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<document id="097ADED0360CB3A039521B0F714C0286" ID-CLB-Dataset="7872" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4564947" ID-GBIF-Dataset="06c4d529-b187-453f-8534-3739700e0328" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4564947" ID-ZooBank="0B89F97A-AAA5-4CE2-9DA2-CC47EA03346D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614352201935" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Opitz, Weston" docDate="2020" docId="A51487B3C0484B29FF014974FD593180" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2020.0793.1-70.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2020 (793)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.3:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Axina spina Opitz 2020, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="592DFFCBC0614B03FFC14D55FFB73417" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the Western Hemisphere checkered beetle genus Axina Kirby (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698931205348" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
<mods:mods id="3E735F74E2D715246436B624E0A8E94E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="14B3E46BDBDDB9C6335CB6CAABF71D8C">
<mods:title id="F4665B7D2A5229223C836425470C2F1A">Taxonomic revision of the Western Hemisphere checkered beetle genus Axina Kirby (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="8F30CFDC7B8323FB86B8F57BBB44F9FE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A4CABC1750195D8F3C99B9F4C5017A3F">
<mods:roleTerm id="76F92EE0078141F3E11AA03FEC61C13C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6EB44949154E8C9963CEE343EE0F36E3">Opitz, Weston</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B8092E52CA29019568FB6DDB9D6ED099">Florida State Collection of Arthropods Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services 1911 SW 34 th Street Gainesville, Florida 32614 - 7100</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="0184F1B1F32D9C71B4BD21AB968AABA8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E86F91FBA78C0027C9685995F728DFE7">
<mods:title id="7728CDF16A44C015F6732B87E08B3CC8">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="1641CA7E1EAB6D4FF6D1EB882F32BEE7">
<mods:date id="F43CCBB72C50BF0FF3FE0DCB7C6CAC54">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="2659B3FAB75F7F65C506BAD8F24BC11F" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="F7CED2DF05C524F940464CF34AA8FE37">2020-09-25</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="07CC84821E8B41FAC09F82BD6EC5A47B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="8C6E3F67519245304AC96757ED465815">2020</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="07C9757A3EEDDAA1EAAFDACBB98BFCA0" type="issue">
<mods:number id="5BB9FAE5C699D14433F8977B4C85B6C3">793</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2AF1B2701484F34CFDDA9A80830CA76A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3D9C1DBB7BDC54ECD5838A034E8D067C" type="CLB-Dataset">7872</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3DBC316516260FD0DAFC2AAFB34AB32B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4564947</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B7B1583CC169A84E79B71428E587977D" type="GBIF-Dataset">06c4d529-b187-453f-8534-3739700e0328</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="708CD29347FB498FE8710B8D7DCDCE3D" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DEB8A538540F8CFD3D23DDABE43D3E55" type="Zenodo-Dep">4564947</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D579B99BB6585440168942D8F073CC5F" type="ZooBank">0B89F97A-AAA5-4CE2-9DA2-CC47EA03346D</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A51487B3C0484B29FF014974FD593180" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586213" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180298749" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4586213" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A51487B3C0484B29FF014974FD593180" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A51487B3C0484B29FF014974FD593180" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<subSubSection id="65A7652EC0484B2AFF014974FDFC3029" box="[192,587,1057,1086]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFF014974FDFC3029" blockId="41.[192,587,1057,1119]" box="[192,587,1057,1086]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="764A81C9C0484B2AFF014974FDFC3029" box="[192,587,1057,1086]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" reason="2">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFF014974FDFC3029" bold="true" box="[192,587,1057,1086]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C0484B2AFF014974FE1E3029" authority="Opitz" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2020" box="[192,425,1057,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFF014974FEEF302A" bold="true" box="[192,344,1057,1085]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Axina spina</emphasis>
Opitz
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="04FA57CCC0484B2AFE774974FDFC3029" box="[438,587,1057,1086]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="65A7652EC0484B2AFF014910FE203048" box="[192,407,1093,1119]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFF014910FE203048" blockId="41.[192,587,1057,1119]" box="[192,407,1093,1119]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<figureCitation id="B5862A20C0484B2AFF014910FE813048" box="[192,310,1093,1119]" captionStart="Figures 33–36" captionStartId="49.[192,279,645,671]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,614]" captionTargetId="figure-11@49.[192,1440,213,614]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figures 33–36. Aedeagi. 33) Axina polycaula. 34) A. ochra. 35) A. rio. 36) A. spina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4564979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4564979/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Figures 36</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B5862A20C0484B2AFE814910FEEA3048" box="[320,349,1093,1119]" captionStart="Figure 73" captionStartId="58.[192,268,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[208,1440,213,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-12@58.[208,1440,213,1807]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 73. Distribution map for Axina species: A. chiasta, A. piperata, A. acutipennis, A. spina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565007/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">73</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B5862A20C0484B2AFEA94910FE243048" box="[360,403,1093,1119]" captionStart="Figures 122–124" captionStartId="71.[192,279,1859,1885]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-10@71.[192,1440,213,1828]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figures 122–124. Habitus of Axina species. 122) Axina megaspina. 123) A. sexmaculata. 124) A. spina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565043/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">124</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="65A7652EC0484B2AFF014925FDFF30D9" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFF014925FDFF30D9" blockId="41.[192,1440,1135,1231]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFF014925FEDE309E" bold="true" box="[192,361,1135,1162]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="9DD53CF8C0484B2AFEAF4925FD1D30BB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046458351" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Argentina" location="ARGENTINE" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFEAF4925FE55309D" bold="true" box="[366,482,1136,1162]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<typeStatus id="F2068807C0484B2AFEAF4925FE6A309D" box="[366,477,1136,1162]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Male. Type locality: RÉPUBL.
<collectingCountry id="55AA7635C0484B2AFCFB4925FC6E309D" box="[826,985,1136,1162]" name="Argentina" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">ARGENTINE</collectingCountry>
, HAUTE PARANA, TIJU-CUARE PRÈS SAN IGNACIO, E. R. WAGNER (
<collectionCode id="4BACAE60C0484B2AFD8249C7FD1630BB" box="[579,673,1170,1196]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">MNHN</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFD7649C7FC9130BB" bold="true" box="[695,806,1170,1196]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<typeStatus id="F2068807C0484B2AFD7649C7FC9630BB" box="[695,801,1170,1196]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
One specimen.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFC2149C7FB4130BB" bold="true" box="[992,1270,1170,1196]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Brazil: Estado do Bahia</emphasis>
, Encruzilhada,?-
<date id="59031065C0484B2AFF1549E1FE8330D8" box="[212,308,1204,1231]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" value="1975-11">XI-1975</date>
, M. Alvarenga (
<collectionCode id="4BACAE60C0484B2AFE2549E1FD8B30D9" box="[484,572,1204,1230]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">WOPC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="65A7652EC0484B2AFF01498BFB84310C" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFF01498BFB84310C" blockId="41.[192,1440,1246,1307]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFF01498BFE8B30EF" bold="true" box="[192,316,1246,1272]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The members of this species are superficially similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C0484B2AFBC6498AFBC630EF" box="[1031,1137,1246,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basalis">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFBC6498AFBAD30EE" box="[1031,1050,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFBE6498BFBC630EF" box="[1063,1137,1246,1272]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">basalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but, in
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C0484B2AFB0D498AFA9130EF" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2020" box="[1228,1318,1247,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFB0D498AFB6830EE" box="[1228,1247,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFB2A498AFA9130EF" box="[1259,1318,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">spina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens the midelytral fascia is linear. The fascia is triangular in specimens of
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C0484B2AFC054854FB9A310C" box="[964,1069,1281,1307]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basalis">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFC054854FC60310C" box="[964,983,1281,1307]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFC224854FB9A310C" box="[995,1069,1281,1307]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">basalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="65A7652EC0484B2AFF01487EFCFF3277" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFF01487EFD8B3222" blockId="41.[191,1440,1323,1589]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFF01487EFEE53152" bold="true" box="[192,338,1323,1349]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFE964879FE353151" box="[343,386,1324,1350]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Size</emphasis>
. Length 8.0 mm; width 2.0 mm.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFD274879FC963152" box="[742,801,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Form</emphasis>
. As in
<figureCitation id="B5862A20C0484B2AFCAD487EFC713152" box="[876,966,1323,1349]" captionStart="Figures 122–124" captionStartId="71.[192,279,1859,1885]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-10@71.[192,1440,213,1828]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figures 122–124. Habitus of Axina species. 122) Axina megaspina. 123) A. sexmaculata. 124) A. spina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565043/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fig. 124</figureCitation>
.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFC0E487EFBBB3152" box="[975,1036,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Color</emphasis>
. Cranium black; antenna testaceous; thorax, legs, and abdomen testaceous; elytra bicolorous, mostly testaceous, humeral angle broadly black, disc with two transverse brown fasciae, one narrow fascia at middle, second fascia broad, in front of elytral apex.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFA9F4825FA2E319D" box="[1374,1433,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Head</emphasis>
. Cranium finely punctate, frons slightly wider than length of antennal pedicel; EW/FW 40/15.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFB1348C7FA9731BB" box="[1234,1312,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Thorax</emphasis>
. Pronotum finely punctate, with 2 tumescences, concave at middle; PW/PL 80/110; elytra, asetiferous punctures subseriate, punctures extend to elytral ½, interstitial spaces wide; EL/EW 340/60.
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFC154882FB8A31E6" box="[980,1085,1495,1521]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Aedeagus (
<figureCitation id="B5862A20C0484B2AFB044882FAA231E5" box="[1221,1301,1495,1522]" captionStart="Figures 33–36" captionStartId="49.[192,279,645,671]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,614]" captionTargetId="figure-11@49.[192,1440,213,614]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figures 33–36. Aedeagi. 33) Axina polycaula. 34) A. ochra. 35) A. rio. 36) A. spina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4564979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4564979/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
), phallobase with spine near lobes; phallobasic lobes very short, nearly contiguous; edges of phallic plates minutely serrate; phallobasic apodeme abbreviated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFF014B13FCFF3277" blockId="41.[192,840,1606,1632]" box="[192,840,1606,1632]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFF014B13FECF3277" bold="true" box="[192,376,1606,1632]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Natural history.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="F2068807C0484B2AFE6F4B13FDB83277" box="[430,527,1606,1632]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
was collected in November.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="65A7652EC0484B2AFF014B25FC7D329D" box="[192,970,1648,1675]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFF014B25FC7D329D" blockId="41.[192,970,1648,1675]" box="[192,970,1648,1675]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFF014B25FEE4329D" bold="true" box="[192,339,1648,1674]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Distribution</emphasis>
(for map see
<figureCitation id="B5862A20C0484B2AFE2B4B25FD8F329D" box="[490,568,1648,1674]" captionStart="Figure 73" captionStartId="58.[192,268,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[208,1440,213,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-12@58.[208,1440,213,1807]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 73. Distribution map for Axina species: A. chiasta, A. piperata, A. acutipennis, A. spina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565007/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Fig. 73</figureCitation>
). This species is known from
<collectingCountry id="55AA7635C0484B2AFC404B25FC72329D" box="[897,965,1648,1674]" name="Brazil" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="65A7652EC0484B29FF014BCEFD593180" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFF014BCEFE8932C0" blockId="41.[192,1439,1690,1751]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFF014BCEFEF332A2" bold="true" box="[192,324,1691,1717]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet,
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C0484B2AFDFB4BCEFDC332A3" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2020" box="[570,628,1691,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFDFB4BCEFDC332A3" box="[570,628,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">spina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is a Latin noun with a meaning of “spine”. I refer to the spine on the phallobase.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B2AFDB64BAEFC5D330F" blockId="41.[631,1002,1787,1816]" box="[631,1002,1787,1816]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFDB64BAEFC5D330F" bold="true" box="[631,1002,1787,1816]" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Evolutionary Considerations</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C0484B29FF014A72FE4D3560" blockId="41.[192,1440,1831,1927]" lastBlockId="42.[192,1440,214,375]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">
There is comparatively little morphological diversity among the species of
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C0484B2AFBD24A7DFBE13355" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[1043,1110,1832,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C0484B2AFBD24A7DFBE13355" box="[1043,1110,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="40">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the obvious result that few characteristics are available for hypothesis of species level evolution. Structures of the antennae, mouthparts, thorax, and legs offer very little information for polarizing character states. The little structural diversity that can be gleaned from adult morphology involves the maxillary palpomeres, characteristics of the elytral disc, visible abdominal sternites, male and female pygidia, and attributes of the aedeagus. Nevertheless, a hypothesis of evolution of the
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FEFD4C4FFEC83523" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[316,383,282,308]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FEFD4C4FFEC83523" box="[316,383,282,308]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species groups is proposed to serve as a beginning of our understanding of
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FB0E4C4FFAA53523" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[1231,1298,282,308]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FB0E4C4FFAA53523" box="[1231,1298,282,308]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
intrageneric relationships. It is hoped that this information will be augmented when additional taxonomically valuable characteristics become available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C04B4B29FDA84CCFFC4135A0" blockId="42.[617,1014,410,439]" box="[617,1014,410,439]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FDA84CCFFC4135A0" bold="true" box="[617,1014,410,439]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Zoogeographic Considerations</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C04B4B29FF014C92FB7636F8" blockId="42.[191,1442,454,887]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
I have hypothesized that now there are 51 known species of
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FC8E4C92FC2535F6" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[847,914,455,481]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FC8E4C92FC2535F6" box="[847,914,455,481]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; which implies a significant amount of geologic time for the proliferation of species. Therefore, it is puzzling that except for
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FBE14CBCFB1D3615" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2020" box="[1056,1194,488,515]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heveli">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FBE14CBCFB1D3615" box="[1056,1194,488,515]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina heveli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(two specimens from
<collectingCountry id="55AA7635C04B4B29FF034F5EFEA93632" box="[194,286,523,549]" name="Panama" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Panama</collectingCountry>
) no other species of
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FDCF4F5FFDE63633" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[526,593,522,548]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FDCF4F5FFDE63633" box="[526,593,522,548]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
apparently traversed the Isthmus of
<collectingCountry id="55AA7635C04B4B29FC324F5EFBFA3632" box="[1011,1101,523,549]" name="Panama" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Panama</collectingCountry>
after the closure of the Panamanian portal during the middle Miocene, some 13–15 million years ago (
<bibRefCitation id="492C4B54C04B4B29FBCE4F79FAAC3651" author="Montes C &amp; Cardona A &amp; Jaramillo C &amp; Pardo A &amp; Silva JC &amp; Valencia V &amp; Ayala C &amp; Perez-Angel LC &amp; Rodrigues-Parra LA &amp; Ramirez V &amp; Nino H." box="[1039,1307,556,583]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" pagination="226 - 229" refId="ref44977" refString="Montes C, Cardona A, Jaramillo C, Pardo A, Silva JC, Valencia V, Ayala C, Perez-Angel LC, Rodrigues-Parra LA, Ramirez V, Nino H. 2015. Middle Miocene closure of the Central American Seaway. Science 348 (6231): 226 - 229." type="journal article" year="2015">Montes et al. 2015: 228</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, during this same time interval the Colombian Andes had attained only 40% of their present height (Gregory- Wodzicki 2000: 1303). No northern migrations seem to have taken place during an interval of time when the Colombian Andes were partially formed, some 2.7 million years ago; this despite a considerable window of time for these checkered beetles to enter Middle America considering the formation of the Isthmus of
<collectingCountry id="55AA7635C04B4B29FB374FE1FAE736D9" box="[1270,1360,692,718]" name="Panama" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Panama</collectingCountry>
and, at about the same time, establishment of low mountain terrain during the Colombian orogeny.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C04B4B29FEC14FA2FBB43761" blockId="42.[191,1442,454,887]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
Most
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FEFE4FA2FE353706" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[319,386,759,785]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FEFE4FA2FE353706" box="[319,386,759,785]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are found in latitudes proximal to the equator, thus showing an affinity for warm humid forests. Also, there is no evidence that the members of
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FCE84E4CFCDB3724" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[809,876,793,819]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FCE84E4CFCDB3724" box="[809,876,793,819]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are associated with any particular species of trees. Therefore, it is possible that terrain with cooler climates, generated by rising land masses in northwestern
<collectingCountry id="55AA7635C04B4B29FA8B4E6FFF533761" name="Colombia" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, may have been an early deterrent for more northern
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FCF84E08FCCB3760" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[825,892,861,887]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FCF84E08FCCB3760" box="[825,892,861,887]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
migrations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C04B4B29FDB94ECFFC5F37A0" blockId="42.[632,1000,922,951]" box="[632,1000,922,951]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FDB94ECFFC5F37A0" bold="true" box="[632,1000,922,951]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Phylogenetic Interpretations</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D0236A5C04B4B29FF014E93FD593180" blockId="42.[191,1440,966,1432]" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">
The WINCLADA computer program, in concert with NONA, analyzed 12 apotypic character states and produced one parsimonious tree of a species group phylogeny (
<figureCitation id="B5862A20C04B4B29FC964EB2FC1F3015" box="[855,936,999,1026]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="53.[192,268,1900,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-42@53.[439,1194,1227,1870]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 68. Phylogenetic hypothesis (prepared via WINCLADA/NONA)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4586067/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
). I posit that the
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FBA34EBDFB123015" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[1122,1189,1000,1026]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FBA34EBDFB123015" box="[1122,1189,1000,1026]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ancestor originated in South America, somewhere on the woodland terrains of
<collectingCountry id="55AA7635C04B4B29FCFF495CFC353034" box="[830,898,1033,1059]" name="Brazil" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, the center of
<taxonomicName id="EABD4D26C04B4B29FBE2495FFBD13033" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1818" box="[1059,1126,1034,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Axina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1FC9EAB7C04B4B29FBE2495FFBD13033" box="[1059,1126,1034,1060]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="41">Axina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
modern species diversity. It is hypothesized that this ancestor (A) diverged to produce ancestral species B and C. Ancestor B generated the progenitor of the bahia species group, characterized by brown elytra, and ancestor C, which evolved the progenitor of the bella species group; in which the elytral asetiferous punctures were reduced in numbers. Ancestor C also produced ancestor D. The latter evolved the ancestor of the basalis species group, which led to species characterized by a female pygidium that is produced at the middle of the posterior margin. Ancestor D promulgated progenitor E, which in one lineage produced the fasciata species group and ancestor F in another lineage. Progenitor F generated the ancestor of the analis species group whose species developed a trilobed condition of the female pygidium. Ancestor F also generated progenitor G which in one lineage produced the analis species group and the fortipes species group in another lineage. These conjectures of relationships are based on few characters. Perhaps the phylogenetic tree will become more comprehensive in character state containment when additional new species taxa are collected and made available.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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