups of
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FFD3F87959B2FE57" blockId="6.[109,792,1901,1956]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
≤ 9 individuals can feed in seed-laden trees (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FDE5F879596AF831" author="AMR, Z. S. &amp; E. EID &amp; M. A. QARQAZ &amp; M. ABU BAKER" box="[603,776,1933,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref8143" refString="AMR, Z. S., E. EID, M. A. QARQAZ, AND M. ABU BAKER. 2006. The status and distribution of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 55: 199 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">Amr et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The vocalization is a high-pitched, metallic sounding “chit-chitchit” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FC30FF1F5E71FE97" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[910,1043,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
) and is used in response to the presence of a potential predator (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FB8FFEFF5F68FEB7" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[1073,1290,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
). The call resembles that of the green woodpecker (
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FB30FEDF5F76FED7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1166,1300,299,322]" class="Aves" family="Picidae" genus="Picus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Piciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FB30FEDF5F76FED7" box="[1166,1300,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Picus viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FA91FEDF5F81FED7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1327,1507,299,322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Calling is rare in spring but during other seasons can serve as an index to squirrel abundance (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FB15FE9F5F00FE17" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1195,1378,363,386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Individuals mark their home ranges with urine and feces (Hecht-Markou 1994, 1999).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FCCDFE3F598FFC97" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FCCDFE3F5E59FE77" box="[883,1083,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FCCDFE3F5E59FE77" box="[883,1083,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is diurnal (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FB7AFE3F5F2CFE77" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1220,1358,459,482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
; Harrison and Bates 1991) and active year-round with a morning activity period from sunrise to 1100 h (Abi-Said et al. 2014), and often a midday lull, and evening activity lasting until about 1800 h in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FCDBFDBF59C0FDF7" box="[869,930,587,610]" name="Israel" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Israel</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FC0AFDBF5E22FDF7" author="GAVISH, L." box="[948,1088,587,610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FB3EFDBF5EABFDF7" box="[1152,1225,587,610]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Jordan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FB64FDBF5FEBFDF7" author="AMR, Z. S. &amp; E. EID &amp; M. A. QARQAZ &amp; M. ABU BAKER" box="[1242,1417,587,610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref8143" refString="AMR, Z. S., E. EID, M. A. QARQAZ, AND M. ABU BAKER. 2006. The status and distribution of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 55: 199 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">Amr et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
), extending to 1900 h in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F27FFD9FBB7FD9F5E34FD17" box="[1033,1110,619,642]" name="Greece" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Greece</collectingCountry>
(Hecht-Markou 1994). During winter, activity peaks during midday (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FB68FD7F5FE2FD37" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[1238,1408,651,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Activity is reduced in cloudy and rainy weather (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FA9AFD5F5F81FD57" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1316,1507,683,706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Juveniles may remain inactive during cold periods (Hecht- 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FCF6FD1F59BFFC97" author="MARKOU, P." box="[840,989,747,770]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="429 - 443" refId="ref9866" refString="HECHT- MARKOU, P. 1994. Besehreibung, geographische verbreitung, biotope und ortswechsel des Sciurus anomalus Gueldenstadt, 1785 auf der Insel Lesbos (Griechentand). Annales Musei Goulandris 9: 429 - 443." type="journal article" year="1994">Markou 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FCCDFCFF5E5EFB77" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FCCDFCFF5E50FCB7" box="[883,1074,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FCCDFCFF5E50FCB7" box="[883,1074,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forages on the ground as well as in trees. Many nuts are harvested from trees and eaten prior to falling (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FCEFFCBF5E6BFCF7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[849,1033,843,866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FB9AFCBF5EC9FCF7" box="[1060,1195,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FB9AFCBF5E53FCF7" box="[1060,1073,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FBFDFCBF5EC9FCF7" box="[1091,1195,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to larderhoard seeds within cavities or clefts in trees (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FB6CFC9F5F21FC17" author="HATT, R. T." box="[1234,1347,875,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref9839" refString="HATT, R. T. 1959. The mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 106: 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1959">Hatt 1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FAE7FC9F5F81FC17" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1369,1507,875,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
), in middens (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FC67FC7F5E08FC37" author="OSBORN, D. J." box="[985,1130,907,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="573 - 592" refId="ref11022" refString="OSBORN, D. J. 1964. The hare, porcupine, beaver, squirrels, jerboas, and dormice of Turkey. Mammalia 28: 573 - 592." type="journal article" year="1964">Osborn 1964</bibRefCitation>
), or in abandoned stone buildings (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FCEFFC5F5E6AFC57" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[849,1032,939,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). One larder was located&gt; 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F27FFD9FAFAFC5F5FE9FC57" box="[1348,1419,939,962]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
from the nearest nut tree (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FC43FC3F5ED3FC77" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[1021,1201,971,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Larders may contain 
<quantity id="4CC7E1963F27FFD9FA13FC3F5F91FC77" box="[1453,1523,971,994]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" unit="kg" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 kg</quantity>
of seeds (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FC0BFC1F5E3AFB97" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[949,1112,1003,1026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Conversely, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FB47FC1F5F1DFB97" box="[1273,1407,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FB47FC1F5F64FB97" box="[1273,1286,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FAA9FC1F5F1DFB97" box="[1303,1407,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Lesbos caches food in the leaf litter and loose soil. The cached food is pressed into the ground with 5–10 repeating movements of the head and the food is covered with earth or leaves using the forelegs and paws (Hecht-Markou 1994). Nuts are held in the paws and the lower incisors are used to gnaw and enlarge a hole in the shell; the nut meat is retrieved by the lower incisors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FAC4FB5F591FFB77" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FC35FB3F5E4EFB77" author="ENUKIDZE, G. P." box="[907,1068,1227,1250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9145" refString="ENUKIDZE, G. P. 1960. On the biology of the Transcaucasian squirrel. Soobshcheniia Akademii Nauk Gruzii 17: 101 - 123." type="journal article" year="1960">Enukidze 1960</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FCCDFB1F5F0BFA17" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FCCDFB1F5E52FA97" box="[883,1072,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FCCDFB1F5E52FA97" box="[883,1072,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a highly terrestrial relative to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FA3CFB1F5E48FAB7" authority="(Kolosov et al. 1965)" baseAuthorityName="Kolosov" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FA3CFB1F5F90FA97" box="[1410,1522,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S. vulgaris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FCEFFAFF5E42FAB7" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[849,1056,1291,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
but does spend time in trees (Harrison and Bates 1991; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FC73FADF5E31FAD7" author="GAVISH, L." box="[973,1107,1323,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
), although leaps between trees are rare (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FCEFFABF5E65FAF7" author="STROGANOVA, A. S." box="[849,1031,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="304 - 320" refId="ref11605" refString="STROGANOVA, A. S. 1958. On the ecology of the Caucasus squirrel Sciurus (Tenes) anomalus Guld. 1792. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 25: 304 - 320." type="journal article" year="1958">Stroganova 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FBA9FABF5E8EFAF7" author="KOLOSOV, A. M. &amp; N. P. LAVROV &amp; S. P. NAUMOV" box="[1047,1260,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10540" refString="KOLOSOV, A. M., N. P. LAVROV, AND S. P. NAUMOV. 1965. Biology of the game animals of the USSR. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, United Soviet Socialist Republic." type="book" year="1965">Kolosov et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
). Although an excellent swimmer, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FC06FA9F5E58FA17" box="[952,1082,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FC06FA9F5E58FA17" box="[952,1082,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
avoids water (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FB68FA9F5F3AFA17" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1238,1368,1387,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refId="ref10990" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1966. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries, rodents, vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel." type="book" year="1966">Ognev 1966</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD9FCCDFA7F5981F8D7" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
Major postures (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FB9DFA7F5ECBFA37" author="GAVISH, L." box="[1059,1193,1419,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref9341" refString="GAVISH, L. 1993. Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Gavish 1993</bibRefCitation>
) include an attentive (vigilant) posture in which the individual sits or stands erect with forepaws against chest, sitting in the crotch of a tree with body against the trunk while eating with feet drawn forward for support, and crouching on a branch with head and tail rested upon limbs during rest or sunbathing. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FBFDF9DF5EA5F9D7" box="[1091,1223,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FBFDF9DF5EA5F9D7" box="[1091,1223,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
often forages in trees in an inverted position and can descend trees head first with extreme rotation of the crurotalar joint (
<figureCitation id="130450F63F27FFD9FB16F99F5E88F917" box="[1192,1258,1643,1666]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[109,144,1071,1092]" captionTargetBox="[131,771,200,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-819@7.[131,771,200,1058]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4.—An adult Sciurus anomalus demonstrating the extreme flexibility at the crurotalar joint. Used with permission of the photographer Süleyman Uçar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573408" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573408/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Another characteristic posture is crawling on its abdomen with legs spread (Hecht- 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F27FFD9FCF6F95F59B9F957" author="MARKOU, P." box="[840,987,1707,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" pagination="429 - 443" refId="ref9866" refString="HECHT- MARKOU, P. 1994. Besehreibung, geographische verbreitung, biotope und ortswechsel des Sciurus anomalus Gueldenstadt, 1785 auf der Insel Lesbos (Griechentand). Annales Musei Goulandris 9: 429 - 443." type="journal article" year="1994">Markou 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Tail may be held above head with guard hairs erect and sometimes curved upward away from the posterior dorsum. The tail can be held folded on the back or stretched as far as the ears. The tail lies flat when resting and drags behind when running.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B804C733F27FFD8FCCDF8BF5E04FD17" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1523,203,642]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F27FFD9FCCDF8BF5E4DF8F7" box="[883,1071,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F27FFD9FCCDF8BF5E4DF8F7" box="[883,1071,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Sciurus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
runs to the nearest tree and escapes through the canopy when threatened. Autogrooming is accomplished with the mouth; 2 instances of face-wiping against branches forested areas in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F26FFD8FC43FF3F5E2AFF77" box="[1021,1096,203,226]" name="Turkey" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(Yiğit and Çolak 1998; De Marinis and Maseti 2009); however, habitat degradation and fragmentation are a concern (Albayrak and Arslan 2006) and the species is considered uncommon in the 
<collectingRegion id="49FB82913F26FFD8FBD4FEDF5F7AFED7" box="[1130,1304,299,322]" country="Turkey" name="Artvin" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Artvin Province</collectingRegion>
of northern 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F26FFD8FA16FEDF5F91FED7" box="[1448,1523,299,322]" name="Turkey" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F26FFD8FCEFFEBF5E4BFEF7" author="GOKTURK, T. &amp; F. BUCAK &amp; T. ARTVINLI" box="[849,1065,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" pagination="1418 - 1425" refId="ref9520" refString="GOKTURK, T., F. BUCAK, AND T. ARTVINLI. 2011. Mammalian fauna of Artvin. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6: 1418 - 1425." type="journal article" year="2011">Gokturk et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F26FFD8FBFDFEBF5EABFEF7" box="[1091,1225,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F26FFD8FBFDFEBF5EABFEF7" box="[1091,1225,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is locally common in protected areas in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F26FFD8FC58FE9F5E39FE17" box="[998,1115,363,386]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F26FFD8FBD5FE9F5E9EFE17" author="GULIYEV, S. M." box="[1131,1276,363,386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" pagination="49 - 53" refId="ref9600" refString="GULIYEV, S. M. 2014. Biodiversity and distribution of fauna of Mammalia in the Shahdagh National Park of Azerbaijan. Annals of Biological Research 5: 49 - 53." type="journal article" year="2014">Guliyev 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Population decline is noted in many peripheral areas of the species range, dangerously so in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F26FFD8FC3EFE5F59BFFE57" box="[896,989,427,450]" name="Lebanon" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F26FFD8FBB0FE5F5E2BFE57" box="[1038,1097,427,450]" name="Syria" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Syria</collectingCountry>
, where hunting pressure and habitat loss continue (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F26FFD8FC0DFE3F5E08FE77" author="LEWIS, R. E. &amp; J. H. LEWIS &amp; S. I. ATALLAH" box="[947,1130,459,482]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref10603" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Journal of Zoology 153: 45 - 70." type="journal article" year="1967">Lewis et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F26FFD8FBC8FE3F5F40FE77" author="YIGIT, N. &amp; B. KRYsTUFEK &amp; M. SOZEN &amp; A. BUKHNIKASHVILI &amp; G. SHENBROT" box="[1142,1314,459,483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" pagination="9130648" refId="ref12557" refString="YIGIT, N., B. KRYsTUFEK, M. SOZEN, A. BUKHNIKASHVILI, AND G. SHENBROT. 2008. Sciurus anomalus. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species. 2008 e. T 20000 A 9130648. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2008. RLTS. T 20000 A 9130648. en. Accessed 6 June 2016." type="book chapter" year="2008">Yiğit et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F26FFD8FA87FE3F591BFD97" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="anomalus" subSpecies="syriacus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F26FFD8FA87FE3F591BFD97" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">S. anomalus syriacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered endangered in 
<collectingCountry id="F3280CE33F26FFD8FB09FE1F5E9CFD97" box="[1207,1278,491,514]" name="Jordan" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Jordan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F26FFD8FAB1FE1F5F1FFD97" author="AMR, Z. S." box="[1295,1405,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" refId="ref8110" refString="AMR, Z. S. 2000. Mammals of Jordan. Jordan country study of biological diversity. United Nations Environment Program and Global Environment Fund Project, Amman, Jordan." type="book" year="2000">Amr 2000</bibRefCitation>
). It is also protected due to imperiled status on Lesbos (Karandinos and Legakis 1992). Climate change has the potential to negatively impact 98% of the habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F37F03F26FFD8FB3AFDBF5F65FDF7" box="[1156,1287,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B94B90613F26FFD8FB3AFDBF5F65FDF7" box="[1156,1287,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">S. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
through the 21st century (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE31823F26FFD8FC3DFD9F5E34FD17" author="HARRISON, P. A. &amp; P. M. BERRY &amp; N. BUTT &amp; M. NEW" box="[899,1110,619,642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" pagination="116 - 128" refId="ref9788" refString="HARRISON, P. A., P. M. BERRY, N. BUTT, AND M. NEW. 2006. Modelling climate change impacts on species' distributions at the European scale: implications for conservation policy. Environmental Science and Policy 9: 116 - 128." type="journal article" year="2006">Harrison et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>