377 lines
34 KiB
XML
377 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e4308" ID-PMC="PMC4493667" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-3-4308" ID-PubMed="26175608" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1314-2828-3-e4308" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 3" ModsDocTitle="Across the Baltic: a new record for an enigmatic black scavenger fly, Zuskamirainexpectata (Pont, 1987) (Sepsidae) in Finland" checkinTime="1451253109713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ang, Yuchen, Rohner, Patrick Thomas & Meier, Rudolf" docDate="2015" docId="7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 3: e4308" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 3" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e4308" docTitle="Zuskamira inexpectata Pont 1987" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="4308" masterDocId="FFF69403BF53FFFAFFB8FFFC7321A74E" masterDocTitle="Across the Baltic: a new record for an enigmatic black scavenger fly, Zuskamirainexpectata (Pont, 1987) (Sepsidae) in Finland" masterLastPageNumber="4308" masterPageNumber="4308" pageNumber="4308" updateTime="1668126666377" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Across the Baltic: a new record for an enigmatic black scavenger fly, Zuskamirainexpectata (Pont, 1987) (Sepsidae) in Finland</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ang, Yuchen</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rohner, Patrick Thomas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Meier, Rudolf</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>4308</mods:start>
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<mods:end>4308</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e4308</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e4308</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-3-4308</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6" lastPageNumber="4308" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://sepsidnet-rmbr.nus.edu.sg/Zuskamira_inexpectata.html" authority="Pont, 1987" authorityName="Pont" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Zuskamira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zuskamira inexpectata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Zuskamira inexpectata Pont, 1987</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Materials</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="22.vi.1986" collectingMethod="Sweep-netting" collectionCode="NHML (formerly BMNH), BMNH (E) 1239011" collectorName="Adrian Pont" country="Sweden" location="Klacka Leberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Holotype</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: recordedBy:
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Adrian Pont</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">1</specimenCount>
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; sex:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Males and Females</specimenType>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">adult</specimenType>
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; Taxon: scientificName: Zuskamirainexpectata; family: Sepsidae; genus: Zuskamira; specificEpithet: inexpectata; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Pont, 1987; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: SE; stateProvince:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Västmanland">Vaestmanland</normalizedToken>
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; county:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Örebro">Oerebro</normalizedToken>
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; municipality: Nora Municipality; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6:C8C969B6DD4F5A157643D4E2A525FB02" country="Sweden" name="Klacka Leberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Klacka Leberg</location>
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; verbatimLocality:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Västmanland">Vaestmanland</normalizedToken>
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, Klacka Leberg; georeferenceSources: label; Identification: identificationID: Zuskamirainexpectata; identifiedBy: Adrian Pont; dateIdentified: 1987; Event: samplingProtocol:
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<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweep-netting</collectingMethod>
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; eventDate:
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<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="22.vi.1986">22.vi.1986</collectingDate>
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; habitat: Horse-pasture; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: Natural History Museum (formerly British Museum of Natural History); institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">NHML (formerly BMNH)</collectionCode>
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; collectionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">BMNH(E) 1239011</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="5.vii.1986" collectingMethod="Sweep-netting" collectionCode="ZMUC" collectorName="Adrian Pont" country="Sweden" location="Saelen" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="Paratype">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Paratype</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: recordedBy:
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Adrian Pont</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">2</specimenCount>
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; sex:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Male</specimenType>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">adult</specimenType>
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; Taxon: scientificName: Zuskamirainexpectata; family: Sepsidae; genus: Zuskamira; specificEpithet: inexpectata; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Pont, 1987; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: SE; stateProvince: Dalarna; county: Dalarna; municipality:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Malung-Sälen">Malung-Saelen</normalizedToken>
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Municipality; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6:ABCD8128719CBCBE69E747563CBCC3E6" country="Sweden" name="Saelen" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sälen">Saelen</normalizedToken>
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</location>
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; verbatimLocality: Dalarna,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sälen">Saelen</normalizedToken>
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District, 3km west of Horrmund; georeferenceSources: label; Identification: identificationID: Zuskamirainexpectata; identifiedBy: Adrian Pont; dateIdentified: 1987; Event: samplingProtocol:
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<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweep-netting</collectingMethod>
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; eventDate:
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<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="5.vii.1986">5.vii.1986</collectingDate>
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; habitat: Horse-pasture; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: Zoological Museum University Copenhagen; institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">ZMUC</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="9.vii.1962" collectingMethod="Sweep-netting" collectionCode="NHML (formerly BMNH), BMNH" collectorName="Adrian Pont" country="Sweden" location="Tierp" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Paratype">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Paratype</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: recordedBy:
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Adrian Pont</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">1</specimenCount>
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; sex:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Male</specimenType>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">adult</specimenType>
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; Taxon: scientificName: Zuskamirainexpectata; family: Sepsidae; genus: Zuskamira; specificEpithet: inexpectata; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Pont, 1987; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: SE; stateProvince: Uppland; county: Uppsala; municipality: Tierp; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6:67B4EB14337A93A7D24A0C9B8F167D9C" country="Sweden" name="Tierp" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Tierp</location>
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; verbatimLocality: Uppland, near Tierp; georeferenceSources: label; Identification: identificationID: Zuskamirainexpectata; identifiedBy: Adrian Pont; dateIdentified: 1987; Event: samplingProtocol:
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<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweep-netting</collectingMethod>
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; eventDate:
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<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="9.vii.1962">9.vii.1962</collectingDate>
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; habitat: Horse-pasture; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History); institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">NHML (formerly BMNH)</collectionCode>
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; collectionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">BMNH</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="vi.1991" collectingMethod="Sweep-netting" collectionCode="LKCNHM (formerly RMBR)" collectorName="Rudolf Meier" country="Sweden" latitude="60.93741" location="Lima" longitude="13.36398" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: recordedBy:
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Rudolf Meier</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">1</specimenCount>
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; sex:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Male</specimenType>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">adult</specimenType>
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; Taxon: scientificName: Zuskamirainexpectata; family: Sepsidae; genus: Zuskamira; specificEpithet: inexpectata; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Pont, 1987; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: SE; stateProvince: Dalarna; county: Dalarna; municipality:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Malung-Sälen">Malung-Saelen</normalizedToken>
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Municipality; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6:039DC3B51462F92ED393C9C8DF3D6DC6" country="Sweden" latitude="60.93741" longitude="13.36398" name="Lima" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Lima</location>
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; verbatimLocality: Dalarna, Lima; decimalLatitude:
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<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="60.93741">60.93741</geoCoordinate>
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; decimalLongitude:
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<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="13.36398">13.36398</geoCoordinate>
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; georeferenceSources: GPS; Identification: identificationID: Zuskamirainexpectata; identifiedBy: Rudolf Meier; dateIdentified: 1991; Event: samplingProtocol:
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<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweep-netting</collectingMethod>
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; eventDate:
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<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="vi.1991">vi.1991</collectingDate>
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; habitat: Horse-pasture; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (LKCNHM, formerly Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research); institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">LKCNHM (formerly RMBR)</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="7.vii.2014" collectingMethod="Sweep-netting" collectionCode="LKCNHM (formerly RMBR)" collectorName="Yuchen Ang, Rudolf Meier, Patrick Rohner" country="Sweden" latitude="61.12278" location="Orsa" longitude="14.48222" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" specimenCount="20" specimenCount-male="20" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
|
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: recordedBy:
|
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Yuchen Ang, Rudolf Meier, Patrick Rohner</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">20</specimenCount>
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; sex:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Males(12) and Females(8)</specimenType>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">adult</specimenType>
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; Taxon: scientificName: Zuskamirainexpectata; family: Sepsidae; genus: Zuskamira; specificEpithet: inexpectata; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Pont, 1987; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: SE; stateProvince: Dalarna; county: Dalarna; municipality: Orsa; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6:2C1C662A48E0819E03431090CBA11248" country="Sweden" latitude="61.12278" longitude="14.48222" name="Orsa" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Orsa</location>
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||
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; verbatimLocality: Dalarna, Orsa; decimalLatitude:
|
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<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="61.12278">61.12278</geoCoordinate>
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; decimalLongitude:
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<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="14.48222">14.48222</geoCoordinate>
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; georeferenceSources: GPS; Identification: identificationID: Zuskamirainexpectata; identifiedBy: Yuchen Ang; dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol:
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<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweep-netting</collectingMethod>
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; eventDate:
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<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="7.vii.2014">7.vii.2014</collectingDate>
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; habitat: Horse-pasture; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (LKCNHM, formerly Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research); institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">LKCNHM (formerly RMBR)</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="20.viii.2011" collectingMethod="Sweep-netting" collectionCode="LKCNHM (formerly RMBR)" collectorName="Yuchen Ang" country="Finand" latitude="60.26333" location="Lohja" longitude="24.23444" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
|
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: recordedBy:
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Yuchen Ang</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
|
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">2</specimenCount>
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; sex:
|
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Male and Female</specimenType>
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||
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">adult</specimenType>
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; Taxon: scientificName: Zuskamirainexpectata; family: Sepsidae; genus: Zuskamira; specificEpithet: inexpectata; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Pont, 1987; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Finand</collectingCountry>
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; countryCode: FI; stateProvince: Uusimaa; county: Uusimaa; municipality: Lohja; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7CC5F65B0DD3C148332467AF3DBAFCE6:6F69974269E04BC626BA9D316AB52F3A" country="Finand" latitude="60.26333" longitude="24.23444" name="Lohja" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Lohja</location>
|
||
|
|
; verbatimLocality: Southern Finland, Uusimaa, sub-Helsinki, Lohja; decimalLatitude:
|
||
|
|
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="60.26333">60.26333</geoCoordinate>
|
||
|
|
; decimalLongitude:
|
||
|
|
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="24.23444">24.23444</geoCoordinate>
|
||
|
|
; georeferenceSources: GPS; Identification: identificationID: Zuskamirainexpectata; identifiedBy: Yuchen Ang; dateIdentified: 2011; Event: samplingProtocol:
|
||
|
|
<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweep-netting</collectingMethod>
|
||
|
|
; eventDate:
|
||
|
|
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" value="20.viii.2011">20.viii.2011</collectingDate>
|
||
|
|
; habitat: Horse-pasture; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (LKCNHM, formerly Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research); institutionCode:
|
||
|
|
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">LKCNHM (formerly RMBR)</collectionCode>
|
||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" type="distribution">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Sweden, Finland, Germany.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" type="ecology">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Ecology</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Saprophagous species, obligate breeder on horse dung.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" type="taxon discussion">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
|
||
|
|
An excellent description of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was provided by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="265 - 272" title="Two new genera of West Palaearctic Sepsidae (Diptera)" volume="18" year="1987">Pont (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
and further discussed in relation to other sepsid genera in
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" title="The Sepsidae (Diptera) of Europe." year="2002">Pont and Meier 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
. The specimens from Finland and Sweden fit the descriptions well, but we are here nevertheless providing a high-resolution image of the male lateral habitus (Fig. 3a) and ventral abdomen (Fig. 3b) based on specimens acquired from Finland in 2014 because such images can serendipitously capture morphological differences that may become important in future research
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ang, Yu Chen" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="9 - 27" title="Using seemingly unnecessary illustrations to improve the diagnostic usefulness of descriptions in taxonomy-a case study on Perochaetaorientalis (Diptera, Sepsidae)" volume="355" year="2013">Ang et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
. This image is also placed on the digital reference collection for the
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Sepsidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="family">Sepsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, Sepsidnet
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ang, Yu Chen" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="637 - 644" title="A plea for digital reference collections and other science-based digitization initiatives in taxonomy: Sepsidnet as exemplar" volume="38" year="2013">Ang et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Zuskamira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zuskamira inexpectata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Zuskamira inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
appears to have fairly specific habitat requirements while many other sepsid species are generalists, are found in many habitats, and can be bred on bovine dung (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" title="The Sepsidae (Diptera) of Europe." year="2002">Pont and Meier 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Exceptions include
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Orygma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orygma luctuosum" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosum">Orygma luctuosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
Meigen, 1830 which only breeds on beached kelp-wrack and some
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Themira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Themira" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Themira</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
species that only breed on waterfowl dung (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" title="The Sepsidae (Diptera) of Europe." year="2002">Pont and Meier 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
).
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Zuskamira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zuskamira inexpectata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Zuskamira inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
appears to be an obligate specialist for horse dung. This is shared with
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Ortalischema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ortalischema albitarse" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitarse">Ortalischema albitarse</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
Zetterstedt, 1847 while
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Susanomira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Susanomira caucasica" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasica">Susanomira caucasica</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
is now also known from cow dung (pers. comm., A. Pont). Another unusual life history feature of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
is that the puparia require a winter for diapause before the adult stage emerges (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" title="The Sepsidae (Diptera) of Europe." year="2002">Pont and Meier 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). The narrow choice of substrate and habitat may explain why
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
appears overall fairly rare and why only two specimens were caught in Finland in late August 2011. This is also reflected in the low numbers recorded by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Stuke, Jens-Hermann" journalOrPublisher="Drosea" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="135 - 166" title="Die Sciomyzoidea (Diptera: Acalyptratae) Niedersachsens und Bremens" volume="2005" year="2005">Stuke (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
in Germany.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
|
||
|
|
Initially,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
had a very limited known distribution, lying within Sweden in a narrow 59°N - 61°N latitudinal band from Klacka-Lerberg to
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sälen">Saelen</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
(
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="265 - 272" title="Two new genera of West Palaearctic Sepsidae (Diptera)" volume="18" year="1987">Pont 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). The findings by
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Stuke, Jens-Hermann" journalOrPublisher="Drosea" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="135 - 166" title="Die Sciomyzoidea (Diptera: Acalyptratae) Niedersachsens und Bremens" volume="2005" year="2005">Stuke (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
expanded the species limits ca. 900km south to 51°N (Nieste, Germany). Our findings further expand
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
's distribution latitudinally, across the Baltic Sea into Southern Finland (Fig. 1).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
|
||
|
|
It is possible that
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
is actually currently expanding its distribution, given that European
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Sepsidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="family">Sepsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
has been extensively sampled (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" title="The Sepsidae (Diptera) of Europe." year="2002">Pont and Meier 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
), and no
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
have been found outside of Sweden until 2005. Climate has often been an effective barrier for dispersal (e.g.,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="McGlynn, Terrence P." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="535 - 548" title="The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions" volume="26" year="1999">McGlynn 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ang, Yuchen" journalOrPublisher="ZooTaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="63 - 65" title="Morphology and DNA sequences confirm the first Neotropical record for the Holarctic sepsid species Themiraleachi (Meigen) (Diptera: Sepsidae)" volume="1933" year="2008">Ang et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kobelt, M." journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="273 - 280" title="Alien spider introductions to Europe supported by global trade" volume="14" year="2008">Kobelt and Nentwig 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, Richard M." journalOrPublisher="Agricultural and Forest Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="307 - 326" title="Recent non-native invertebrate plant pest establishments in Great Britain: origins, pathways, and trends" volume="9" year="2007">Smith et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
), but it is not the case here: the Finnish locality is within the latitudinal range of the Swedish distribution and has a similar climate, while the German localities do not have drastically different (and in fact, milder) climates than the localities in Sweden and Finland.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
|
||
|
|
As mentioned earlier,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
is dependent on horse dung for breeding - one may speculate that the species is being spread to new areas as a synanthrophic commensal alongside equestrian activities, given that humans commonly transport arthropods to new areas (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="McGlynn, Terrence P." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="535 - 548" title="The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions" volume="26" year="1999">McGlynn 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, Richard M." journalOrPublisher="Agricultural and Forest Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="307 - 326" title="Recent non-native invertebrate plant pest establishments in Great Britain: origins, pathways, and trends" volume="9" year="2007">Smith et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ang, Yuchen" journalOrPublisher="ZooTaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="63 - 65" title="Morphology and DNA sequences confirm the first Neotropical record for the Holarctic sepsid species Themiraleachi (Meigen) (Diptera: Sepsidae)" volume="1933" year="2008">Ang et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kobelt, M." journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="273 - 280" title="Alien spider introductions to Europe supported by global trade" volume="14" year="2008">Kobelt and Nentwig 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
). It is thus conceivable that
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
may eventually be found in other countries in Western Europe and Scandinavia.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" type="notes">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">Notes</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
|
||
|
|
Based on his original description,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="265 - 272" title="Two new genera of West Palaearctic Sepsidae (Diptera)" volume="18" year="1987">Pont (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
collected
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
from (S1) Klacka-Lerberg (
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Västmanland">Vaestmanland</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
, 22.vi.1986), (S2) in
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sälen">Saelen</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
district, "3km west of Horrmund" (Dalarna, 5.vii.1986) and (S3) near Tierp (Uppland, 9.vii.1962). RM collected additional specimens from (S4) Lima (Dalarna, vi.1999). Surprisingly,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Stuke, Jens-Hermann" journalOrPublisher="Drosea" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="135 - 166" title="Die Sciomyzoidea (Diptera: Acalyptratae) Niedersachsens und Bremens" volume="2005" year="2005">Stuke (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
also recorded additional specimens in the German states of Lower Saxony, from (G1) "Endschlagbach 1 km W Nieste", (G2) Holmer Fischteiche and (G3) Leer, Logaerfeld as well as (G4) "E Flensburg Rothenhaus, NF3375" in Schleswig-Holstein. In 2011, a field collection trip by Ang in Southern Finland yielded two specimens of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
from (F1) a horse farm in Lohja (Uusimaa, sub-Helsinki region. A subsequent field collection trip by Ang to the same locality on 28.vii.2014 yielded many additional specimens. The same trip also yielded
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
from (S5) Orsa County (Dalarna) in Sweden. These records currently constitute all the known collecting localities for
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(Fig. 1).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
|
||
|
|
Despite exploring numerous (including previously sampled) pastures, only one pasture in Sweden yielded small numbers of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
specimens during our 2014 collecting trip. The collected specimens were almost always seen on the horse dung itself or in the immediate surrounding vegetation. Sweep-netting of vegetation even a meter away from horse dung almost never yielded this species. The microhabitat was also specific: only fairly fresh piles of horse dung (i.e., still moist on the exterior) in moist -but not flooded- pastures with relatively short grassy vegetation or hay, and close-by to wooded or bushy areas (see Fig. 2) yielded specimens. Furthermore, specimens were collected only during sunny, warmer periods of the day. Overall, the species initially appeared fairly rare in Finland when only two specimens were collected while other sepsids, such as
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Themira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Themira annulipes" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulipes">Themira annulipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(Meigen 1826), were very common. However, during the trip in July 2014 the reverse was found as
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. inexpectata" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="inexpectata">Z. inexpectata</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was fairly common while
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. annulipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="species" species="annulipes">T. annulipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was rare.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="4308">
|
||
|
|
An updated checklist based on previous records (
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, Adrian Charles" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" title="The Sepsidae (Diptera) of Europe." year="2002">Pont and Meier 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ozerov, Andrey Leonidas" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskie Issledovania" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="1 - 79" title="World catalogue of the family Sepsidae (Insecta: Diptera)." volume="8" year="2005">Ozerov 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kahanpaeae, Jere" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" pagination="259 - 275" title="Checklist of the Diptera superfamilies Tephritoidea and Sciomyzoidea of Finland (Insecta)" volume="441" year="2014">
|
||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kahanpää">Kahanpaeae</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
and Winqvist 2014
|
||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
) indicates that Finland is home to 33 species of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Sepsidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="4308" rank="family">Sepsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
across 7 genera (see Table 1 for list of species).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
</treatment>
|
||
|
|
</document>
|