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<document id="2F36FCF591E43FABB0CE45BB8ECF25C3" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.644.4.3" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13214788" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1722596962883" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Błaszkowski, Janusz, Zubek, Szymon, Milczarski, Paweł, Malinowski, Ryszard, Goto, Bruno Tomio &amp; Niezgoda, Piotr" docDate="2024" docId="14678D7AFF95FFBDFF3BF83CD448BAA0" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.644.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 644 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.644.4.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Glomus rugosae Blaszk., B. T. Goto et Niezgoda, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="276" masterDocId="E85EF502FF96FFB8FFB3FFBCD03BBC65" masterDocTitle="Glomus rugosae, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal species in Glomeraceae (phylum Glomeromycota) from maritime sand dunes of Poland and an ash pond of Czech Republic" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="271" pageNumber="274" updateTime="1724622506008" updateUser="jonas" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="887B184FDD8A8EF9A7A759221038A377">Glomus rugosae, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal species in Glomeraceae (phylum Glomeromycota) from maritime sand dunes of Poland and an ash pond of Czech Republic</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C463F041FB4325FC9C6EF59F2EC887B0">Błaszkowski, Janusz</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="90EB57CAD7B6CE90818BE15B71F5031D">Department of Environmental Management, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, PL- 71434 Szczecin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="467AA8738195F0C409692044DDB8AAF9">Zubek, Szymon</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9A95F82283D3EDEFFFB7B4D74A06DAB1">Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30 - 387, Kraków, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6EC3B46BAA7DFCB438F67BD577305501">Milczarski, Paweł</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4783CF53549072E3F47303480A642AD9">Department of Genetic, Plant Breeding &amp; Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, PL 71434 Szczecin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F36FCC5BE72B3419300CEEA2234485AA">Malinowski, Ryszard</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DCF0817E99242F2D1B7B052026D146B4">Department of Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, PL- 71434 Szczecin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="58618A76ACBF880006F9C792D226FFB0">Goto, Bruno Tomio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2443CC0C150E7259D96E0D3237F4E164">Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59078 - 900, Natal, RN, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3B2D98904F5B6499332E80F4C4000F23">Niezgoda, Piotr</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9357B5DAD3DEE2FAE0BB138B79D7453E">Department of Environmental Management, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, PL- 71434 Szczecin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="61DAD0C5B495F7C3EADEAA62391DD317">2024</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF95FFBBFF3BF83CD297BBFF" authority="Blaszk., B.T. Goto et Niezgoda" authorityName="Blaszk., B. T. Goto et Niezgoda" box="[136,684,1920,1947]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="rugosae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF95FFBBFF3BF83CD17EBBFF" bold="true" box="[136,325,1920,1947]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Glomus rugosae</emphasis>
Błaszk., B.T. Goto et Niezgoda
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, 
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B5895D05FF95FFBBFD0BF83DD337BBFF" box="[696,780,1921,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF95FFBBFCA0F83CD38DBBFF" box="[787,950,1920,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Figures 2A–H</figureCitation>
.
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<paragraph id="9C713C6CFF95FFBBFF3BF818D1F9BBDA" blockId="3.[136,450,1956,1983]" box="[136,450,1956,1983]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">MycoBank No. MB 853099</paragraph>
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<caption id="C8B16CE4FF92FFBCFF3BF8F5D0F6BB8A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" startId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" targetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9C713C6CFF92FFBCFF3BF8F5D0F6BB8A" blockId="4.[136,1452,1865,2031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF92FFBCFF3BF8F5D10FBB3B" bold="true" box="[136,308,1865,1887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">FIGURE 2A–H.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF92FFBCFE88F8F5D1E2BB3A" box="[315,473,1865,1887]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="rugosae">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF92FFBCFE88F8F5D1E2BB3A" box="[315,473,1865,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Glomus rugosae</emphasis>
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. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF92FFBCFD9EF82DD2C9BBC3" box="[557,754,1937,1958]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Plantago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF92FFBCFD9EF82DD2C9BBC3" box="[557,754,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Plantago lanceolata</emphasis>
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root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="D4D46FE7FF93FFBDFF3BFF22D0EABCB9" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="9C713C6CFF93FFBDFF3BFF22D0EABCB9" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
Etymology: Latin, 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFED5FF23D1FBBCDD" box="[358,448,159,184]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="rugosae">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFED5FF23D1FBBCDD" box="[358,448,159,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">rugosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, referring to the plant species, 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFC84FF23D3F2BCDD" box="[823,969,159,184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFC84FF23D3F2BCDD" box="[823,969,159,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Rosa rugosa</emphasis>
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, under which this species was originally found.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C713C6CFF93FFBDFF0EFF5AD536BD09" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
Typification: 
<materialsCitation id="2CA63631FF93FFBDFEE0FF5AD28FBD09" collectingDate="2022-05-02" collectionCode="ZT" collectorName="J. Blaszkowski" country="Poland" latitude="54.734444" location="Kuznica" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="18.581667" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" specimenCode="ZT Myc 0067314" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hel Peninsula" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="E4D97CFCFF93FFBDFEE0FF5AD1F3BD65" box="[339,456,230,256]" name="Poland" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">POLAND</collectingCountry>
. Spores from a single-species culture established from spores extracted from a trap culture inoculated with a field-collected mixture of rhizosphere soil and root fragments of 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFBE0FEB7D4DFBD41" box="[1107,1252,267,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFBE0FEB7D4DFBD41" box="[1107,1252,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Rosa rugosa</emphasis>
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from a maritime sand dune site located near 
<location id="99116AB7FF93FFBDFE71FE92D219BD2D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14678D7AFF95FFBDFF3BF83CD448BAA0:99116AB7FF93FFBDFE71FE92D219BD2D" box="[450,546,302,328]" country="Poland" latitude="54.734444" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="18.581667" name="Kuznica" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" stateProvince="Hel Peninsula">Kuźnica</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="5E0AF28EFF93FFBDFD9CFE92D2F4BD2D" box="[559,719,302,328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Hel Peninsula</collectingRegion>
, Poland (
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<geoCoordinate id="F9FA5AABFF93FFBDFC74FE8CD472BD2C" box="[967,1097,303,331]" degrees="18" direction="east" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" precision="15" seconds="54" value="18.581667">18°34′54″E</geoCoordinate>
), 
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<collectingDate id="F834E344FF93FFBDFBDAFE92D4CDBD2D" box="[1129,1270,302,329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" value="2022-05-02">2 May 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="313B59BAFF93FFBDFAB1FE93D590BD2D" box="[1282,1451,302,329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">J. Błaszkowski</collectorName>
(
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slide with spores no. 
<specimenCode id="CC689417FF93FFBDFE5BFEEFD28BBD09" box="[488,688,338,365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">ZT Myc 0067314</specimenCode>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="2CA63631FF93FFBDFD08FEEED532BD09" box="[699,1289,338,365]" collectingDate="2022-05-02" collectionCode="LPPDSE" collectorName="J. Blaszkowski" country="Poland" latitude="54.734444" location="Kuznica" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="18.581667" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" specimenCode="3969-3978" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hel Peninsula" typeStatus="isotype">
<typeStatus id="437582CEFF93FFBDFD08FEEED337BD09" box="[699,780,338,364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
slides with spores no. 
<specimenCode id="CC689417FF93FFBDFBB8FEEED4B7BD09" box="[1035,1164,338,364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">3969–3978</specimenCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="FADFA4A9FF93FFBDFB24FEEED539BD09" box="[1175,1282,338,364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">LPPDSE</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4D46FE7FF93FFBDFF0EFECAD490BE21" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="9C713C6CFF93FFBDFF0EFECAD490BE21" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
Diagnosis: Differs from 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFE7CFECBD2B6BDF5" box="[463,653,375,401]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="macrocarpum">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFE7CFECBD2B6BDF5" box="[463,653,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">G. macrocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the closest phylogenetic relative (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFBA1FECAD46FBDF5" box="[1042,1108,374,400]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,234,1397,1419]" captionTargetBox="[157,1398,397,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-131@3.[151,1436,386,1369]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. 50% majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian analysis of sequences of 45S nuc rDNA concatenated with rpb1 sequences of Glomus rugosae, six other Glomus species, and two Complexispora species serving as outgroup. The new species is in bold font. The Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥0.90 and ML bootstrap values ≥50% are shown near the branches, respectively. Bar indicates 0.02 expected change per site per branch." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214790/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFBD1FECAD484BDF5" box="[1122,1215,374,400]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,234,1397,1419]" captionTargetBox="[157,1398,397,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-131@3.[151,1436,386,1369]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. 50% majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian analysis of sequences of 45S nuc rDNA concatenated with rpb1 sequences of Glomus rugosae, six other Glomus species, and two Complexispora species serving as outgroup. The new species is in bold font. The Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥0.90 and ML bootstrap values ≥50% are shown near the branches, respectively. Bar indicates 0.02 expected change per site per branch." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214790/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Figs. S1</figureCitation>
, S 
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFB68FECAD4D0BDF5" box="[1243,1259,374,400]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">2</figureCitation>
), in: (i) the spore wall and subtending hyphal wall structure, (ii) morphometric features of spores, the spore and subtending hyphal wall, as well as (iii) nucleotide composition of sequences of the 45S nuc rDNA region and the 
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFB6BFE02D535BDBD" box="[1240,1294,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">rpb1</emphasis>
gene. Differs from 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFF76FE5FD14EBD99" box="[197,373,482,509]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="spinuliferum">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFF76FE5FD14EBD99" box="[197,373,482,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">G. spinuliferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only not sequenced glomoid spore-producing species having a four-layered spore wall in (i) spore colour, (ii) morphometric features of spores, subtending hyphae and the spore wall, and (iii) the phenotypic and histochemical properties of spore wall layers 2 and 1, respectively (see Discussion for details).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4D46FE7FF93FFBDFF0EFDF2D4CDB9E5" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" type="description">
<paragraph id="9C713C6CFF93FFBDFF0EFDF2D4CDB9E5" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
Description: Glomerospores (= spores) formed in soil, in loose clusters with 2–21 spores or singly, arise blastically at tips of (
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFEB3FDCFD133BEE9" box="[256,264,627,652]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">i</emphasis>
) sporogenous hyphae branched from a parent hypha continuous with an extraradical mycorrhizal hypha (spores in clusters) or (
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFE2DFD2BD195BED5" box="[414,430,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">ii</emphasis>
) sporogenous hyphae directly continuous with extraradical mycorrhizal hyphae (single spores; 
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFF51FD06D1BFBEB1" box="[226,388,698,725]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2A, F, G</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFE28FD07D1DDBEB0" box="[411,486,699,725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Spores</emphasis>
pale yellow (4A3) to greyish yellow (4B3); globose to subglobose; (25–)62(–100) µm diam; rarely ovoid; 70–98 × 81–110 µm; with one subtending hypha (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFC63FD62D474BE9D" box="[976,1103,734,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2A–G</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFBD0FD63D4E0BE9D" box="[1123,1243,734,761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Spore wall</emphasis>
composed of four layers (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFF6DFCBED163BF79" box="[222,344,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2B–F</figureCitation>
). Layer 1, forming the spore surface, uniform (not containing visible sublayers), mucilaginous, short-lived, flexible, hyaline, (0.6–)0.7(–0.8) µm thick, often highly swelling/expanding in spores mounted in PVLG and separating from the upper surface of spore wall layer 2 by up to 15 µm, frequently entirely sloughed off in mature spores (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFF51FCD2D167BFED" box="[226,348,878,904]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2C–F</figureCitation>
). Layer 2 uniform, permanent, smooth, semi-flexible, hyaline, (0.5–)0.8(–1.3) µm thick, tightly adherent to the upper surface of layer 3, not separating from this layer in even vigorously crushed spores (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFA9BFC2ED5A4BFC9" box="[1320,1439,914,940]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2C–F</figureCitation>
). Layer 3 laminate, permanent, smooth, semi-flexible to semi-rigid, pale yellow (4A3) to greyish yellow (4B3), (0.8–)1.5(–3) µm thick, consisting of very thin, &lt;0.5 µm thick, laminae, tightly adherent to and not separating from each other in even vigorously crushed spores (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFDFCFC42D2FEB87D" box="[591,709,1022,1048]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2B–F</figureCitation>
). Layer 4 uniform, permanent, smooth, semi-flexible to semi-rigid, yellowish white (4A2) to pale yellow (4A3), (0.5–)0.6(–0.8) µm thick, tightly adherent to the inner surface of layer 
<quantity id="5B369189FF93FFBDFA2EFB9ED0A5B805" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
moderately crushed spores, occasionally separating slightly and locally from this layer in vigorously crushed spores (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFF23FBD6D132B8E1" box="[144,265,1130,1156]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2B–F</figureCitation>
). In Melzer’s reagent, only spore wall layer 1 stains reddish white (7A2) to pale red (8A3) (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFA94FBD6D5A4B8E1" box="[1319,1439,1130,1156]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2C–F</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFF3BFB32D16EB8CD" box="[136,341,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Subtending hypha</emphasis>
pale yellow (4A3) to greyish yellow (4B3); straight or recurved, cylindrical to slightly funnelshaped, rarely slightly constricted at the spore base; (7.6–)9.8(–13.7) µm wide at the spore base (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFB65FB0ED549B8A9" box="[1238,1394,1202,1229]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2A, F, G</figureCitation>
); not braking in crushed spores. 
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFE0AFB6AD2E3B895" box="[441,728,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Wall of subtending hypha</emphasis>
pale yellow (4A3) to greyish yellow (4B3); (1.7–)2.7(–3.8) µm thick at the spore base; consisting of four layers continuous with spore wall layers 1–4; subtending hyphal wall layer 1 swelling in PVLG and usually highly deteriorated or, occasionally, entirely sloughed off in mature spores (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFA99FAA2D5A4B95D" box="[1322,1439,1310,1336]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2F, G</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFF3BFAFFD086B939" box="[136,189,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Pore</emphasis>
(1.6–)4.8(–8.6) µm wide at the spore base, open, rarely closed by a curved septum connecting the inner surface of spore wall layer 4 (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFECDFADAD22EB9E5" box="[382,533,1382,1409]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2A, F, G</figureCitation>
). Spore content of hyaline oily substance. 
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFC43FADBD444B9E4" box="[1008,1151,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Germination</emphasis>
unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4D46FE7FF93FFBDFF0EFA36D448BAA0" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="9C713C6CFF93FFBDFF0EFA36D448BAA0" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
Ecology and distribution: In the field, 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFDDDFA36D31CB9C1" box="[622,807,1418,1444]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="rugosae">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFDDDFA36D31CB9C1" box="[622,807,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Glomus rugosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably lived in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with roots of 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFF57FA13D14BB9AD" box="[228,368,1455,1480]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFF57FA13D14BB9AD" box="[228,368,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Rosa rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but no molecular analyses were performed to confirm this assumption. In single-species cultures with 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFF72FA6ED19EB989" box="[193,421,1490,1516]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Plantago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFF72FA6ED19EB989" box="[193,421,1490,1516]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Plantago lanceolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the host plant, 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFDC1FA6FD2D5B989" box="[626,750,1491,1517]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="rugosae">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFDC1FA6FD2D5B989" box="[626,750,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">G. rugosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
formed mycorrhiza with arbuscules, vesicles, as well as intra- and extraradical hyphae that stained clearly [violet white (18A2) to blackish blue (19F8)] in 0.1% trypan blue (
<figureCitation id="04F520E9FF93FFBDFACDFA4AD095BA51" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,234,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[191,1397,190,1841]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13214792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13214792/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
). Phylogenetic analyzes with the 45S alignment used in this study and environmental sequences with&gt;96% identity to 45S sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFEC2F983D1D5BA3D" box="[369,494,1599,1625]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="rugosae">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFEC2F983D1D5BA3D" box="[369,494,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">G. rugosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, revealed by BLASTn, indicated that 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFC2EF983D421BA3D" box="[925,1050,1599,1625]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="rugosae">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFC2EF983D421BA3D" box="[925,1050,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">G. rugosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was previously recognized in roots of 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFF14F9DFD15CBA19" box="[167,359,1634,1661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="platanoides">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFF14F9DFD15CBA19" box="[167,359,1634,1661]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Acer platanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., which grew in the ash sedimentation pond in Melnik, Cetral 
<collectingCountry id="E4D97CFCFF93FFBDFBF6F9DED496BA19" box="[1093,1197,1634,1660]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Bohemia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="E4D97CFCFF93FFBDFB0AF9DED550BA19" box="[1209,1387,1634,1660]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
(data not shown). The environmental sequences that clustered with 45S sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="5BCE47EFFF93FFBDFB83F93BD48BBAC5" box="[1072,1200,1671,1697]" class="Glomeromycetes" family="Glomeraceae" genus="Glomus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Glomerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Glomeromycota" rank="species" species="rugosae">
<emphasis id="AEBAE07EFF93FFBDFB83F93BD48BBAC5" box="[1072,1200,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">G. rugosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were HG425911 and HG425912, with query covers = 100% and identities = 97.54% and 97.29%, respectively.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>