184 lines
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184 lines
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<mods:title id="A97F60C7EC75C8A1F49D0B78CB4DB0E6">An annotated checklist of Platypodinae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Iran</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E88EBF641CE1BF5F353B9DECE0BB8334" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1177BE87B34549EB731C2A4A890D29DB">Beaver, Roger A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CFA8A41C52A46B039CCD280952DF4455">Ghahari, Hassan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7D065E3D70A1C2E2C60128309A590FA1">Sanguansub, Sunisa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="41ED879EF6877648BB28BC4EEE6B1BA4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="39D19CC538F363FD349C3896D13B94C8">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F2345C0C9B88FE1E4490163B46AE0356">4098</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="AE683BA3E5A1A0D7BBEA869296D2CE5C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4098.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6B5C9A7C475AFFDCC797E570FC01FAAB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5669417" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119381164" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5669417" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B5C9A7C475AFFDCC797E570FC01FAAB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B5C9A7C475AFFDCC797E570FC01FAAB" lastPageNumber="412" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<subSubSection id="ABEF78E1475AFFDCC797E570FDCAFD56" box="[151,543,620,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475AFFDCC797E570FDCAFD56" blockId="11.[151,543,620,645]" box="[151,543,620,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<heading id="B8029C06475AFFDCC797E570FDCAFD56" bold="true" box="[151,543,620,645]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC797E570FDCAFD56" ID-CoL="3PXMD" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,543,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typographus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC797E570FDCAFD56" bold="true" box="[151,543,620,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC797E570FE84FD56" bold="true" box="[151,337,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Ips typographus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABEF78E1475AFFDCC797E5A8FE2FFCEB" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475AFFDCC797E5A8FE1DFD3C" blockId="11.[151,1437,692,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC797E5A8FE5BFD1E" bold="true" box="[151,398,692,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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Distribution in
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC652E5A8FE5CFD1E" box="[338,393,692,717]" name="Iran" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Ardabil (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC6FCE5A8FCC0FD1F" author="Ghahari" box="[508,789,692,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Ghahari, H. & Fischer, M. (2011) A study on the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) from some regions of northern Iran. Entomofauna, 32 (8), 181 - 196." type="journal article" year="2011">Ghahari & Fischer 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC422E5A8FB9AFD1E" author="Gadallah" box="[802,1103,692,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Gadallah, N. S., Ghahari, H. & Achterberg, C. van (2016) An annotated catalogue of the Iranian Euphorinae, Gnamptodontinae, Helconinae, Hormiinae and Rhysipolinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zootaxa, 4072 (1), 001 - 038. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4072.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Gadallah & Ghahari 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). The species may have been recently introduced to
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC694E5C4FE10FD3C" box="[404,453,728,751]" name="Iran" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475AFFDCC7C7E5E0FE2FFCEB" blockId="11.[151,1437,692,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC7C7E5E0FE1DFCC6" bold="true" box="[199,456,764,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">General distribution.</emphasis>
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Northern and central Europe, through
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC49AE5E0FC30FCC6" box="[922,997,764,789]" name="Russia" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Russia</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC313E5E0FB8CFCC6" box="[1043,1113,764,789]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC369E5E1FB78FCC7" box="[1129,1197,765,788]" name="South Korea" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Korea</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC3EEE5E1FAE4FCC7" box="[1262,1329,765,788]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC241E5E0FA4DFCC6" box="[1345,1432,764,789]" name="Algeria" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Algeria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC797E403FF3DFCEB" box="[151,232,799,824]" name="Turkey" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC7F3E403FEACFCEB" box="[243,377,799,824]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC684E403FE23FCEB" box="[388,502,799,824]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABEF78E1475AFFDCC7C7E458FE4AFAE3" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475AFFDCC7C7E458FE4AFAE3" blockId="11.[151,1437,692,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC7C7E458FEF2FC8E" bold="true" box="[199,295,836,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Biology.</emphasis>
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This is one of the most important forest pests of
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC44FE459FBD8FC8E" box="[847,1037,836,861]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC44FE459FC5AFC8F" box="[847,911,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Picea</emphasis>
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(Pinaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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in Eurasia (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC394E458FAADFC8F" author="Kausrud" box="[1172,1400,836,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Kausrud, K., Okland, B., Skarpaas, O., Gregoire, J. - C., Erbilgin, N. & Stenseth, N. C. (2012) Population dynamics in changing environments: the case of an eruptive forest pest species. Biological Reviews, 87, 34 - 51. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185 X. 2011.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Kausrud
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC3FCE459FAE1FC8E" box="[1276,1332,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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). It occasionally breeds in
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC695E47BFE06FC53" box="[405,467,871,896]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC695E47BFE06FC53" box="[405,467,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Abies</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC6E0E475FDF5FC53" box="[480,544,873,896]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC6E0E475FDF5FC53" box="[480,544,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Pinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC555E47BFCB0FC53" box="[597,869,871,896]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC555E47BFD31FC53" box="[597,740,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Pseudotsuga</emphasis>
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(Pinaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Because of its importance as a pest, there is a very large literature, and only a few of the more recent references can be given here. Summaries of the biology, natural enemies, associated fungi, forest impact and management are given in
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC31AE4B3FA42FC1B" author="Christiansen" box="[1050,1431,943,968]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Christiansen, E. & Bakke, A. (1988) The spruce bark beetle of Eurasia. In: Berryman, A. A. (Ed.), Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 480 - 503." type="book chapter" year="1988">Christiansen and Bakke (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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, Wermelinger (2004),
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC69BE4C8FC47FC3F" box="[411,914,980,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Global Invasive Species Database (2009) Ips typographus (insect). Available from: http: // www. issg. org / database / species / search. asp? sts = sss & st = sss & fr = 1 & x = 35 & y = 11 & sn = Ips + typographus & rn = & hci = - 1 & ei = - 1 & lang = EN (accessed 23 December 2015)" type="journal article">Global Invasive Species Database (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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, and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International (2015). Further useful information can be found in Lieutier
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC4E5E4E5FBF5FBC3" box="[997,1056,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
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(2004), and
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC3B8E4E4FF31FBE6" author="Vega" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Vega, F. E. & Hofstetter, R. W. (2015) Bark Beetles. Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species. Academic Press, London, 620 pp." type="book" year="2015">Vega and Hofstetter (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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. The species usually occurs in the forest at low population densities attacking weakened or windthrown trees. Outbreaks often occur after strong storms, which cause extensive windfalls and provide large amounts of suitable breeding material. This can allow populations to build up and overcome the resistance of healthy trees (Lieutier 2004,
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC644E39BFE3DFB73" author="Krokene" box="[324,488,1159,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Krokene, P. (2015) Conifer defence and resistance to bark beetles. In: Vega, F. E. & Hofstetter, R. W. (Eds.), Bark Beetles. Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species. Academic Press, London, pp. 177 - 207." type="book chapter" year="2015">Krokene 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). The beetles also carry a pathogenic blue-stain fungus,
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC356E394FA9FFB73" box="[1110,1354,1159,1184]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Ceratocystidaceae" genus="Ceratocystis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Microascales" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polonica">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC356E394FA9FFB73" box="[1110,1354,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Ceratocystis polonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which reduces tree resistance and may kill host trees (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC5D7E3B0FBF0FB17" author="Christiansen" box="[727,1061,1196,1221]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Christiansen, E. & Bakke, A. (1988) The spruce bark beetle of Eurasia. In: Berryman, A. A. (Ed.), Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 480 - 503." type="book chapter" year="1988">Christiansen & Bakke 1988</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC336E3B0FB06FB17" author="Kirisits" box="[1078,1235,1196,1221]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Kirisits, T. (2004) Fungal associates of European bark beetles with special emphasis on the ophiostomatoid fungi. In: Lieutier, F., Day, K. R., Battisti, A., Gregoire, J. - C. & Evans, H. F. (Eds.), Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe. A synthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 181 - 235." type="book chapter" year="2004">Kirisits 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). The population dynamics of the species are discussed in
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC575E3D3FC0BFB3B" author="Stenseth" box="[629,990,1231,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Stenseth, N. C. & Kirkendall, L. R. (1989) Symposium. Population dynamics of bark beetles, with special reference to Ips typographus. Holarctic Ecology, 12, 377 - 528." type="journal article" year="1989">Stenseth and Kirkendall (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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, and by Økland and Bjørnstad (2006),
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC797E3E8FE85FADF" author="Kausrud" box="[151,336,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Kausrud, K., Okland, B., Skarpaas, O., Gregoire, J. - C., Erbilgin, N. & Stenseth, N. C. (2012) Population dynamics in changing environments: the case of an eruptive forest pest species. Biological Reviews, 87, 34 - 51. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185 X. 2011.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Kausrud (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC698E3E8FD59FADF" box="[408,652,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Marini, L., Lindelow, A., Jonsson, A. M., Wulff, S. & Schroeder, L. M. (2013) Population dynamics of the spruce bark beetle: a long-term study. Oikos, 122, 1768 - 1776. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0706.2013.00431. x" type="journal article">
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Marini
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC6F2E3E9FDE4FADE" box="[498,561,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
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(2013)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Wermelinger (2004), and
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC4D1E3E8FAEBFADE" author="Fettig" box="[977,1342,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Fettig, C. J. & Hilszczanski, J. (2015) Management strategies for bark beetles in conifer forests. In: Vega, F. E. & Hofstetter, R. W. (Eds.), Bark Beetles. Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species. Academic Press, London, pp. 85 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 417156 - 5.00014 - 9" type="book chapter" year="2015">Fettig and Hilszczański (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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discuss management strategies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABEF78E1475AFFDCC7C7E220FC01FAAB" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475AFFDCC7C7E220FC01FAAB" blockId="11.[151,1437,692,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC7C7E220FE9AFA86" bold="true" box="[199,335,1340,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Comments.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC65EE220FCF5FA87" authority="Giraud, 1872" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1872" box="[350,800,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Coeloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bostrichorum">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC65EE220FDA0FA86" box="[350,629,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Coeloides bostrichorum</emphasis>
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Giraud, 1872
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC438E220FC03FA87" box="[824,982,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC4E9E220FBBFFA86" box="[1001,1130,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
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) is the parasitoid of
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475AFFDCC27AE221FEF6FAAB" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typographus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475AFFDCC27AE221FEF6FAAB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Ips typographus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475AFFDCC646E27CFEA6FAA4" box="[326,371,1376,1399]" name="Iran" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Iran</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC682E243FD40FAAB" author="Ghahari" box="[386,661,1375,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Ghahari, H. & Fischer, M. (2011) A study on the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) from some regions of northern Iran. Entomofauna, 32 (8), 181 - 196." type="journal article" year="2011">Ghahari & Fischer 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475AFFDCC5A1E243FC1DFAAB" author="Gadallah" box="[673,968,1375,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Gadallah, N. S., Ghahari, H. & Achterberg, C. van (2016) An annotated catalogue of the Iranian Euphorinae, Gnamptodontinae, Helconinae, Hormiinae and Rhysipolinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zootaxa, 4072 (1), 001 - 038. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4072.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Gadallah & Ghahari 2016</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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