212 lines
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212 lines
22 KiB
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<mods:title id="2C72F7F92F0E6137900E2936DC583CC7">Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C1B88B2BAE3F0DBB18484404495A6276">Tan, Ji</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ACE4311B4FB78C1299F3ACC3F5980581">Chan, Zi Yang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="450F6BA044F5660986CCB9A5A6F80B6F">Ong, Ching Ang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9EE0B4B95F45F6307C5E7DB5DBBCB957">Yong, Hoi Sen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="59FF977E1ACE171B2F263EE73C28D53F">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BDA7046011E6BC5ED9147293507F0CA0">
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<mods:date id="4345885A88D3B3934B1141314D85CED0">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B3932A12F69D9BA5EAA45D2A2933207D">2019-02-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="81A17EAF68B52FCE4480DCF4C977B101">67</mods:number>
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<treatment id="9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A6DF50C104F352089FBE4A0242FFCD8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104F352089FBE4A023C2F918" box="[233,678,1757,1781]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="127B441A104F352089FBE4A023C2F918" blockId="15.[233,678,1757,1813]" box="[233,678,1757,1781]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="4933F376104F352089FBE4A023C2F918" bold="true" box="[233,678,1757,1781]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F352089FBE4A023C2F918" ID-CoL="3X278" authority="(Fabricius, 1793)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[233,678,1757,1781]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Macracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuata">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104F352089FBE4A023C2F918" bold="true" box="[233,678,1757,1781]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104F352089FBE4A020BEF918" bold="true" box="[233,474,1757,1781]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Macracantha arcuata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352088F8E4A023FAF918" author="Fabricius JC" box="[490,670,1757,1781]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="407 - 428" refId="ref10965" refString="Fabricius JC (1793) Entomologiae systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Hafniae, 2: 407 - 428." type="journal article" year="1793">Fabricius, 1793</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104F35208873E480234AF8F8" box="[353,558,1789,1813]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph id="127B441A104F35208873E480234AF8F8" blockId="15.[233,678,1757,1813]" box="[353,558,1789,1813]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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(
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<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104F3520887BE48020AEF8F8" box="[361,458,1789,1813]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[113,148,1294,1316]" captionTargetBox="[114,1451,190,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-420@6.[113,1451,189,1278]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General habitus. A, Actinacantha globulata (Walckenaer, 1841), sub-female; B, Gasteracantha diardi (Lucas, 1835), female; C, G. diardi yellow morph, female; D, G. diardi white morph, sub-female; E, G. kuhli, female; F, Gasteracantha hasselti C. L. Koch, 1837, female; G, Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793), female; H, Thelacantha brevispina (Doleschall, 1857), female; I, G. mengei Keyserling, 1864, female. Photos by Tan Ji." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343182/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Figs. 1G</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104F352088CAE480208BF8F8" box="[472,495,1789,1813]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,1379,1401]" captionTargetBox="[137,1474,612,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-46@13.[122,1488,592,1375]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 11. Epigynal structure of Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793). A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale = 100 µm. CO = Copulatory opening; FD = Fertilisation duct; S = Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343214" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343214/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">11</figureCitation>
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A−E)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104F3520899AE541201BF80C" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AE5412097F8BF" blockId="15.[136,775,1852,2018]" box="[136,499,1852,1874]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="32D46334104F3520899AE5412097F8BF" box="[136,499,1852,1874]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitation id="9365620B104F3520899AE5412097F8BF" author="Fabricius JC" box="[136,499,1852,1874]" page="425" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" year="1793">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F3520899AE5412097F8BF" authority="Fabricius, 1793: 425" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="425" authorityYear="1793" box="[136,499,1852,1874]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Aranea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuata">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE5412046F8BF" box="[136,290,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Aranea arcuata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F3520883BE5412097F8BF" author="Fabricius JC" box="[297,499,1852,1874]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="407 - 428" refId="ref10965" refString="Fabricius JC (1793) Entomologiae systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Hafniae, 2: 407 - 428." type="journal article" year="1793">Fabricius, 1793: 425</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AE5242335F883" blockId="15.[136,775,1852,2018]" box="[136,593,1881,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="32D46334104F3520899AE5242335F883" box="[136,593,1881,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitation id="9365620B104F3520899AE5242376F883" author="Dahl F" box="[136,530,1881,1903]" page="242" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" year="1914">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F3520899AE5242376F883" authority="Dahl, 1914: 242" authorityName="Dahl" authorityPageNumber="242" authorityYear="1914" box="[136,530,1881,1903]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuata">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE524200EF883" box="[136,362,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Gasteracantha arcuata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F35208863E5242376F883" author="Dahl F" box="[369,530,1881,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="235 - 301" refId="ref10831" refString="Dahl F (1914) Die Gasteracanthen des Berliner Zoologischen Museums und deren geographische Verbreitung. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 7: 235 - 301." type="journal article" year="1914">Dahl, 1914: 242</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 1
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AE50823F8F866" blockId="15.[136,775,1852,2018]" box="[136,668,1909,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="32D46334104F3520899AE50823F8F866" box="[136,668,1909,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitation id="9365620B104F3520899AE5082321F866" author="Koch CL" box="[136,581,1909,1931]" page="34" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" year="1837">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F3520899AE5082321F866" authority="C. L. Koch, 1837: 34" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1837" box="[136,581,1909,1931]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuata">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE508200EF866" box="[136,362,1909,1931]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Gasteracantha arcuata</emphasis>
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C. L.
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352088B9E5082321F866" author="Koch CL" box="[427,581,1909,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref11717" refString="Koch CL (1837) Die Arachniden. Dritter Band [6]. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg, pp. 105 - 119, pls. CVI-CVIII; Vierter Band, pp. 1 - 108." type="book chapter" year="1837">Koch, 1837: 34</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 270
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AE5EF23CFF84A" blockId="15.[136,775,1852,2018]" box="[136,683,1938,1960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="32D46334104F3520899AE5EF23CFF84A" box="[136,683,1938,1960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitation id="9365620B104F3520899AE5EF2357F84A" author="Yin CM & Wang JF & Zhu MS & Xie LP & Peng XJ & Bao YH" box="[136,563,1938,1960]" page="94" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" year="1997">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F3520899AE5EF2357F84A" authority="Yin et al., 1997: 94" authorityName="Yin" authorityPageNumber="94" authorityYear="1997" box="[136,563,1938,1960]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuata">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE5EF200EF845" box="[136,362,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Gasteracantha arcuata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F35208863E5EF2357F84A" author="Yin CM & Wang JF & Zhu MS & Xie LP & Peng XJ & Bao YH" box="[369,563,1938,1960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" refId="ref13264" refString="Yin CM, Wang JF, Zhu MS, Xie LP, Peng XJ & Bao YH (1997). Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae. Science Press, Beijing, xiii + 460 pp." type="book" year="1997">Yin et al., 1997: 94</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 23a−c
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AE5D2201BF80C" blockId="15.[136,775,1852,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="32D46334104F3520899AE5D2201BF80C" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitation id="9365620B104F3520899AE5D223AFF829" author="Song DX & Zhu MS & Chen J" box="[136,715,1967,1989]" page="281" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F3520899AE5D223AFF829" authority="Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 281" authorityName="Song, Zhu & Chen" authorityPageNumber="281" authorityYear="1999" box="[136,715,1967,1989]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuata">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE5D2201DF828" box="[136,377,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Gasteracantha arcuata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F35208896E5D223AFF829" author="Song DX & Zhu MS & Chen J" box="[388,715,1967,1989]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" refId="ref12618" refString="Song DX, Zhu MS & Chen J (1999) The Spiders of China. Hebei University of Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, 640 pp." type="book" year="1999">Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 281</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 167N−P, 168A, B, O
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104F3520899AEA7725F5FEF8" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AEA77226CF7AE" blockId="15.[136,776,2058,2115]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AEA7720EDF7CF" bold="true" box="[136,393,2058,2082]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="A2AC4E47104F35208885EA772260F7AE" collectionCode="MARC" country="Malaysia" location="MALAYSIA" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" specimenCode="MARC1" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208885EA772352F7CF" box="[407,566,2058,2082]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="04C28F93104F35208B55EA7723A4F7CF" box="[583,704,2058,2082]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
(reg. UIR031014-
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCode id="4262EC61104F3520880FEA57201AF7AF" box="[285,382,2090,2114]" collectionCode="MARC" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">MARC1</specimenCode>
|
|||
|
|
&2), Sungai Tekala, Hulu Langat
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="127B441A104F35208A56E2C025F5FEF8" blockId="15.[835,1475,189,277]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="A2AC4E47104F35208A56E2C0246DFF18" collectingDate="2014-10-03" collectionCode="MARC" collectorName="Tan J & Chan ZY" location="Selangor" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" specimenCode="MARC3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Selangor">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="D0008AF8104F35208A56E2C022C2FF38" box="[836,934,189,213]" country="Malaysia" name="Selangor" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Selangor</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, coll.
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="BF3121CC104F35208AF9E2C3254DFF38" box="[1003,1065,190,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Tan J</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="BF3121CC104F35208D71E2C025AFFF38" box="[1123,1227,189,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Chan ZY</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<date id="667A62DA104F35208DCBE2C02432FF38" box="[1241,1366,189,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" value="2014-10-03">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingDate id="763E9B32104F35208DCBE2C02432FF38" box="[1241,1366,189,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" value="2014-10-03">3 Oct.2014</collectingDate>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="04C28F93104F35208C71E2C024A7FF38" box="[1379,1475,189,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
(reg. UIR270615-
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCode id="4262EC61104F35208D16E2A02505FF18" box="[1028,1121,221,245]" collectionCode="MARC" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">MARC3</specimenCode>
|
|||
|
|
), Sungai Sedim
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="A2AC4E47104F35208C00E2A025E9FEF8" collectorName="Tan J & Chan ZY" location="Kedah" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kedah">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="D0008AF8104F35208C00E2A0243EFF18" box="[1298,1370,221,245]" country="Malaysia" name="Kedah" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Kedah</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, coll.
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="BF3121CC104F35208C8BE2A32229FEF8" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Tan J</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="BF3121CC104F35208A97E2802288FEF8" box="[901,1004,253,277]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Chan ZY</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
, 27 June.2015
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104F35208A51E3402440FD18" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="127B441A104F35208A51E340246CFE58" blockId="15.[833,1474,317,437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208A51E34022D7FEB8" bold="true" box="[835,947,317,341]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Adult female
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208D2FE3402478FEB8" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[1085,1308,317,341]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Macracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208D2FE3402478FEB8" box="[1085,1308,317,341]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Macracantha arcuata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is differentiated from those of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208AF7E3202582FE98" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1864" box="[997,1254,349,373]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Actinacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globulata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208AF7E3202582FE98" box="[997,1254,349,373]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Actinacantha globulata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208C30E32022F2FE78" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="2017" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hasselti">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208C30E32022F2FE78" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Gasteracantha hasselti</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
based on the unique long median spines that are multiple times the width of the abdomen.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="127B441A104F35208A51E3A02440FD18" blockId="15.[835,1475,477,757]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208A51E3A02298FE18" bold="true" box="[835,1020,477,501]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Female individuals were collected in the understorey of disturbed forests, where they resided in an inverted position at the center of their horizontal webs built directly above or near (<
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="D53CE9FF104F35208D72E04025E8FDB8" box="[1120,1164,573,597]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
) water bodies. The reddishorange abdominal color was observed to fade with age, turning white. The long abdominal spines of females retain some flexibility post-molt and are angled farther apart in gravid and satiated individuals. Males not observed and female populations appeared to be seasonal.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104F35208A51E160242FFCD8" box="[835,1355,797,821]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="127B441A104F35208A51E160242FFCD8" blockId="15.[835,1355,797,821]" box="[835,1355,797,821]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208A51E16022B2FCD8" bold="true" box="[835,982,797,821]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208ACCE1602573FCD8" box="[990,1047,797,821]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208D36E1602502FCD8" box="[1060,1126,797,821]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">China</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and Southeast Asia.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|