<documentid="DB3A6582D39BD68ED42A7B6675722A3E"ID-DOI="10.5070/P940454153"ID-ISSN="0031-0298"ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913559"ID-ZooBank="58312615-0833-432E-BF5D-3DFFBF361AAA"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego"IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego"checkinTime="1712169471054"checkinUser="felipe"docAuthor="Burrow, Carole Jan, Murphy, Michael & Turner, Susan"docDate="2023"docId="B21CD55BFFD8FFE859D28B05FDC9260D"docLanguage="en"docName="PaleoBios.40.4.1-32.pdf"docOrigin="PaleoBios 40 (1975)"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940454153"docStyle="DocumentStyle:76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81.1:PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article"docStyleId="76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81"docStyleName="PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article"docStyleVersion="1"docTitle="Poracanthodes punctatus Brotzen 1934"docType="treatment"docVersion="6"lastPageNumber="5"masterDocId="4E25AD23FFDEFFE0596C8867FF9B270C"masterDocTitle="Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A."masterLastPageNumber="32"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="5"updateTime="1717597860775"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
<mods:titleid="D31227036B95121598B5A683C9BF0928">Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A.</mods:title>
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65B798B05FD492470"author="Brotzen, F."box="[533,722,866,892]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="1 - 65"refId="ref22272"refString="Brotzen, F. 1934. Erster Nachweis von Unterdevon im Ostseegebiete durch Konglomeratgeschiebe mit Fischresten. Zweiter Teil (Palaontologie). Zeitschrift fur Geschiebeforschung 10: 1 - 65."type="journal article"year="1934">BROTZEN, 1934</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="A28E78C8FFD8FFE659D98BE2FED82493"box="[181,323,901,927]"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]"captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]"captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="5">FIG. 2A–2G</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitationid="773751F6FFD8FFE658228BE2FE2B2493"box="[334,432,901,927]"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="5.[112,179,1869,1893]"captionTargetBox="[120,1534,204,1847]"captionTargetId="graphics-72@5.[112,1519,193,1849]"captionTargetPageId="5"captionText="Table 1. Distribution of vertebrate and agnathan remains in the Birch Creek Section BCII, northern Roberts Mts. (Přidolí- Lochkovian; bold line indicates probable S/D boundary). Vertebrates are to the left above the upper horizontal line and agnathans are to the right. RP indicates Ross Parke samples. Number of elements: x 1-10, xx 11-50, xxx 51-100, xxxx>100."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"tableUuid="6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9">TABLE 1</tableCitation>
; SUPPL. 1,
<figureCitationid="A28E78C8FFD8FFE65B5F8BE2FD1A2493"box="[563,641,901,927]"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="3.[112,191,1816,1840]"captionTargetBox="[125,1408,891,1777]"captionTargetId="figure-184@3.[112,1520,891,1798]"captionTargetPageId="3"captionText="Figure 1. Birch Creek II section, central Roberts Mountains, Nevada. A. locality map, topographic map showing locations of sections BC II, BC III, WC I, WC IV after Murphy (2016, appendix 1). B. stratigraphic column through the uppermost Silurian– lowermost Devonian (after Klapper and Murphy 1975, fig. 5; scale on left is in feet; X denotes their proposed Silurian–Devo- nian boundary at approx. 567’=172.8 m level); to the right, stratigraphically significant conodont ranges in red, graptolites in blue (see Murphy 2016, fig. 2)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913561"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913561/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="5">FIGS. 1</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE658A18BABFDE324E9"author="Brotzen, F."box="[461,632,971,998]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="1 - 65"refId="ref22272"refString="Brotzen, F. 1934. Erster Nachweis von Unterdevon im Ostseegebiete durch Konglomeratgeschiebe mit Fischresten. Zweiter Teil (Palaontologie). Zeitschrift fur Geschiebeforschung 10: 1 - 65."type="journal article"year="1934">Brotzen 1934</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE6588B8C76FD022320"author="Parkes, R."box="[487,665,1041,1068]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"refId="ref25224"refString="Parkes, R. 1995. Late Silurian - Early Devonian vertebrate microremains from Nevada and southeastern Australia: biochronology, biogeography and application of novel histological techniques. Unpublished B. Sc. (Hons) thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW."type="book"year="1995">Parkes (1995)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="FDB51FCEFFD8FFE65BFB8C30FF15239A"authorityName="BURROW & VERGOOSSEN"authorityYear="1999"family="Poracanthodidae"genus="Poracanthodes"higherTaxonomySource="GBIF"kingdom="Animalia"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="canadensis">
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE6586E8C1BFE232399"author="Burrow, C. J."box="[258,440,1147,1174]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="489 - 493"refId="ref22403"refString="Burrow, C. J. 2003 a. Poracanthodid acanthodian from the Upper Silurian (Pridoli) of Nevada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (3): 489 - 493."type="journal article"year="2003">Burrow 2003a</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE658658C82FE2623F3"author="Brotzen, F."box="[265,445,1253,1279]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="1 - 65"refId="ref22272"refString="Brotzen, F. 1934. Erster Nachweis von Unterdevon im Ostseegebiete durch Konglomeratgeschiebe mit Fischresten. Zweiter Teil (Palaontologie). Zeitschrift fur Geschiebeforschung 10: 1 - 65."type="journal article"year="1934">Brotzen (1934</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 3 figs. 1, 8), were from an erratic limestone boulder Bey.
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE6591C8D4CFE912249"author="Gross, W."box="[112,266,1323,1349]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="91 - 161"refId="ref23372"refString="Gross, W. 1947. Die Agnathen und Acanthodier des obersilurischen Beyrichienkalks. Palaeontographica Abt. A 96: 91 - 161."type="journal article"year="1947">Gross (1947</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE658798D4CFECD2249"author="Gross, W."box="[277,342,1323,1349]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="1 - 82"refId="ref23439"refString="Gross, W. 1971. Downtonische und Dittonische Acanthodier-Reste des Ostseegebietes. Palaeontographica Abt. A 136: 1 - 82."type="journal article"year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE6581E8D15FD902280"author="Gross, W."box="[370,523,1394,1420]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="91 - 161"refId="ref23372"refString="Gross, W. 1947. Die Agnathen und Acanthodier des obersilurischen Beyrichienkalks. Palaeontographica Abt. A 96: 91 - 161."type="journal article"year="1947">Gross 1947</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65BC98DF2FE8122DE"author="Burrow, C. J. & T. Marss"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="17 - 24"refId="ref22582"refString="Burrow, C. J., and T. Marss. 2022. Neotypes for some upper Silurian acanthodian taxa from the Baltic Sea Region and the Welsh Borderland. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 71: 17 - 24."type="journal article"year="2022">Burrow & Märss (2022)</bibRefCitation>
<tableCitationid="773751F6FFD8FFE658B28E46FDA22130"box="[478,569,1569,1596]"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="5.[112,179,1869,1893]"captionTargetBox="[120,1534,204,1847]"captionTargetId="graphics-72@5.[112,1519,193,1849]"captionTargetPageId="5"captionText="Table 1. Distribution of vertebrate and agnathan remains in the Birch Creek Section BCII, northern Roberts Mts. (Přidolí- Lochkovian; bold line indicates probable S/D boundary). Vertebrates are to the left above the upper horizontal line and agnathans are to the right. RP indicates Ross Parke samples. Number of elements: x 1-10, xx 11-50, xxx 51-100, xxxx>100."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"tableUuid="6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9">Table 1</tableCitation>
), and include UCR 930-1, -2, -5, -6 (all level 395’=
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65B228E0FFD69218F"author="Parkes, R."box="[590,754,1640,1667]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"refId="ref25224"refString="Parkes, R. 1995. Late Silurian - Early Devonian vertebrate microremains from Nevada and southeastern Australia: biochronology, biogeography and application of novel histological techniques. Unpublished B. Sc. (Hons) thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW."type="book"year="1995">Parkes (1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 32.5, 32.6, 32.9, 32.10): Roberts Mountains Formation.
—These scales are the most common form in the lower levels of the section. They have a relatively smooth crown with a shallow sulcus leading back from the anteromedian corner, and close-set evenly spaced pores along the margin between growth zones paralleling the posterolateral edges of the crown (
<figureCitationid="A28E78C8FFD8FFE65B3A8F39FC8F2074"box="[598,788,1886,1912]"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]"captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]"captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="5">Fig. 2A, 2D–2F</figureCitation>
). Ridges are absent or only very weakly developed along the anterior margin of the crown (
<figureCitationid="A28E78C8FFD8FFE65D8688A6FADC27D0"box="[1258,1351,193,220]"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]"captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]"captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="5">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Each side of the undersurface of the posterior crown on most scales has three large openings to the pore canal system at the crown–neck junction (
<figureCitationid="A28E78C8FFD8FFE65D23894CFAB02649"box="[1103,1323,299,325]"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="7.[112,191,1522,1546]"captionTargetBox="[285,1346,192,1501]"captionTargetId="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="5">Fig. 2A–2C, 2F, 2G</figureCitation>
). The area of the neck below the openings has strong buttresses aligned with the openings, separated by deep grooves. A strong rim separates the neck and base, which is convex and of a similar height to the neck, with the deepest area usually forward of the centre of the scale and with the front of the base protruding in front of the anterior edge of the crown.
, with c. six radial pore canals interconnected by arcade canals, from which short canals rise up to the pore openings aligned along the growth zones on the crown.
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65DCF8B7FFACF243E"author="Brotzen, F."box="[1187,1364,792,818]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="1 - 65"refId="ref22272"refString="Brotzen, F. 1934. Erster Nachweis von Unterdevon im Ostseegebiete durch Konglomeratgeschiebe mit Fischresten. Zweiter Teil (Palaontologie). Zeitschrift fur Geschiebeforschung 10: 1 - 65."type="journal article"year="1934">Brotzen 1934</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 3.1; see
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65A2C8B5BFB192459"author="Burrow, C. J. & T. Marss"box="[832,1154,827,854]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="17 - 24"refId="ref22582"refString="Burrow, C. J., and T. Marss. 2022. Neotypes for some upper Silurian acanthodian taxa from the Baltic Sea Region and the Welsh Borderland. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 71: 17 - 24."type="journal article"year="2022">Burrow and Märss 2022</bibRefCitation>
) from an earliest Devonian (Lochkovian) erratic boulder (Bey. 36) of the north German lowlands.
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65A918BE5FB392490"author="Gross, W."box="[1021,1186,898,924]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="1 - 82"refId="ref23439"refString="Gross, W. 1971. Downtonische und Dittonische Acanthodier-Reste des Ostseegebietes. Palaeontographica Abt. A 136: 1 - 82."type="journal article"year="1971">Gross (1971)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the scales from this level were morphologically the same as those from the Beyrichienkalk and the Kaugatuma and Ohesaare Beds (Přidolí, Upper Silurian) of the Baltic countries, but the latter differed in having many more radial canals (4–10) in their internal pore canal system, and should probably be assigned to a new species – to date, this has not been done. The BC II scales resemble the older forms, but with no morphological features to distinguish them (other than the number of large canal openings under the posterior crown), we prefer to keep the present nomenclature, whilst recognizing that the number of radial canals decreases between the upper Přidolí and the lowermost Devonian.
is a zonal vertebrate for the Baltic in the upper Přidolí (
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65CE88D08FC3822A0"author="Marss, T. & D. Fredholm & V. Karatajute-Talimaa & S. Turner & L. Jeppsson & G. Nowlan"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="369 - 372"refId="ref24478"refString="Marss, T., D. Fredholm, V. Karatajute-Talimaa, S. Turner, L. Jeppsson, and G. Nowlan. 1995. Silurian vertebrate biozonal scheme. Geobios Memoire Special No. 19: 369 - 372."type="book chapter"year="1995">Märss et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65ADD8DF5FB4622A0"author="Marss, T. & P. Mannik"box="[945,1245,1425,1452]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="181 - 204"refId="ref24442"refString="Marss, T., and P. Mannik. 2013. Revision of Silurian vertebrate biozones and their correlation with the conodont succession. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 62: 181 - 204."type="journal article"year="2013">Märss and Mannik 2013</bibRefCitation>
), although its range is greater in shallow shelf than in deep shelf environments (
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65A278DBFFC4522FE"author="Marss, T."box="[843,990,1496,1522]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="17 - 41"refId="ref24364"refString="Marss, T. 1997. Vertebrates of the Pridoli and Silurian-Devonian boundary beds in Europe. Modern Geology 21: 17 - 41."type="journal article"year="1997">Märss 1997</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 6). As well as the Baltic region and the north German lowlands,
is recorded from the Přidolí of the Barlow Inlet Formation (
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65C328E78FC1A2150"author="Marss, T. & K. L. Soehn & M. V. H. Wilson"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="37 - 39"refId="ref24522"refString="Marss, T., K. L. Soehn, and M. V. H. Wilson. 1998. Microvertebrate-based correlations of the Llandovery - Wenlock boundary in some sections of the Selwyn and Franklinian sedimentary basins, northern Canada. Ichthyolith Issues, Special Publication 4: 37 - 39."type="journal article"year="1998">Märss et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
) and Cape Phillips Formation (Burrow et al. 1999) in the Arctic Canadian Archipelago, upper Přidolí erratics of the northern
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65DAD8EEFFA3121AE"author="Vergoossen, J. M. J."box="[1217,1450,1672,1698]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="231 - 251"refId="ref26647"refString="Vergoossen, J. M. J. 1999 a. Late Silurian fish microfossils from an East Baltic-derived erratic from Oosterhaule, with a description of new acanthodian taxa. Geologie en Minjbouw 78: 231 - 251."type="journal article"year="1999">Vergoossen 1999a</bibRefCitation>
), uppermost Přidolí and lowermost Lochkovian of the Welsh Borderlands (
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65A988EA8FB4921E4"author="Vergoossen, J. M. J."box="[1012,1234,1742,1769]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="175 - 199"refId="ref26756"refString="Vergoossen, J. M. J. 2000. Acanthodian and chondrichthyan microremains in the Siluro - Devonian of the Welsh Borderland, Great Britain, and their biostratigraphical potential. Courier Forschingsinstitut Senckenberg 223: 175 - 199."type="journal article"year="2000">Vergoossen 2000</bibRefCitation>
, table 1,
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65C218EA8FC1A2000"author="Turner, S. & C. J. Burrow & R. B. Williams & P. Tarrant"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="460 - 479"refId="ref26119"refString="Turner, S., C. J. Burrow, R. B. Williams, and P. Tarrant. 2017. Welsh Borderland bouillabaisse: Lower Old Red Sandstone fish microfossils and their significance. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 128 (3): 460 - 479. doi: 10.1016 / j. pgeola. 2017.04.006"type="journal article"year="2017">Turner et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), Ludlow–Přidolí of October Revolution Island and Komsomolets Island and Lochkovian–Pragian of Severnaya Zemlya (
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65A808F5FFB7E205E"author="Valiukevicius, J. J."box="[1004,1253,1848,1874]"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="209 - 245"refId="ref26366"refString="Valiukevicius, J. J. 2003 a. New late Silurian to Middle Devonian acanthodians of the Timan-Pechora region. Acta Geologica Polonica 53: 209 - 245."type="journal article"year="2003">Valiukevičius 2003a</bibRefCitation>
), and the S–D boundary beds in the Eastport Formation, Maine (
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD8FFE65C0E8F3BFC722094"author="Turner, S. & C. J. Burrow"pageId="6"pageNumber="5"pagination="171 - 187"refId="ref26034"refString="Turner, S., and C. J. Burrow. 2018. Microvertebrates from the Silurian - Devonian boundary beds of the Eastport Formation, Maine, eastern USA. Atlantic Geology 54: 171 - 187. doi: 10.4138 / atlgeol. 2018.006"type="journal article"year="2018">Turner and Burrow 2018</bibRefCitation>
). It has also been recorded from another area in the Roberts Mountains Formation, in the Přidolí of Pete Hanson Creek (
<bibRefCitationid="5E2419BCFFD6FFE858E78880FDDA260C"author="Burrow, C. J."box="[395,577,230,257]"pageId="8"pageNumber="7"pagination="489 - 493"refId="ref22403"refString="Burrow, C. J. 2003 a. Poracanthodid acanthodian from the Upper Silurian (Pridoli) of Nevada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (3): 489 - 493."type="journal article"year="2003">Burrow 2003a</bibRefCitation>
