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<mods:title id="22883F3C08029769518E2E57192968F9">Comprehensive review on Indian major carps: An integrated approach to pond cultivation, nutrition, and health management for sustainable aquaculture</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EB9744B72424B60AEBFAD72C28EB83F7">Manam, Dr. Vishnu Kiran</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F5F97D5436C244BB344417DC23CC55E0">Senior Scientist / DGM, IB Group, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E00F1F5FB7166D6431C977030D233114">Quraishi, Mohammad Asif</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7F1DC2A85B0E50AA78C3CC22BF00A5B1">Vice President - Fish Feed IB Group, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D78A89B937BDA5B14BEA4358AD3AA912">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8DA31DD24E3D79739C1A1268E50B2098">International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BBAB224433311F657F6A150DC8A864BD">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E19381B731FCEB7AEAD22C5EEDAAEDBC">2024-01-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CEE673C09236453FF46D3C7CD25183D9">12</mods:number>
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<treatment id="8C0487F2FF951764DC2FE078FA0BFC92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12517414" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233743947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12517414" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C0487F2FF951764DC2FE078FA0BFC92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C0487F2FF951764DC2FE078FA0BFC92" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="4CB7656FFF951764DC2FE078FE1AFDFD" box="[96,400,595,619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="041236E4FF951764DC2FE078FE1AFDFD" blockId="2.[96,400,595,619]" box="[96,400,595,619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="5F5A8188FF951764DC2FE078FE1AFDFD" bold="true" box="[96,400,595,619]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="36D9EAF6FF951764DC2FE078FE1AFDFD" bold="true" box="[96,400,595,619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Mrigal (
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<taxonomicName id="C3AD4D67FF951764DCF1E078FE0DFDFD" ID-CoL="VGTK" authority="(Hamilton, 1822)" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[190,391,595,619]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cirrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mrigala">
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<emphasis id="36D9EAF6FF951764DCF1E078FE0DFDFD" bold="true" box="[190,391,595,619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cirrhinus mrigala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4CB7656FFF951764DC2FE05AFA0BFC92" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="041236E4FF951764DC2FE05AFA0BFC92" blockId="2.[96,763,625,802]" lastBlockId="2.[824,1491,134,772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Mrigal (
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<taxonomicName id="C3AD4D67FF951764DCF1E05AFE02FD1F" authority="(Hamilton, 1822)" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[190,392,625,649]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cirrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mrigala">
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<emphasis id="36D9EAF6FF951764DCF1E05AFE02FD1F" box="[190,392,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cirrhinus mrigala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) is one of the major species of Indian carp, widely distributed in rivers, lakes and other fresh water bodies in
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<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764DD6DE085FED3FD50" box="[290,345,686,710]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">India</collectingCountry>
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and neighboring countries (
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<figureCitation id="9C962A61FF951764DEEBE085FD60FD50" box="[676,746,686,710]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="2.[667,700,1104,1125]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,834,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-460@2.[173,1414,834,1081]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig 1: Indian Major Carps" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11659214" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11659214/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Other species of mrigal such as
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<emphasis id="36D9EAF6FF951764DDF4E0E5FF57FC92" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="C3AD4D67FF951764DDF4E0E5FDB2FD73" authority="(Bloch, 1795)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[443,568,717,741]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cirrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrhosa">C. cirrhosa</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="C3AD4D67FF951764DE0BE0E5FD1DFD73" authority="(Hamilton, 1822)" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[580,663,717,741]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cirrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latia">C. latia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="C3AD4D67FF951764DEECE0E5FD7CFD73" authority="(Hamilton, 1822)" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[675,758,717,741]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cirrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reba">C. reba</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="C3AD4D67FF951764DC2FE0C6FF57FC92" authority="(Sykes, 1839)" authorityName="Sykes" authorityYear="1839" box="[96,221,748,772]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cirrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulungee">C. fulungee</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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is also produced on a small scale
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<superScript id="F3D89BACFF951764DE18E0C1FDFEFD6E" attach="right" box="[599,628,746,760]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="603C4B15FF951764DE13E0C1FDE5FD6E" author="Bais B." box="[604,623,746,760]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="409 - 411" refId="ref10739" refString="21. Bais B. Fish scenario in India with emphasis on Indian major carps. Int. J Avian. & Wildlife Biol. 2018; 3 (6): 409 - 411." type="journal article" year="2018">21</bibRefCitation>
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]
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</superScript>
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. The mrigal is an economically important fish in aquaculture, its culture has spread due to its suitable stimulated reproduction and rapid growth It is an important animal for polyculture systems in
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<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764DF12E2EFFC1EFF4A" box="[861,916,196,220]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">India</collectingCountry>
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and other parts of South Asia, and contributes significantly for fish production in the region. The mrigal averages about
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<quantity id="C3559B01FF951764DFADE32AFBAFFE8F" box="[994,1061,257,281]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
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in length. It is present but in favorable conditions can grow large, and is widely distributed in rivers, lakes and growing areas in
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<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764D834E315FB38FEC0" box="[1147,1202,318,342]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">India</collectingCountry>
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<superScript id="F3D89BACFF951764D8F0E316FB59FEDD" attach="right" box="[1215,1235,317,331]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="603C4B15FF951764D88BE316FB47FEDD" author="Jhingran VG" box="[1220,1229,317,331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10300" refString="8. Jhingran VG. Fish and Fisheries of India. Hindustan Publishing Corporation; c 1991." type="book" year="1991">8</bibRefCitation>
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]
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</superScript>
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. The mrigal generally breeds during the rainy months. It is well suited for induced breeding, and fingerlings spawn on natural soil from July to November. Both young rabbits and adult dogs eat primarily animal protein. Both male and female dogs reach sexual maturity at about two years of age. However, stimulated fish species are believed to mature within a year
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<superScript id="F3D89BACFF951764D958E3DEFABEFD95" attach="right" box="[1303,1332,501,515]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="603C4B15FF951764D953E3DEFAA5FD95" author="Jayaram KC" box="[1308,1327,501,515]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10474" refString="13. Jayaram KC. The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region. Narendra Publishing House; c 2010." type="book" year="2010">13</bibRefCitation>
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]
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</superScript>
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. The fawn has a beautiful body, with a rounded belly and deep tail wings. The jaw is depressed, and the mouth is broad and rounded downward. The two sensory organs near his mouth are barbels. The body color of the cat is bronze, with white and golden flanks. The eyes are goldened. The shark is found chiefly in the rivers and lakes of northern
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<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764D8B3E085FABCFD50" box="[1276,1334,686,710]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">India</collectingCountry>
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. It is also well established for aquaculture in South
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<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764D88BE0E6FB74FD73" box="[1220,1278,717,741]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">India</collectingCountry>
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. It is also known to inhabit the waters of
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<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764D856E0C7FBFCFC92" box="[1049,1142,748,772]" name="Pakistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764D8CEE0C7FB77FC92" box="[1153,1277,748,772]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764D97EE0C6FAF7FC92" box="[1329,1405,749,772]" name="Myanmar" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Burma</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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