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<document id="6D1E3832BC41D0051412799AFAF12F76" ID-CLB-Dataset="45800" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f0614c34-e456-4231-a5c0-281479168dac" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="252134" ID-ZooBank="77AB3EAA-DA13-4C8D-885D-EB9F5F14DE34" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460418923756" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L. &amp; Foltz, David W." docDate="2014" docId="039F453C9541873BFF0BFD0EFC76FBB2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03795p372.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3795 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Poraniomorpha Danielssen &amp; Koren 1881" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="351" masterDocId="FFA63D4495568723FF9CFFD9FFA3FF87" masterDocTitle="New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology" masterLastPageNumber="372" masterPageNumber="327" pageNumber="350" updateTime="1698329523474" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="773E74DBE398A570423BA085F261AAD2">New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6A9F9D7EC141515118C1A178BDA3F64F">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="25459C311FA48DACD1652A7F56C5ADE2">Foltz, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="FB36FF076E082D4DE4AF6537155CA300">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039F453C9541873BFF0BFD0EFC76FBB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6133851" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426376" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6133851" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F453C9541873BFF0BFD0EFC76FBB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F453C9541873BFF0BFD0EFC76FBB2" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195418734FF0BFD0EFED1FC94" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FF0BFD0EFD3FFD75" ID-CoL="7PTRQ" authority="Danielssen &amp; Koren 1881" authorityName="Danielssen &amp; Koren" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,668,727,754]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF0BFD0EFD3FFD75" bold="true" box="[151,668,727,754]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF0BFD0EFEF4FD76" bold="true" box="[151,343,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FEC2FD01FD3FFD75" author="Danielssen" box="[350,668,728,754]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Danielssen, D. C. &amp; Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195." type="journal article" year="1881">Danielssen &amp; Koren 1881</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95418734FF0BFD23FF57FC94" box="[151,244,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[221,1387,214,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[202,1396,195,1889]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 7. Poraniomorpha spp. A. USNM E 16102 Poraniomorpha abyssicola, abactinal (R = 4.4). B. Actinal surface. C. Actinal close up showing furrow spines, actinal spination. D. USNM E 05361 Poraniomorpha tumidus, abactinal surface (R = 3.6). E. Actinal surface. F. Close up of papillate spinules on surface of Poraniomorpha abyssicola (USNM E 16102). Scale Bar = 0.5 cm. G. Close up of spinule distribution on P. tumida (USNM E 05361). Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252141/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Figure 7</figureCitation>
A–F, 8A–F
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195418734FF0BFC9BFC9DFC54" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95418734FF0BFC9BFB84FC11" blockId="23.[151,1436,834,979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495418734FF0BFC9BFB84FC11" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FF0BFC9BFDD8FCDF" ID-CoL="7PTRQ" authority="Danielssen &amp; Koren 1881: 189" authorityName="Danielssen &amp; Koren" authorityPageNumber="189" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,635,834,856]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF0BFC9BFE9AFCDF" box="[151,313,834,856]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FEA2FC9BFDD8FCDF" author="Danielssen" box="[318,635,834,856]" page="189" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FEA2FC9BFDEAFCDF" author="Danielssen" box="[318,585,834,856]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Danielssen, D. C. &amp; Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195." type="journal article" year="1881">Danielssen &amp; Koren 1881</bibRefCitation>
: 189
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 1884: 67–70;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FC8DFC9BFC63FCDF" author="Verrill" box="[785,960,834,856]" page="139" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1895">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FC8DFC9BFC2DFCDF" author="Verrill" box="[785,910,834,856]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141." type="journal article" year="1895">Verrill 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 139
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FC56FC9BFBC0FCDF" author="Grieg" box="[970,1123,834,856]" page="41" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FC56FC9BFBE3FCDF" author="Grieg" box="[970,1088,834,856]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Grieg, J. A. (1907) Echinodermen von dem norwegischen Fischereidampfer Michael Sars in den Jahren 1900 - 1903 gesammelt. 3. Asteroidea. 1. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1906 (13), 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1907">Grieg 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 41
</treatmentCitation>
–42;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FB0AFC9BFAE3FCDF" author="Fisher" box="[1174,1344,834,856]" page="248" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FB0AFC9BFAB3FCDF" author="Fisher" box="[1174,1296,834,856]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, xiii, 1 - 420 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i" type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher 1911</bibRefCitation>
: 248
</treatmentCitation>
(in key); 1919: 407;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FEDEFCB8FDA9FCF0" author="Koehler" box="[322,522,865,887]" page="157" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FEDEFCB8FE70FCF0" author="Koehler" box="[322,467,865,887]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Koehler, R. (1924) Les Echinodermes des Mers d'Europe. Vol 1. Generalites, Asterides, Ophiurides. Librarie Octave Doin, Paris, xii + 360 pp." type="book" year="1924">Koehler 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 157
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FD84FCBBFD4DFCF0" author="Mortensen" box="[536,750,865,887]" page="92" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FD84FCBBFD66FCF0" author="Mortensen" box="[536,709,865,887]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Mortensen, T. (1927) Echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, 471 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841" type="book" year="1927">Mortensen 1927</bibRefCitation>
: 92
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FD61FCB8FC14FCF0" author="Gallo" box="[765,951,865,887]" page="1664" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FD61FCB8FCD6FCF0" author="Gallo" box="[765,885,865,887]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Gallo, V. R. (1937) Sur le genre ' Culcitopsis ' Verrill (Asteroides). Compte Rendu XIIe Congres Internationale Zoologique, Lisbon, 1935. pp. 1664 - 1667." type="journal article" year="1937">Gallo 1937</bibRefCitation>
:
<date id="FF88D2EA95418734FC1FFCB8FC14FCF0" box="[899,951,865,887]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" value="1664" valueMax="1667">1664</date>
</treatmentCitation>
–1667;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FB9AFCB8FB72FCF0" author="Djakonov" box="[1030,1233,865,887]" page="58" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FB9AFCB8FB09FCF0" author="Djakonov" box="[1030,1194,865,887]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Djakonov, A. M. (1950) Morskie Zvezdy Morei SSSR. Tableaux analytiquesdelafaune deU. R. S. S., 34, 1 - 203. [Translated as Dyakonov. A. M. 1968. Sea stars (Asteroids) of the USSR Seas. Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, 34. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ed. by A. A. Strelkov. Israel Program for scientific translations Ltd. Jerusalem, 183 pp.]" type="book chapter" year="1950">Djakonov 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 58
</treatmentCitation>
–59 (1968: 48–49);
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FF5BFC59FE1FFC11" author="Spencer" box="[199,444,896,918]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Spencer, W. K. &amp; Wright, C. W. (1966) Asterozoans, Part U, Echinodermata. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 3 (1), U 4 - U 107." type="journal article" year="1966">Spencer &amp; Wright 1966</bibRefCitation>
: U70;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FE63FC59FD70FC11" author="Clark" box="[511,723,896,918]" page="33" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FE63FC59FD0CFC11" author="Clark" box="[511,687,896,918]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 33
</treatmentCitation>
–41;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FC99FC59FB80FC11" author="Clark" box="[773,1059,896,918]" page="212" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FC99FC59FC53FC11" author="Clark" box="[773,1008,896,918]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 212
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95418734FF0BFC47FC23FC33" blockId="23.[151,1436,834,979]" box="[151,896,926,948]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495418734FF0BFC47FC23FC33" box="[151,896,926,948]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FF0BFC47FE1BFC33" ID-CoL="29d3f400-a5a2-442a-9062-fccf47cedf3d" authority="Sladen 1883: 155" authorityName="Sladen" authorityPageNumber="155" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,440,926,948]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Rhegaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF0BFC47FF5DFC33" box="[151,254,926,948]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Rhegaster</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FE98FC47FE1BFC33" author="Sladen" box="[260,440,926,948]" page="155" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1883">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FE98FC47FE26FC33" author="Sladen" box="[260,389,926,948]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) IX. Asteroidea dredged in the Faeroe Channel during the cruise of H. M. S. Triton in August 1882. Transaction of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 32, 153 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800026703" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen 1883</bibRefCitation>
: 155
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 1889: 367;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FDA9FC47FD61FC33" author="Bell" box="[565,706,926,948]" page="80" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FDA9FC47FD3FFC33" author="Bell" box="[565,668,926,948]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Bell, F. J. (1893) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). London, xvii + 202 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1893">Bell 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 80
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FD51FC47FCDFFC33" author="Verrill" box="[717,892,926,948]" page="17" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FD51FC47FCF4FC33" author="Verrill" box="[717,855,926,948]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1914 b) Revision of some genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of a few new genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14 (79), 13 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693536" type="journal article" year="1914" yearSuffix="b">Verrill 1914b</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95418734FF0BFC67FC9DFC54" blockId="23.[151,1436,834,979]" box="[151,830,957,979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495418734FF0BFC67FC9DFC54" box="[151,830,957,979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FF0BFC67FE10FC54" ID-CoL="1c911c92-d395-43c4-a73f-ebc2a3bdd5ac" authority="Sladen, 1889: 371" authorityName="Sladen" authorityPageNumber="371" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,435,957,979]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Lasiaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF0BFC67FF56FC54" box="[151,245,958,979]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Lasiaster</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FF67FC64FE10FC54" author="Sladen" box="[251,435,957,979]" page="371" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FF67FC64FE20FC54" author="Sladen" box="[251,387,957,979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 371
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–372;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FE6FFC64FDDCFC54" author="Bell" box="[499,639,957,979]" page="81" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FE6FFC64FDF9FC54" author="Bell" box="[499,602,957,979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Bell, F. J. (1893) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). London, xvii + 202 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1893">Bell 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 81
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95418734FD16FC64FC99FC54" author="Verrill" box="[650,826,957,979]" page="198" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" year="1899">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FD16FC64FCA4FC54" author="Verrill" box="[650,775,957,979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234." type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill 1899</bibRefCitation>
: 198
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195418734FF0BFC26FD0AFBBA" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95418734FF0BFC26FD0AFBBA" blockId="23.[151,1437,1023,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF0BFC26FE99FB9F" bold="true" box="[151,314,1023,1048]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895418734FF0BFC26FF71FB9F" box="[151,210,1023,1048]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FEDAFC26FC28FB9F" authority="Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1881" authorityName="Danielssen &amp; Koren" authorityYear="1881" box="[326,907,1023,1048]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rosea">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FEDAFC26FDE1FB9F" box="[326,578,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha rosea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FDD3FC26FC28FB9F" author="Danielssen" box="[591,907,1023,1048]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Danielssen, D. C. &amp; Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195." type="journal article" year="1881">Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, now regarded as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FAB0FBD9FE3BFBBB" authority="M. Sars, 1872" authorityName="M. Sars" authorityYear="1872" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FAB0FBD9FF57FBBA" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Goniaster hispidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FF67FBFCFE3BFBBB" author="Sars" box="[251,408,1060,1084]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Sars, M. (1872) Tillaeg. In: Sars, G. O. (Ed.), Nye Echinodermer fra den Norske Kyst. Kongelige Videnskabernes Selskabsforhandlinger, Trondheim 1871, pp. 27 - 31." type="journal article" year="1872">M. Sars, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A19541873BFF5BFB9EFC76FBB2" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95418734FF5BFB9EFD5EFA22" blockId="23.[151,1437,1023,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF5BFB9EFEE2FBE7" bold="true" box="[199,321,1095,1120]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Body form pentagonal to stellate (R/r=1.2 to 2.75), disk large, thick. Arms triangular, variably short to elongate. Abactinal plates imbricate to fenestrate, boundaries obscured by discrete layer of skin. Papulae large, number ranging from single up to 15, with some species ranging in groups up to 10–15. Abactinal, marginal surface covered by fine, numerous and frequently abundant spinelets. Marginal plates variably shaped, from irregularly imbricate to blocky and in regular series. Intermarginal papulae present or absent. Actinolateral fringe discrete with larger, thicker spines variably present. Actinal regions relatively large, plates imbricate in transverse series. Plate boundaries obscured by discrete skin, covered by spinelets, variable in size, homogeneity, and density. Adambulacral armature prominent, forming a discrete, spiny fringe along tube foot groove similar in width to inferomarginal series. Furrow spines one to three, arranged in some as part of a transverse series with subambulacral spines but as a separate series in others.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95418734FF5BFA76FEF7F997" blockId="23.[151,1437,1023,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF5BFA76FE3FFA4F" bold="true" box="[199,412,1455,1480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Included species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FE31FA76FC3CFA4F" authority="Verrill 1895" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1895" box="[429,927,1455,1480]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssicola">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FE31FA76FD44FA4F" box="[429,743,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha abyssicola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FC9CFA76FC35FA4F" author="Verrill" box="[768,918,1455,1480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141." type="journal article" year="1895">Verrill 1895</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FC29FA76FA3BFA4F" authority="Mortensen 1932" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1932" box="[949,1432,1455,1480]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bidens">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FC29FA76FB61FA4F" box="[949,1218,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha bidens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FB48FA69FA3BFA4F" author="Mortensen" box="[1236,1432,1456,1480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Mortensen, T. (1932) Echinooderms of the Godthaab Expedition of 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 79, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1932">Mortensen 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FF0BFA0DFE4BFA6B" authority="Sars" authorityName="Sars" box="[151,488,1492,1517]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF0BFA0DFE08FA6A" box="[151,427,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha hispida</emphasis>
Sars
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FD86FA0DFD30FA6B" author="Sars" box="[538,659,1492,1516]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Sars, M. (1872) Tillaeg. In: Sars, G. O. (Ed.), Nye Echinodermer fra den Norske Kyst. Kongelige Videnskabernes Selskabsforhandlinger, Trondheim 1871, pp. 27 - 31." type="journal article" year="1872">Sars 1872</bibRefCitation>
, †
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FD28FA0DFBD9FA6B" authority="Hess 1972" authorityName="Hess" authorityYear="1972" box="[692,1146,1492,1517]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jurassica">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FD28FA0DFC7FFA6B" box="[692,988,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha jurassica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FC6CFA0DFBD1FA6B" author="Hess" box="[1008,1138,1492,1516]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Hess, H. (1972) Eine Echinodermen - Fauna aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen Memoires suisses de Paleontologie, 92, 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1972">Hess 1972</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FB11FA0DFEECF997" authority="Stuxberg 1878" authorityName="Stuxberg" authorityYear="1878" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tumida">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FB11FA0DFA3FFA6A" box="[1165,1436,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha tumida</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FF02FA2EFEE4F997" author="Stuxberg" box="[158,327,1527,1552]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Stuxberg, A. (1878) Echinodermer fran Novaja Zemljashaf samlade under Nordenskioldska Expeditionerna, 1875 och 1876. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps Akademien Forhandlingar Stockholm, 1878 (3), 27 - 40." type="journal article" year="1878">Stuxberg 1878</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95418734FF5BF9C5FDEAF846" blockId="23.[151,1437,1023,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF5BF9C5FDAFF9B2" bold="true" box="[199,524,1564,1589]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FD86F9C5FD29F9B2" box="[538,650,1564,1589]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Rhegaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Rhegaster</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FD04F9C4FC00F9B2" box="[664,931,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">&amp; Species boundaries.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FC2CF9C5FAEBF9B3" authority="Sars 1872" authorityName="Sars" authorityYear="1872" box="[944,1352,1564,1589]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FC2CF9C5FB67F9B2" box="[944,1220,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha hispida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FB4EF9C5FAEBF9B3" author="Sars" box="[1234,1352,1564,1588]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Sars, M. (1872) Tillaeg. In: Sars, G. O. (Ed.), Nye Echinodermer fra den Norske Kyst. Kongelige Videnskabernes Selskabsforhandlinger, Trondheim 1871, pp. 27 - 31." type="journal article" year="1872">Sars 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
shows significant morphological disparity from the other three living species of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FC48F9E6FB24F9DF" box="[980,1159,1599,1624]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FC48F9E6FB24F9DF" box="[980,1159,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FB09F998FA8BF9DF" box="[1173,1320,1599,1624]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssicola">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FB09F998FA8BF9DF" box="[1173,1320,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">P. abyssicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FAAAF998FA3FF9DF" box="[1334,1436,1599,1624]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bidens">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FAAAF998FA3FF9DF" box="[1334,1436,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">P. bidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FF5AF9BCFE93F9FA" box="[198,304,1636,1661]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tumida">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF5AF9BCFE93F9FA" box="[198,304,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">P. tumida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Characters in
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FE45F9BCFDE0F9FA" box="[473,579,1636,1661]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FE45F9BCFDE0F9FA" box="[473,579,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">P. hispida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including the large, blocky marginals, multiple papular pores, and the wide fenestrate abactinal plate arrangement show significant morphological disparity relative to the other three species which display more overall similarity of morphological characters.
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FC00F975FAEFF942" box="[924,1356,1708,1733]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FC00F975FB72F942" box="[924,1233,1708,1733]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssicola">Poraniomorpha abyssicola</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FB42F974FAEAF942" box="[1246,1353,1708,1733]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bidens">P. bidens</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FA1BF974FF46F96F" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tumida">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FA1BF974FF46F96F" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">P. tumida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
display characters more similar to one another than to
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FCC2F908FC68F96F" box="[862,971,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">P. h i s p i d a</emphasis>
, including narrower arms, more inflated disk, more strongly stellate body form, single to few numbers of papular pores, and more irregularly shaped abactinal and marginal plates. The morphology present in the former three species of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FBC4F8CEFAA8F8B7" box="[1112,1291,1815,1840]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FBC4F8CEFAA8F8B7" box="[1112,1291,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is consistent with the definition of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FE13F8E5FC93F8D3" authority="Sladen" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1883" box="[399,816,1852,1877]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Rhegaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FE13F8E5FDE4F8D3" box="[399,583,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Rhegaster sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FDD3F8E5FD45F8D3" author="Sladen" box="[591,742,1852,1877]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) IX. Asteroidea dredged in the Faeroe Channel during the cruise of H. M. S. Triton in August 1882. Transaction of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 32, 153 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800026703" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen (1883</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FD68F8E5FC93F8D3" author="Sladen" box="[756,816,1852,1876]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Although
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FC29F8E5FB84F8D2" box="[949,1063,1852,1877]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Rhegaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FC29F8E5FB84F8D2" box="[949,1063,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Rhegaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been entered into synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FF2AF886FD38F8FF" authority="Clark and Downey 1992" authorityName="Clark and Downey" authorityYear="1992" box="[182,667,1887,1913]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FF2AF886FECAF8FF" box="[182,361,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95418734FEE5F886FD30F8FF" author="Clark" box="[377,659,1887,1913]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
it has never been directly addressed. Because of the morphological distinctiveness of these three species (and “
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FDE0F85DFD4DF81A" box="[636,750,1924,1949]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Rhegaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FDE0F85DFD4DF81A" box="[636,750,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Rhegaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”) some discussion of their taxonomic limits is warranted and provides hypotheses for future studies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9541873BFF5BF815FE76FE72" blockId="23.[151,1437,1023,2021]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,1077]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">
Several specimens that conform to the taxonomic definition of
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FC09F814FC5EF862" box="[917,1021,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">P. t umida</emphasis>
(the
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895418734FBA0F814FBCFF862" box="[1084,1132,1997,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">type</typeStatus>
species for
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995418734FB6AF815FACBF862" box="[1270,1384,1996,2021]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Rhegaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895418734FB6AF815FACBF862" box="[1270,1384,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="350">Rhegaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are morphologically consistent with
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFD8BFF40FD24FF37" box="[535,647,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. h i s p i d a</emphasis>
, showing overlap or possibly supporting synonymy. For example, CASIZ
<date id="FF88D2EA954E873BFF6DFF65FEE6FF52" box="[241,325,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" value="56-12-14">121456</date>
from the Beaufort Sea (at R=3.9) showed the subpentagonal body form, and fenestrate abactinal plate arrangement of
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFE19FF38FE4CFF7F" box="[389,495,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. h i s p i d a</emphasis>
, but the relatively fewer papular pores and abactinal tubercles of
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFB52FF38FA97FF7F" box="[1230,1332,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. t u m i d a</emphasis>
. Smaller individuals of
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFEA4FEDCFE3DFE9B" box="[312,414,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. t u m i d a</emphasis>
from the Beaufort Sea locality (e.g., CASIZ 142780,
<date id="FF88D2EA954E873BFC65FEDDFBECFE9B" box="[1017,1103,260,284]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" value="01-12-23">122301</date>
) are more stellate, suggesting that the body shape becomes more swollen and more pentagonal as it increases in size. This may be applicable toward other individuals showing this morphology, possibly including other
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFC62FE95FB12FEE2" box="[1022,1201,332,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFC62FE95FB12FEE2" box="[1022,1201,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“species”, which all tend to show relatively small size. It is unclear if the Beaufort Sea
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFCE0FEA8FC41FE0F" box="[892,994,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. t u m i d a</emphasis>
(or other
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFBCFFEB6FAA5FE0F" box="[1107,1286,367,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFBCFFEB6FAA5FE0F" box="[1107,1286,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.) and the Atlantic
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFF65FE4CFEC7FE2B" box="[249,356,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. h i s p i d a</emphasis>
are conspecific or even sister taxa, but external morphology, including the subpentagonal body shape, furrow spines, and few papular pores, of the two are extremely similar and may represent extension of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFA1BFE60FF49FE72" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFA1BFE60FF49FE72" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. hispida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beyond the Atlantic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A954E873BFF5BFE26FDD4FD2F" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">
Based on consideration of
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFD9FFDD8FDCFFD9F" box="[515,620,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. t u m i da</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFD33FDD8FCBDFD9F" box="[687,798,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. h i s p i d a</emphasis>
it seems that there is some morphological contintuity between
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFF60FDFCFECBFDBB" box="[252,360,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. h i s p i d a</emphasis>
and the “
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFE47FDFDFDEEFDBA" box="[475,589,548,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Rhegaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFE47FDFDFDEEFDBA" box="[475,589,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Rhegaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
<typeStatus id="548D4A88954E873BFDFDFDFCFD32FDBA" box="[609,657,549,573]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">type</typeStatus>
morphology (i.e.,
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFCF9FDFCFC6EFDBB" box="[869,973,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. t um i d a</emphasis>
) which at the moment does not separate them into clearly separate taxa. However, further specimens will likely provide further insight as morphology and population phylogeography clarify the phylogenetic limits of each taxon as well as any possible effects resulting from environmentally induced parallelism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A954E873BFF5BFD6DFEE0FC07" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFF5BFD6DFDF8FD4A" bold="true" box="[199,603,692,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Other taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
Characters studied for
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFCE1FD6DFA9BFD4A" box="[893,1336,692,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="borealis" subGenus="Culcitopsis">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFCE1FD6DFA9BFD4A" box="[893,1336,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Poraniomorpha (Culcitopsis) borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
did not support affinities within
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFE30FD0EFDFCFD77" box="[428,607,727,752]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFE30FD0EFDFCFD77" box="[428,607,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ambulacral ossicles, furrow spine arrangements, abactinal and marginal plate arrangements were all inconsistent with those of
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFCB1FD24FC3CFC93" box="[813,927,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. h i s p i d a</emphasis>
with no observed characters supporting a monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFEA0FCC6FE4CFCBF" box="[316,495,799,824]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFEA0FCC6FE4CFCBF" box="[316,495,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
concept. Although the phylogenetic position of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFBBAFCC6FB07FCBF" box="[1062,1188,799,824]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Culcitopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFBBAFCC6FB07FCBF" box="[1062,1188,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Culcitopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not tested using DNA, character distribution data suggests that it should be separated from
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFB99FC9DFB1BFCDA" box="[1029,1208,836,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFB99FC9DFB1BFCDA" box="[1029,1208,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and reinstated as a separate genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A954E873BFF5BFC54FC76FBB2" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954E873BFF5BFC54FEF2FC23" author="Hess" box="[199,337,908,932]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" refString="Hess, H. (1972) Eine Echinodermen - Fauna aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen Memoires suisses de Paleontologie, 92, 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1972">Hess (1972)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFE51FC55FD74FC23" box="[461,727,908,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Sphaeriaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jurassicus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFE51FC55FD74FC23" box="[461,727,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Sphaeriaster jurassicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Jurassic deposits in the Northern
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA954E873BFB00FC55FB7DFC22" box="[1180,1246,908,933]" name="Switzerland" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Swiss</collectingCountry>
Jura Mountains.
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFF0BFC76FE0DFC4F" authority="Dons 1939" authorityName="Dons" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,430,943,968]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Sphaeriaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFF0BFC76FE85FC4F" box="[151,294,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Sphaeriaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954E873BFEADFC69FE0DFC4F" author="Dons" box="[305,430,944,968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" refString="Dons, C. (1939) Zoologiske Notizen. 37. Die Asteriden Gattung Sphaeriaster, nomen novum, Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Foerhandlinger, 11, 37." type="journal article" year="1939">Dons 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has been synonymized into
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFC9CFC76FB5BFC4F" authority="Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1881" authorityName="Danielssen &amp; Koren" authorityYear="1881" box="[768,1272,943,968]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFC9CFC76FC10FC4F" box="[768,947,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954E873BFC22FC76FB5BFC4F" author="Danielssen" box="[958,1272,943,968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" refString="Danielssen, D. C. &amp; Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195." type="journal article" year="1881">Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Hess’ (1972) description of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFEA4FC0CFE65FC6B" box="[312,454,981,1004]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Sphaeriaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jurassicus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFEA4FC0CFE65FC6B" box="[312,454,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">S. jurassicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be significantly different from living
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFC7BFC0DFB39FC6A" box="[999,1178,980,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFC7BFC0DFB39FC6A" box="[999,1178,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and seems much older than timing of
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFEDDFC20FE0EFB97" box="[321,429,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">P. h i s p i d a</emphasis>
would imply, suggesting the need for re-evaluation of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954E873BFBBFFC21FB11FB97" box="[1059,1202,1016,1040]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Sphaeriaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="351" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jurassicus">
<emphasis id="B9422838954E873BFBBFFC21FB11FB97" box="[1059,1202,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="351">S. jurassicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It remains included herein for the sake of completeness and to draw attention for the question.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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