treatments-xml/data/03/CC/87/03CC87BBBF330D25149E8BA091D5FAAF.xml

<document id="55347203F69126C959654559C01F408E" ID-CLB-Dataset="298362" ID-DOI="10.1007/s00436-011-2471-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2f5db060-3dd3-4119-a9bc-111af809e567" ID-ISSN="1432-1955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11376440" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1716944392996" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Karlsbakk, Egil &amp; Køie, Marianne" docDate="2012" docId="03CC87BBBF330D25149E8BA091D5FAAF" docLanguage="en" docName="ParasitolRes.110.211-218.pdf" docOrigin="Parasitology Research (211) 110 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2471-8" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0D5C84EF50AB670632765FE1280BCE1D.2:ParasitolRes.2008-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="0D5C84EF50AB670632765FE1280BCE1D" docStyleName="ParasitolRes.2008-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Sigmomyxa Karlsbakk &amp; Køie 2012, n. gen." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="217" masterDocId="FFF5FFC3BF360D2314168D379035FFCD" masterDocTitle="The marine myxosporean Sigmomyxa sphaerica (Thélohan, 1895) gen. n., comb. n. (syn. Myxidium sphaericum) from garfish (Belone belone (L. )) uses the polychaete Nereis pelagica L. as invertebrate host" masterLastPageNumber="218" masterPageNumber="211" pageNumber="216" updateTime="1718191598539" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="BBAB35488F184C8E02085615B07E0566">The marine myxosporean Sigmomyxa sphaerica (Thélohan, 1895) gen. n., comb. n. (syn. Myxidium sphaericum) from garfish (Belone belone (L. )) uses the polychaete Nereis pelagica L. as invertebrate host</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="087E56A0431C1817F586FBE782CF984B">Karlsbakk, Egil</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BF8A7357AB6DE3CC5CA5408D5EFBDE9B">Institute of Marine Research, P. O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4876444B7F189E0D1F27D9F217103FA2">Køie, Marianne</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E58EE4BA86EDC42DB94FB913ABABFF1F">Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK- 3000 Helsingør, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03CC87BBBF330D25149E8BA091D5FAAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11579882" ID-GBIF-Taxon="232728930" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11579882" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F653E5A9-B341-4606-8DDE-894D08283EA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87BBBF330D25149E8BA091D5FAAF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<subSubSection id="C37F6526BF330D26149E8BA09160F963" box="[136,341,1687,1710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF330D26149E8BA09160F963" blockId="5.[136,341,1687,1710]" box="[136,341,1687,1710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<heading id="D09281C1BF330D26149E8BA09160F963" box="[136,341,1687,1710]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" reason="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D26149E8BA09137F963" ID-CoL="85J7M" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" box="[136,258,1687,1710]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D26149E8BA09137F963" box="[136,258,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Sigmomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257C4BF330D26151D8BA09160F963" box="[267,341,1687,1710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6526BF330D26149E8BEE94D0FF7B" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF330D26149E8BEE94D0FF7B" blockId="5.[136,771,1753,1909]" lastBlockId="5.[816,1452,159,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Coelozoic in gallbladder, sporogony disporic, plasmodia are di- to polysporic, spores smooth, spindle shaped in valvular view and sigmoid in sutural view. Valves are ellipsoid in outline, with thin walled protrusions associated with the PC tips. Polar capsules elongate pyriform, with&gt;7 windings. Intercapsular distance is short.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6526BF330D2610FB8DA8946EFF1A" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF330D2610FB8DA8946EFF1A" blockId="5.[816,1452,159,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<typeStatus id="54DE880FBF330D2610FB8DA89517FF7B" box="[1261,1314,159,182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Type</typeStatus>
species is 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2611818DA8946EFF1A" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2611818DA893ADFF1A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D2617BF8DF79467FF1A" author="Thelohan P" box="[937,1106,192,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="100 - 394" refId="ref5703" refString="Thelohan P (1895) Recherches sur les Myxosporidies. Bull Sci Fr Belg 5: 100 - 394" type="journal article" year="1895">Thélohan, 1895</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6526BF330D2617268C349408FA2A" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF330D2617268C349397FED7" blockId="5.[816,930,259,282]" box="[816,930,259,282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Comments</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF330D2617268C72938EFB10" blockId="5.[816,1452,325,1511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617268C7294C2FE91" ID-CoL="85VPZ" authority="Ali et al., 2006" authorityName="Ali" authorityYear="2006" box="[816,1271,325,348]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elmatboulii">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617268C729413FE91" box="[816,1062,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Myxidium elmatboulii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D26102E8C7294C2FE91" author="Ali M &amp; Abdel-Baki AA &amp; Sakran T" box="[1080,1271,325,348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref4803" refString="Ali M, Abdel-Baki AA, Sakran T (2006) Myxidium elmatboulii n. sp and Ceratomyxa ghaffari n. sp (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) parasitic in the gallbladder of the red sea houndrish Tylosurus choram (Ruppell, 1837) (Teleostei: Belonidae) from the Red Sea, Egypt. Acta Protozool 45: 97 - 103" type="journal article" year="2006">Ali et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2611568C729444FEB3" ID-CoL="C49TF" authority="Abdel-Baki, 2009" authorityName="Abdel-Baki" authorityYear="2009" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="maamouni">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2611568C729395FEB3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Myxidium maamouni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D2617BB8C509444FEB3" author="Abdel-Baki AAS" box="[941,1137,359,382]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="513 - 518" refId="ref4753" refString="Abdel-Baki AAS (2009) Two new Myxidium species (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae) infecting the gallbladder of African flying fish, Cheilopogon nigricans and Suez fusilier, Caesio suevicus from the Red Sea, Egypt: a morphological and morphometric study. Parasitol Res 105: 513 - 518" type="journal article" year="2009">Abdel-Baki, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2611348C50959EFEB3" ID-CoL="85YD4" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1314,1451,359,382]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2611348C50959EFEB3" box="[1314,1451,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and likely congeners, but molecular data is lacking (cf. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D26119C8CBF9395FE0D" author="Ali M &amp; Abdel-Baki AA &amp; Sakran T" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref4803" refString="Ali M, Abdel-Baki AA, Sakran T (2006) Myxidium elmatboulii n. sp and Ceratomyxa ghaffari n. sp (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) parasitic in the gallbladder of the red sea houndrish Tylosurus choram (Ruppell, 1837) (Teleostei: Belonidae) from the Red Sea, Egypt. Acta Protozool 45: 97 - 103" type="journal article" year="2006">Ali et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D2617B98C9E9452FE0D" author="Abdel-Baki AAS" box="[943,1127,425,448]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="513 - 518" refId="ref4753" refString="Abdel-Baki AAS (2009) Two new Myxidium species (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae) infecting the gallbladder of African flying fish, Cheilopogon nigricans and Suez fusilier, Caesio suevicus from the Red Sea, Egypt: a morphological and morphometric study. Parasitol Res 105: 513 - 518" type="journal article" year="2009">Abdel-Baki 2009</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2610688C9E952FFE0D" ID-CoL="85VPZ" box="[1150,1306,425,448]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elmatboulii">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2610688C9E952FFE0D" box="[1150,1306,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">M. elmatboulii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617588CFD93FDFE2C" ID-CoL="85J7M" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" box="[846,968,458,481]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617588CFD93FDFE2C" box="[846,968,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Sigmomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617E68CFD9599FE2C" authority="(Ali et al., 2006)" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Ali et al." baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1008,1452,458,481]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elmatboulii" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617E68CFD94D9FE2C" box="[1008,1260,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Sigmomyxa elmatboulii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D2610EA8CFD9596FE2C" author="Ali M &amp; Abdel-Baki AA &amp; Sakran T" box="[1276,1443,458,481]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref4803" refString="Ali M, Abdel-Baki AA, Sakran T (2006) Myxidium elmatboulii n. sp and Ceratomyxa ghaffari n. sp (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) parasitic in the gallbladder of the red sea houndrish Tylosurus choram (Ruppell, 1837) (Teleostei: Belonidae) from the Red Sea, Egypt. Acta Protozool 45: 97 - 103" type="journal article" year="2006">Ali et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257C4BF330D2617268CDC93A5FDCF" box="[816,912,491,514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
on the basis of its morphology, the species is so similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617B78F3A9412FDE9" ID-CoL="85YD4" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[929,1063,525,548]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617B78F3A9412FDE9" box="[929,1063,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that conspecificity is possible. The host, 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D26177C8F1994ECFD88" ID-CoL="7CZJG" authority="(Ruppell, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[874,1241,558,581]" family="Belonidae" genus="Tylosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beloniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="choram">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D26177C8F19941CFD88" box="[874,1065,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Tylosurus choram</emphasis>
(Rüppell, 1837)
</taxonomicName>
is also related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2611838F199343FDAB" ID-CoL="68GF7" authority="(L.)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1760" family="Belonidae" genus="Belone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beloniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belone">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2611838F199343FDAB" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">B. belone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(both belonids). The spores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2610F68F78959EFDAB" ID-CoL="85VQB" authority="Gunter and Adlard, 2008" authorityName="Gunter and Adlard" authorityYear="2008" box="[1248,1451,591,614]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="queenslandicus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2610F68F78959EFDAB" box="[1248,1451,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">M. queenslandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear morphologically similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2610EF8F479549FD4A" ID-CoL="85YD4" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1273,1404,624,647]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2610EF8F479549FD4A" box="[1273,1404,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but these species show only 89% identity in the partial 
<collectionCode id="ED74AE68BF330D26116D8FA6959EFD65" box="[1403,1451,657,680]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">SSU</collectionCode>
rDNA sequences available. However, expansion segments in the 
<collectionCode id="ED74AE68BF330D26176E8FE393B9FD26" box="[888,908,724,747]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
7 region of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2610198FE394EDFD26" ID-CoL="85VQB" authority="Gunter and Adlard, 2008" authorityName="Gunter and Adlard" authorityYear="2008" box="[1039,1240,724,747]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="queenslandicus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2610198FE394EDFD26" box="[1039,1240,724,747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">M. queenslandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are responsible for the low identity; exclusion of these gives 94% identity with 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617268E219381FCE0" ID-CoL="85YD4" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[816,948,790,813]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617268E219381FCE0" box="[816,948,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617D58E2194BEFCE0" ID-CoL="85VQB" authority="Gunter and Adlard, 2008" authorityName="Gunter and Adlard" authorityYear="2008" box="[963,1163,790,813]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="queenslandicus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617D58E2194BEFCE0" box="[963,1163,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">M. queenslandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is phylogenetically closest related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617888E009417FC83" ID-CoL="85YD4" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[926,1058,823,846]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617888E009417FC83" box="[926,1058,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D26104C8E009526FC83" box="[1114,1299,823,846]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ellipsomyxa" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D26104C8E0094E9FC83" box="[1114,1244,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Ellipsomyxa</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, but inclusion in 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617448E6E93F9FCBD" ID-CoL="85J7M" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" box="[850,972,857,880]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617448E6E93F9FCBD" box="[850,972,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Sigmomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to render the genus polyphyletic. However plasmodia and sporogony of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2610F78E4D959EFC5C" ID-CoL="85VQB" authority="Gunter and Adlard, 2008" authorityName="Gunter and Adlard" authorityYear="2008" box="[1249,1451,890,913]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="queenslandicus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2610F78E4D959EFC5C" box="[1249,1451,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">M. queenslandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unknown and the species is therefore considered an incertae sedis. 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617C78E8B94CEFC1E" ID-CoL="45GYX" authority="Kabata 1962" authorityName="Kabata" authorityYear="1962" box="[977,1275,956,979]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laticurvum">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617C78E8B945CFC1E" box="[977,1129,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">M. laticurvum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D2610648E8B94CEFC1E" author="Kabata Z" box="[1138,1275,956,979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="177 - 186" refId="ref5136" refString="Kabata Z (1962) Five new species of Myxosporidia from marine fishes. Parasitology 52: 177 - 186" type="journal article" year="1962">Kabata 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(syn. 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2611548E8B9499FC39" ID-CoL="45GZD" authority="Canning et al. 1999" authorityName="Canning" authorityYear="1999" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="trachinorum">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2611548E8B9381FC39" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Myxidium trachinorum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D2617D28EEA9499FC39" author="Canning EU &amp; Curry A &amp; Anderson CL &amp; Okamura B" box="[964,1196,989,1012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="910 - 919" refId="ref4995" refString="Canning EU, Curry A, Anderson CL, Okamura B (1999) Ultrastructure of Myxidium trachinorum sp. nov. from the gallbladder of the lesser weever fish Echiichthys vipera. Parasitol Res 85: 910 - 919" type="journal article" year="1999">Canning et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D2610E48EEA9596FC39" author="Karlsbakk E" box="[1266,1443,989,1012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="80 - 84" refId="ref5156" refString="Karlsbakk E (2001) Myxozoa. In: Costello MJ, Emblow C, White R (eds) European register of marine species. A check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels 50: 80 - 84" type="journal article" year="2001">Karlsbakk 2001</bibRefCitation>
) show a protruding polar capsules similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2611168EC895B6FBDB" ID-CoL="85YD4" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1280,1411,1023,1046]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2611168EC895B6FBDB" box="[1280,1411,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differ in containing very prominent capsulogenic cells in mature spores, a convex spore structure and a different organisation of the polar filaments (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D2610A089559574FBB4" author="Kabata Z" box="[1206,1345,1122,1145]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="177 - 186" refId="ref5136" refString="Kabata Z (1962) Five new species of Myxosporidia from marine fishes. Parasitology 52: 177 - 186" type="journal article" year="1962">Kabata 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF330D26114489559392FB57" author="Canning EU &amp; Curry A &amp; Anderson CL &amp; Okamura B" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="910 - 919" refId="ref4995" refString="Canning EU, Curry A, Anderson CL, Okamura B (1999) Ultrastructure of Myxidium trachinorum sp. nov. from the gallbladder of the lesser weever fish Echiichthys vipera. Parasitol Res 85: 910 - 919" type="journal article" year="1999">Canning et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Our 
<collectionCode id="ED74AE68BF330D2617E289B49411FB57" box="[1012,1060,1155,1178]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">SSU</collectionCode>
rDNA sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D26110489B4959EFB57" ID-CoL="45GYX" authority="Kabata 1962" authorityName="Kabata" authorityYear="1962" box="[1298,1451,1155,1178]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laticurvum">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D26110489B4959EFB57" box="[1298,1451,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">M. laticurvum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
confirm that this species is not closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2611778992935DFB10" ID-CoL="85J7M" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2611778992935DFB10" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Sigmomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257C4BF330D26176789F1938EFB10" box="[881,955,1222,1245]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF330D26175989D09408FA2A" blockId="5.[816,1452,325,1511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
The erection of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617ED89D09440FB33" ID-CoL="85J7M" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" box="[1019,1141,1255,1278]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617ED89D09440FB33" box="[1019,1141,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Sigmomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257C4BF330D26106B89D094F3FB33" box="[1149,1222,1255,1278]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
removes two species from the polyphyletic genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D261091883F9592FAD2" ID-CoL="84QNW" authority="Butschli, 1882" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1882" box="[1159,1447,1288,1311]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D261091883F94C5FAD2" box="[1159,1264,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Myxidium</emphasis>
Bütschli, 1882
</taxonomicName>
. Several species in the marine group of Myxosporea and currently assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D261037887C94BFFAAF" ID-CoL="84QNW" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1882" box="[1057,1162,1355,1378]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D261037887C94BFFAAF" box="[1057,1162,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Myxidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D261726885B93ACFA4E" ID-CoL="84QNW" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1882" box="[816,921,1388,1411]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Myxidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D261726885B93ACFA4E" box="[816,921,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Myxidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257C4BF330D2617B5885B941DFA4E" box="[931,1064,1388,1411]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D261044885B94F9FA4E" ID-CoL="85J7M" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" box="[1106,1228,1388,1411]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D261044885B94F9FA4E" box="[1106,1228,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Sigmomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257C4BF330D2610C3885B9515FA4E" box="[1237,1312,1388,1411]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
on the basis of their 
<collectionCode id="ED74AE68BF330D26178888BA93E5FA69" box="[926,976,1421,1444]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">SSU</collectionCode>
rDNA sequences, but show a related morphology and development. Redescriptions and revisions of these taxa are needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6526BF330D2517268B2591D5FAAF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF330D2617268B2593A9F9E4" blockId="5.[816,924,1554,1577]" box="[816,924,1554,1577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Life cycle</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF330D2517268B6391C4FEF6" blockId="5.[816,1452,1620,1909]" lastBlockId="6.[136,772,159,1378]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
The actinosporean infection in 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2610A28B63950BF9A6" authority="(L.)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1204,1342,1620,1643]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pelagica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2610A28B63950BF9A6" box="[1204,1342,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">N. pelagica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the myxosporean 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2617C78B41946AF940" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[977,1119,1654,1677]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2617C78B41946AF940" box="[977,1119,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D2610808B419530F940" authority="(L.)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1760" box="[1174,1285,1654,1677]" family="Belonidae" genus="Belone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beloniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belone">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D2610808B419530F940" box="[1174,1285,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">B. belone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered different life cycle stages due to the high 
<collectionCode id="ED74AE68BF330D2611188BA0950BF963" box="[1294,1342,1687,1710]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fye2-vfes" name="Saratov State University" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">SSU</collectionCode>
sequence similarity. Sequence identity has aided the disclosure of all the marine myxosporean life cycles known so far. We observed that 
<specimenCount id="9D63FD24BF330D2617DA8BCD9458F8DC" box="[972,1133,1786,1809]" count="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF330D26108E8BCD9520F8DC" authority="(L.)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1176,1301,1786,1809]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pelagica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF330D26108E8BCD9520F8DC" box="[1176,1301,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">N. pelagica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
survived and only the infected specimen died due to stress (high temperature and lack of oxygen). This indicates that an infection with actinosporean stages may affect the survival of the polychaete host. Other observations on the effects of actinosporeans on the annelid hosts are scarce. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D2516828DF791A7FF34" author="Shirakashi S &amp; El-Matbouli M" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="603 - 613" refId="ref5664" refString="Shirakashi S, El-Matbouli M (2009) Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa), the causative agent of whirling disease, reduces fecundity and feeding activity of Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta). Parasitology 136: 603 - 613" type="journal article" year="2009">Shirakashi and El-Matbouli (2009)</bibRefCitation>
found feeding and fecundity of actinosporean-infected 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2515928C349213FED7" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[388,550,259,282]" class="Polychaeta" family="Maldanidae" genus="Tubifex" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tubifex">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2515928C349213FED7" box="[388,550,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Tubifex tubifex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be reduced, but did not observe reduced survival.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF300D2514B08C729154FE2C" blockId="6.[136,772,159,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">
Apparently only fully developed actinospores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2516F98C7290C1FEB3" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2516F98C7290C1FEB3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in the examined 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2516658C5092CEFEB3" authority="(L.)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[627,763,359,382]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pelagica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2516658C5092CEFEB3" box="[627,763,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">N. pelagica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the wall of the pansporocysts and younger developmental stages may have disintegrated in the decaying polychaete host.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF300D2514B08CDC90DAFD65" blockId="6.[136,772,159,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">
The present actinospores differ from those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2516BC8CDC9336FDCF" authorityName="Koie" authorityYear="2003" box="[682,771,491,514]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ellipsomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gobii">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2516BC8CDC9336FDCF" box="[682,771,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">E. gobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2514AD8F3A9119FDE9" baseAuthorityName="Sitja-Bobadilla and Alvarez-Pellitero" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[187,300,525,548]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ellipsomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mugilis">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2514AD8F3A9119FDE9" box="[187,300,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">E. mugilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2515708F3A920BFDE9" authorityName="Sitja-Bobadilla &amp; Alvarez-Pellitero" authorityYear="1993" box="[358,574,525,548]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Zschokkella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mugilis">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2515708F3A920BFDE9" box="[358,574,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Zschokkella mugilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which also use 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D25149E8F199137FD88" box="[136,258,558,581]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D25149E8F1990F9FD88" box="[136,204,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Nereis</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
as polychaete hosts, by being nearly spherical contrary to the elongated actinospores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D25165A8F789331FDAB" box="[588,772,591,614]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ellipsomyxa" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D25165A8F7892FBFDAB" box="[588,718,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Ellipsomyxa</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
having nearly twice the length (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D2515C88F4792B8FD4A" author="Koie M &amp; Whipps CM &amp; Kent ML" box="[478,653,624,647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="14 - 18" refId="ref5258" refString="Koie M, Whipps CM, Kent ML (2004) Ellipsomyxa gobii (Myxozoa: Ceratomyxidae) in the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei: Gobiidae) used Nereis spp. (Annelida: Polychaeta) as invertebrate hosts. Folia Parasitol 51: 14 - 18" type="journal article" year="2004">Køie et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D25168B8F4790EAFD65" author="Rangel LF &amp; Santos MJ &amp; Cech G &amp; Szekely C" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="561 - 569" refId="ref5570" refString="Rangel LF, Santos MJ, Cech G, Szekely C (2009) Morphology, molecular data, and development of Zschokkella mugilis (Myxosporea, Bivalvulida) in a polychaete alternate host, Nereis diversicolor. J Parasitol 95: 561 - 569" type="journal article" year="2009">Rangel et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF300D2514B08F849157FBFA" blockId="6.[136,772,159,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2514B08F849144FD07" ID-CoL="474CR" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[166,369,691,714]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diversicolor">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2514B08F849144FD07" box="[166,369,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Nereis diversicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2515A68F84926CFD07" ID-CoL="748QV" authorityName="Leuckart" authorityYear="1847" box="[432,601,691,714]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="succinea">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2515A68F84926CFD07" box="[432,601,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Nereis succinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from less than 1 metre depth may be infected with actinosporean stages (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D2514998FC2917EFCC1" author="Koie M &amp; Whipps CM &amp; Kent ML" box="[143,331,757,780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="14 - 18" refId="ref5258" refString="Koie M, Whipps CM, Kent ML (2004) Ellipsomyxa gobii (Myxozoa: Ceratomyxidae) in the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei: Gobiidae) used Nereis spp. (Annelida: Polychaeta) as invertebrate hosts. Folia Parasitol 51: 14 - 18" type="journal article" year="2004">Køie et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D2515768FC29207FCC1" author="Rangel LF &amp; Santos MJ &amp; Cech G &amp; Szekely C" box="[352,562,757,780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="561 - 569" refId="ref5570" refString="Rangel LF, Santos MJ, Cech G, Szekely C (2009) Morphology, molecular data, and development of Zschokkella mugilis (Myxosporea, Bivalvulida) in a polychaete alternate host, Nereis diversicolor. J Parasitol 95: 561 - 569" type="journal article" year="2009">Rangel et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2516928FC29336FCC1" ID-CoL="474S9" authority="(L.)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[644,771,757,780]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pelagica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2516928FC29336FCC1" box="[644,771,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">N. pelagica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens examined were dredged in among other a shallow sandy bay harbouring 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2515668E009239FC83" ID-CoL="474CR" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[368,524,823,846]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diversicolor">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2515668E009239FC83" box="[368,524,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">N. diversicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2516298E009282FC83" ID-CoL="748QV" authorityName="Leuckart" authorityYear="1847" box="[575,695,823,846]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="succinea">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2516298E009282FC83" box="[575,695,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">N. succinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These two species were only infected with 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D25160F8E6E925BFCBD" ID-CoL="85QNH" authorityName="Koie" authorityYear="2003" box="[537,622,857,880]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ellipsomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gobii">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D25160F8E6E925BFCBD" box="[537,622,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">E. gobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even though specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2515088E4D91B6FC5C" ID-CoL="68GF7" authority="(L.)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1760" box="[286,387,890,913]" family="Belonidae" genus="Belone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beloniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belone">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2515088E4D91B6FC5C" box="[286,387,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">B. belone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must have spent some time in this bay. Hence it is possible that these myxosporeans display some degree of host specificity to the invertebrate host; 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2516FA8E8B9088FC39" ID-CoL="85QNH" authorityName="Koie" authorityYear="2003" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ellipsomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gobii">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2516FA8E8B9088FC39" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">E. gobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uses two species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D25158B8EEA91D5FC39" ID-CoL="9G24H" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[413,480,989,1012]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D25158B8EEA91D5FC39" box="[413,480,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Nereis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as invertebrate hosts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D2516D98EEA913FFBDB" author="Koie M &amp; Whipps CM &amp; Kent ML" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="14 - 18" refId="ref5258" refString="Koie M, Whipps CM, Kent ML (2004) Ellipsomyxa gobii (Myxozoa: Ceratomyxidae) in the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei: Gobiidae) used Nereis spp. (Annelida: Polychaeta) as invertebrate hosts. Folia Parasitol 51: 14 - 18" type="journal article" year="2004">Køie et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
), whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2515998EC8922EFBDB" ID-CoL="85YD4" authority="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie, 2012" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Thelohan" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[399,539,1023,1046]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2515998EC8922EFBDB" box="[399,539,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">S. sphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
apparently use one species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2514F78917916EFBFA" ID-CoL="474S9" authority="(L.)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[225,347,1056,1079]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pelagica">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2514F78917916EFBFA" box="[225,347,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">N. pelagica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36ADBF300D2514B0897691D5FAAF" blockId="6.[136,772,159,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">
Actinospores of the tetractinomyxon 
<typeStatus id="54DE880FBF300D25162389769257FB95" box="[565,610,1089,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">type</typeStatus>
are the actinosporean stages of myxozoans belonging to at least three clades: the 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D25150289B491A3FB57" ID-CoL="84N92" authorityName="Thelohan" authorityYear="1892" box="[276,406,1155,1178]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ceratomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D25150289B491A3FB57" box="[276,406,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Ceratomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D2515EE89B492F6FB57" author="Koie M &amp; Karlsbakk E &amp; Nylund A" box="[504,707,1155,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="100 - 104" refId="ref5357" refString="Koie M, Karlsbakk E, Nylund A (2008) The marine herring myxozoan Ceratomyxa auerbachi (Myxozoa: Ceratomyxidae) uses Chone infundibuliformis (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellidae) as invertebrate host. Folia Parasitol 55: 100 - 104" type="journal article" year="2008">Køie et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
), the 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D25149E8992911BFB71" ID-CoL="84KMB" authorityName="Shulman" authorityYear="1953" box="[136,302,1189,1212]" class="Myxozoa" family="Parvicapsulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parvicapsulidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D2515508992925FFB71" author="Bartholomew JL &amp; Atkinson SD &amp; Hallett SL" box="[326,618,1189,1212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="742 - 748" refId="ref4951" refString="Bartholomew JL, Atkinson SD, Hallett SL (2006) Involvement of Manayunkia speciosa (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in the life cycle of Parvicapsula minibicornis, a myxozoan parasite of Pacific salmon. J Parasitol 92: 742 - 748" type="journal article" year="2006">Bartholomew et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D25169489929088FB10" author="Koie M &amp; Karlsbakk E &amp; Nylund A" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="1459 - 1467" refId="ref5307" refString="Koie M, Karlsbakk E, Nylund A (2007) A new genus Gadimyxa with three new species (Myxozoa, Parvicapsulidae) parasitic in marine fish (Gadidae) and the two-host life cycle of Gadimyxa atlantica n. sp. J Parasitol 93: 1459 - 1467" type="journal article" year="2007">Køie et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
) and the 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D25152B89F19182FB10" ID-CoL="85J7M" authorityName="Karlsbakk &amp; Køie" authorityYear="2012" box="[317,439,1222,1245]" class="Myxozoa" family="Myxidiidae" genus="Sigmomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D25152B89F19182FB10" box="[317,439,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Sigmomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2515A889F19275FB10" ID-CoL="85DPB" authorityName="Koie" authorityYear="2003" box="[446,576,1222,1245]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ellipsomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2515A889F19275FB10" box="[446,576,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Ellipsomyxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade. A fourth clade is represented by 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D2515B689D09246FB33" ID-CoL="85NNQ" authorityName="Noble" authorityYear="1950" box="[416,627,1255,1278]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ceratomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D2515B689D09246FB33" box="[416,627,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Ceratomyxa shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which also show tetractinomyxon actinospores (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D251630883F9088FA8C" author="Bartholomew JL &amp; Whipple MJ &amp; Stevens DG &amp; Fryer JL" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="859 - 868" refId="ref4908" refString="Bartholomew JL, Whipple MJ, Stevens DG, Fryer JL (1997) The life cycle of Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonids, requires a freshwater polychaete as an alternate host. J Parasitol 83: 859 - 868" type="journal article" year="1997">Bartholomew et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
), but the phylogenetic affinities of 
<taxonomicName id="4C654D2EBF300D251625881D92A2FA8C" ID-CoL="85NNQ" authorityName="Noble" authorityYear="1950" box="[563,663,1322,1345]" class="Myxozoa" family="Ceratomyxidae" genus="Ceratomyxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bivalvulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis id="B911EABFBF300D251625881D92A2FA8C" box="[563,663,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">C. shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unclear (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B5CBF300D2514AD887C91E5FAAF" author="Fiala I &amp; Bartosova P" box="[187,464,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" pagination="228" refId="ref5064" refString="Fiala I, Bartosova P (2010) History of myxozoan character evolution on the basis of rDNA and EF- 2 data. BMC Evol Biol 10: 228" type="journal article" year="2010">Fiala and Bartosova 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>