treatments-xml/data/41/58/87/415887DF26524238FF14FF4AFBA0F8AA.xml

<document id="7C689552708DCCB1623EEA0A24730E24" ID-CLB-Dataset="46255" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.203443" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d0b573-3657-4e59-942a-fc9ad04eaa1b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="203443" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460394387718" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dorchin, Netta &amp; Freidberg, Amnon" docDate="2011" docId="415887DF26524238FF14FF4AFBA0F8AA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03044p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3044" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Schizomyia botellus Dorchin and Freidberg, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="BD61FFA7265E4237FF83FFDDFFC4FFAE" masterDocTitle="The gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Apiaceae in Israel" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="28" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698298575385" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E4E5491B68E4AE07EA3A54265ACCF954">The gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Apiaceae in Israel</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4E916426522C8C1E7814F8D676C04681">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="415887DF26524238FF14FF4AFBA0F8AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6194107" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119417814" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6194107" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:415887DF26524238FF14FF4AFBA0F8AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/415887DF26524238FF14FF4AFBA0F8AA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<subSubSection id="81EB65422652423BFF14FF4AFCC9FC9C" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C94E36C92652423BFF14FF4AFC89FF1F" blockId="12.[151,845,151,210]" box="[151,845,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="920681A52652423BFF14FF4AFC89FF1F" bold="true" box="[151,845,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2652423BFF14FF4AFC89FF1F" bold="true" box="[151,845,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A2652423BFF14FF4AFD74FF1F" ID-CoL="8DTDW" authority="Dorchin and Freidberg" authorityName="Dorchin and Freidberg" box="[151,688,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2652423BFF14FF4AFE43FF1F" bold="true" box="[151,391,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Schizomyia botellus</emphasis>
Dorchin and Freidberg
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E0B657A02652423BFD3EFF4AFC89FF1F" box="[701,845,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C94E36C92652423BFF14FF67FD6CFF7C" blockId="12.[151,845,151,210]" box="[151,680,186,210]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
(
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFF1CFF67FEBFFF7C" box="[159,379,186,210]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStart-1="FIGURES 36 – 41" captionStartId-0="13.[151,264,1776,1799]" captionStartId-1="14.[151,264,1903,1926]" captionTargetBox-0="[169,1404,208,1752]" captionTargetBox-1="[184,1424,301,1866]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[151,1436,301,1882]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionText-0="FIGURES 30 – 35. Schizomyia botellus. 30. head. 31. female flagellomeres 5 – 7. 32. male flagellomeres 5 – 6. 33. acropod. 34. female abdominal segments 6 – 8. 35. female, ovipositor apex. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 36 – 41. Schizomyia spp. 36. S. botellus, male terminalia, dorsal. 37. S. buboniae, male terminalia, dorsal. 38. S. buboniae, male terminalia, lateral. 39. S. botellus, larva, ventral. 40. S. botellus, larval spatula and associated papillae. 41. S. buboniae, larval spatula and associated papillae. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/203448/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/203449/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Figs. 30–36, 39–40</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFE05FF67FE3DFF7C" box="[390,505,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURES 42 – 49" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[258,1337,221,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[230,1364,195,1903]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 42 – 49. Pupae. 42. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, head, ventral. 43. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, head, lateral. 44. Schizomyia botellus, head, ventral. 45. Schizomyia buboniae, head, ventral. 46. Schizomyia botellus, head, lateral. 47. Schizomyia buboniae, head lateral. 48. Schizomyia botellus, dorsum of abdominal segments, lateral. 49. Schizomyia buboniae, dorsum of abdominal segments, lateral. Scale bars = 200 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203450/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">44, 46, 48</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFD87FF67FD89FF7C" box="[516,589,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURES 50 – 57" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1911,1934]" captionTargetBox="[246,1355,219,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[217,1386,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 50 – 57. Galls. 50. Lasioptera carophila, umbel and umbelule galls on Foeniculum vulgare. (photo: Israel (Roly) Netiv). 51. Lasioptera foeniculi, fruit galls on Foeniculum vulgare. 52 – 53. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, stem galls on Bilacunaria boissieri. 54 – 55. Schizomyia botellus, jointed bud galls on Deverra triradiata. 56 - 57. Schizomyia buboniae, berry-like bud galls on Deverra tortuosa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203451/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">54–55</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFDDBFF67FD64FF7C" box="[600,672,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 66" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,218,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[209,1378,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 66. Types and original gall drawings. Figs. 58 – 61. Material deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 58. syntypes of Lasioptera carophila. 59. Lasioptera carophila galls on Laserpitium latifolium. 60. gall of Lasioptera carophila on Falcaria vulgaris. 61. syntypes of Schizomyia buboniae (photo: Peter Zehnal). Figs. 62 – 64. original gall drawings, Schizomyia botellus. 65 – 66. original gall drawings, Schizomyia buboniae. Figures 62, 65 reproduced from Frauenfeld 1859. Figures 63, 64, 66 reproduced from Houard 1912." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203452/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">62–64</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C94E36C92652423BFF14FF20FE80FDD3" blockId="12.[151,1437,253,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2652423BFF14FF20FF1FFEB8" bold="true" box="[151,219,253,278]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Adult</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2652423BFF69FF20FEE3FEBB" box="[234,295,253,277]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFEB5FF20FE4EFEBB" box="[310,394,253,277]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1776,1799]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,208,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. Schizomyia botellus. 30. head. 31. female flagellomeres 5 – 7. 32. male flagellomeres 5 – 6. 33. acropod. 34. female abdominal segments 6 – 8. 35. female, ovipositor apex. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203448/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
): Eye facets circular to hexagonal. Gap between eyes on vertex 0-1 facet wide. Palpus 4-segmented, segments successively longer; first segment round, about as long as wide; consecutive segments much longer than wide. Labellum slightly tapered, with few long setae. Antenna: 12 flagellomeres in both sexes, covered by microtrichia. Female flagellomeres 1–9 cylindrical; flagellomeres 1–2 partially fused; flagellomeres 5 and on successively shorter; flagellomere 10 as long as wide; flagellomere 11 rounded, slightly wider than long; flagellomere 12 rudimentary, partially fused with preceding; flagellomeres 1–10 each with two whorls of anastomosing circumfila, strong setae posterior to basal whorl and between whorls (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFCD3FE08FC67FE43" box="[848,931,469,493]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1776,1799]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,208,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. Schizomyia botellus. 30. head. 31. female flagellomeres 5 – 7. 32. male flagellomeres 5 – 6. 33. acropod. 34. female abdominal segments 6 – 8. 35. female, ovipositor apex. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203448/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
); segments 11–12 with only one whorl of circumfila. Male flagellomeres cylindrical; flagellomeres 1–2 longer than succeeding, flagellomeres 3–11 about the same length; flagellomere 12 slightly shorter than preceding, rounded apically; all flagellomeres covered by spacious interconnected whorls of winding circumfila and bear relatively few strong setae mostly at flagellomere bases (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFF60FDB8FEF3FDD3" box="[227,311,613,637]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1776,1799]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,208,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. Schizomyia botellus. 30. head. 31. female flagellomeres 5 – 7. 32. male flagellomeres 5 – 6. 33. acropod. 34. female abdominal segments 6 – 8. 35. female, ovipositor apex. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203448/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C94E36C92652423BFF44FD54FCC9FC9C" blockId="12.[151,1437,253,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2652423BFF44FD54FEDCFD0F" box="[199,280,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Thorax</emphasis>
: General color gray, covered by sparse, white hair. Wing: hyaline; length 
<quantity id="0E099B2C2652423BFBFDFD54FAE1FD0F" box="[1150,1317,649,673]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.48" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.26" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="2.48" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.26">2.26–2.70 mm</quantity>
in female (n=15), 
<quantity id="0E099B2C2652423BFF72FD71FE50FD6A" box="[241,404,684,708]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.28" metricValueMax="2.52" metricValueMin="2.04" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="2.28" valueMax="2.52" valueMin="2.04">2.04–2.52 mm</quantity>
in male (n=8); R1 joins C at about mid-length of wing, R5 joins C posterior to wing apex, M present as very weak fold, Cu forked. Haltere stalk orange, knob white. Legs: general color orange, covered by short black hairs dorsally, white hairs ventrally; coxae with long, sparse, white hairs; tarsal claws evenly curved, untoothed; empodia longer than bend in claws (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFD2FFCC7FCC4FC9C" box="[684,768,794,818]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1776,1799]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,208,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. Schizomyia botellus. 30. head. 31. female flagellomeres 5 – 7. 32. male flagellomeres 5 – 6. 33. acropod. 34. female abdominal segments 6 – 8. 35. female, ovipositor apex. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203448/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="81EB654226524239FF44FCE0FE88FF7A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="C94E36C92652423BFF44FCE0FB82FB3A" blockId="12.[151,1437,253,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2652423BFF44FCE0FE4DFCFB" box="[199,393,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Female abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFE1BFCE0FE29FCFB" box="[408,493,829,853]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1776,1799]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,208,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. Schizomyia botellus. 30. head. 31. female flagellomeres 5 – 7. 32. male flagellomeres 5 – 6. 33. acropod. 34. female abdominal segments 6 – 8. 35. female, ovipositor apex. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203448/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
): General color brownish-orange; sclerites black; entire abdomen covered by sparse white hairs. Tergites 1–5 rectangular, less sclerotized anteriorly than elsewhere, with posterior and median rows of strong setae, and a pair of tiny sensory setae anteriorly; tergite 6 similar but more setose; tergite 7 longer than preceding, distal half covered by strong setae, proximal half with several shorter setae and pair of tiny sensory setae; tergite 8 shorter than preceding, with short, tapered projection posterioly, bare except for pair of anterior sensory setae. Sternites 2–6 each comprising two sclerites, anterior rectangular, with several strong setae, posterior narrow band-like, with row of strong setae; anterior sensory setae not visible. Sternite 7 at least three times as long as preceding, posterior part shovel-like, strongly sclerotized; posterior two thirds covered by long setae. Base of ovipositor posterior to sternite 7 forms setose invagination. Ovipositor curled inside abdomen, distal part needle-like, slightly sclerotized ventrally, with several short setae on and towards apex (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFC66FBA1FBFDFB3A" box="[997,1081,1148,1172]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1776,1799]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,208,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. Schizomyia botellus. 30. head. 31. female flagellomeres 5 – 7. 32. male flagellomeres 5 – 6. 33. acropod. 34. female abdominal segments 6 – 8. 35. female, ovipositor apex. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203448/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C94E36C92652423BFF44FB7DFD24F8BD" blockId="12.[151,1437,253,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2652423BFF44FB7DFEB6FB16" box="[199,370,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Male abdomen</emphasis>
: General color and hairiness as in female. Tergite 1 with narrow band-like sclerotized area medially, posterior row of long setae, and few long setae elsewhere; tergites 2–7 rectangular, with posterior row of long setae, several long setae mesally, and evenly scattered scales; tergite 8 hardly differentiated from surrounding membrane, with small amorphous sclerotized patch and no long setae. All tergites with pair of small, anterior sensory setae. Sternites 2–6 rectangular, with posterior row of long setae separated from anterior area of sternite by weakly sclerotized band; anterior area of sternite with several strong setae. Sternite 7 entire, without weakly sclerotized band and with more numerous, evenly scattered strong setae. Sternite 8 hardly differentiated from surrounding membrane, with small but strongly setose sclerotized patch. Anterior sensory setae not vsible. Terminalia (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFAEDFA45FF73FA7A" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 41" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1903,1926]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,301,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,301,1882]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 41. Schizomyia spp. 36. S. botellus, male terminalia, dorsal. 37. S. buboniae, male terminalia, dorsal. 38. S. buboniae, male terminalia, lateral. 39. S. botellus, larva, ventral. 40. S. botellus, larval spatula and associated papillae. 41. S. buboniae, larval spatula and associated papillae. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203449/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
): Gonocoxal apodeme comprises two strongly sclerotized, wide lobes connected by concave bridge. Gonocoxite angular proximally, with long apical lobe extending far beyond gonostylus, ridged medially; most surface proximal to insertion of gonostylus covered by short, strong setae; apical lobe rounded apically, ridged and densely covered by long, strong setae especially around apex. Gonostylus stout, rectangular except for slight apical projection pointed anteriorly, evenly covered by microtrichia on both dorsal and ventral surfaces; dorsally with several strong setae mostly on distal half, ventrally with row of strong setae along apical denticles and group of strong setae along posterior margin; unfused denticles extend almost to tip of projection. Aedeagus tapered, notably longer than hypoproct and cerci. Hypoproct narrow rectangular, slightly widened just before notched apex; setulose, with few longer setae apically. Cerci separated by deep triangular notch, considerably wider than hypoproct, setulose throughout, jagged and strongly setose around apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C94E36C92652423BFF44F8C2FD33F846" blockId="12.[151,1437,253,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2652423BFF44F8C2FED4F899" bold="true" box="[199,272,1823,1847]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Larva</emphasis>
(third instar) (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFE36F8C3FDCEF898" box="[437,522,1822,1846]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 41" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1903,1926]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,301,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,301,1882]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 41. Schizomyia spp. 36. S. botellus, male terminalia, dorsal. 37. S. buboniae, male terminalia, dorsal. 38. S. buboniae, male terminalia, lateral. 39. S. botellus, larva, ventral. 40. S. botellus, larval spatula and associated papillae. 41. S. buboniae, larval spatula and associated papillae. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203449/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
): Orange. length 
<quantity id="0E099B2C2652423BFD4EF8C3FC88F898" box="[717,844,1822,1846]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="2.9" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.6">2.6–3.2mm</quantity>
(n=6). Integument covered entirely by pointed spicules. Antennae about twice as long as wide. Cephalic apodemes about as long as head capsule. Spatula (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2652423BFAC2F89FFA51F8F4" box="[1345,1429,1858,1882]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 41" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1903,1926]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,301,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,301,1882]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 41. Schizomyia spp. 36. S. botellus, male terminalia, dorsal. 37. S. buboniae, male terminalia, dorsal. 38. S. buboniae, male terminalia, lateral. 39. S. botellus, larva, ventral. 40. S. botellus, larval spatula and associated papillae. 41. S. buboniae, larval spatula and associated papillae. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203449/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
) with wide shaft and two triangular anterior lobes widely separated. On each side of spatula one asetose sternal papilla and one group of three lateral papillae, two with short setae, one asetose. Pleural and dorsal papillae with strong setae. Thoracic segments 2–3 and all abdominal segments each with two small mesoventral bulges. Terminal segment with two tiny, barely perceptible papillae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9D8E66412653423AFF14F92DFBCCF88B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203448/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[169,1404,208,1752]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="C94E36C92653423AFF14F92DFBCCF88B" blockId="13.[151,1437,1776,1829]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2653423AFF14F92DFE9CF8AB" bold="true" box="[151,344,1776,1799]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41">FIGURES 30–35.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A2653423AFEE2F92DFDEAF8A8" box="[353,558,1776,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2653423AFEE2F92DFDEAF8A8" box="[353,558,1776,1798]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="41">Schizomyia botellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 30. head. 31. female flagellomeres 5–7. 32. male flagellomeres 5–6. 33. acropod. 34. female abdominal segments 6–8. 35. female, ovipositor apex. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C94E36C926534239FF44F890FE88FF7A" blockId="13.[151,1437,1868,2037]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="13" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB2653423AFF44F890FEC1F8CB" bold="true" box="[199,261,1869,1893]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41">Pupa</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2653423AFE95F891FE0BF8CA" box="[278,463,1868,1892]" captionStart="FIGURES 42 – 49" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[258,1337,221,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[230,1364,195,1903]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 42 – 49. Pupae. 42. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, head, ventral. 43. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, head, lateral. 44. Schizomyia botellus, head, ventral. 45. Schizomyia buboniae, head, ventral. 46. Schizomyia botellus, head, lateral. 47. Schizomyia buboniae, head lateral. 48. Schizomyia botellus, dorsum of abdominal segments, lateral. 49. Schizomyia buboniae, dorsum of abdominal segments, lateral. Scale bars = 200 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203450/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="41">Figs. 44, 46, 48</figureCitation>
): Antennal bases developed into prominent horns, each divided into two tips close to apex; arched along dorsal contour. Cephalic seta about as long as antennal horn, originating from elevated base. Frons on each side with pair of papillae at mid-posterior area, one with long seta, the other asetose and group of three tiny lateral papillae, two setose, one asetose. Mid facial area with conspicuous blunt bulge on each side. Prothoracic spiracle long and blunt; trachea ends at apex. Dorsal and lateral parts of abdominal segments (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C2653423AFABCF801FA57F85A" box="[1343,1427,2012,2036]" captionStart="FIGURES 42 – 49" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[258,1337,221,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[230,1364,195,1903]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 42 – 49. Pupae. 42. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, head, ventral. 43. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, head, lateral. 44. Schizomyia botellus, head, ventral. 45. Schizomyia buboniae, head, ventral. 46. Schizomyia botellus, head, lateral. 47. Schizomyia buboniae, head lateral. 48. Schizomyia botellus, dorsum of abdominal segments, lateral. 49. Schizomyia buboniae, dorsum of abdominal segments, lateral. Scale bars = 200 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203450/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="41">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
) each evenly covered by short, pointed spinules except for short crinkled posterior area and anterior area of striking, complex spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="81EB654226504238FF44FF3DFDCBFEB2" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C94E36C926504239FF44FF3DFB3BFF59" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,248]" box="[199,1279,223,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
<typeStatus id="164A886B26504239FF44FF3DFEF0FF56" box="[199,308,224,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FF44FF3DFEF0FF56" bold="true" box="[199,308,224,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
: 3, 
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926504239FEE6FF02FE62FF59" box="[357,422,223,247]" name="Israel" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Israel</collectingCountry>
, Mishor Paran, 
<date id="BD4F100926504239FDD4FF02FD17FF59" box="[599,723,223,247]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" value="1995-03-17">17.iii.1995</date>
, N. Dorchin, reared from 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26504239FC76FF3CFB02FF56" box="[1013,1222,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Deverra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triradiata">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FC76FF3CFB02FF56" box="[1013,1222,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Deverra triradiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gall.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9D8E664126504239FF14F8B2FC4DF86D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203449/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[184,1424,301,1866]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="C94E36C926504239FF14F8B2FC4DF86D" blockId="14.[151,1437,1903,1987]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FF14F8B2FE9FF82B" bold="true" box="[151,347,1903,1926]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">FIGURES 36–41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26504239FEEBF8ADFE1FF828" box="[360,475,1904,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FEEBF8ADFE1FF828" box="[360,475,1904,1926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Schizomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. 36. 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26504239FDCDF8ACFD7AF828" box="[590,702,1904,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FDCDF8ACFD7AF828" box="[590,702,1904,1926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">S. botellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male terminalia, dorsal. 37. 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26504239FB88F8ACFB4EF828" box="[1035,1162,1904,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cecidomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FB88F8ACFB4EF828" box="[1035,1162,1904,1926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">S. buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male terminalia, dorsal. 38. 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26504239FF3DF852FEF3F80B" box="[190,311,1935,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cecidomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FF3DF852FEF3F80B" box="[190,311,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">S. buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male terminalia, lateral. 39. 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26504239FDEAF852FD10F80B" box="[617,724,1935,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FDEAF852FD10F80B" box="[617,724,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">S. botellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, larva, ventral. 40. 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26504239FC1CF852FBCEF80B" box="[927,1034,1935,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FC1CF852FBCEF80B" box="[927,1034,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">S. botellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, larval spatula and associated papillae. 41. 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26504239FF3EF873FEF0F86D" box="[189,308,1965,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cecidomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26504239FF3EF873FEF0F86D" box="[189,308,1965,1987]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">S. buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, larval spatula and associated papillae. Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C94E36C926514238FF44FF45FDCBFEB2" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="164A886B26514238FF44FF45FEFBFF1E" box="[199,319,152,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FF44FF45FEFBFF1E" bold="true" box="[199,319,152,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
: 2Ƥ, 23, same data as 
<typeStatus id="164A886B26514238FDD0FF4AFD7CFF01" box="[595,696,151,175]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<collectionCode id="AFE0AE0C26514238FD46FF45FCCEFF1E" box="[709,778,152,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">TAUI</collectionCode>
: 7Ƥ, 9 exuviae (on two microscope slides), Nahal Lavan 
<date id="BD4F100926514238FF14FF61FED7FF7A" box="[151,275,188,212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" value="2000-03-24">24.iii.2000</date>
, N. Dorchin (4Ƥ, exuviae 
<collectionCode id="AFE0AE0C26514238FDB8FF61FDBBFF7A" box="[571,639,188,212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">TAUI</collectionCode>
, 3Ƥ 
<collectionCode id="AFE0AE0C26514238FD37FF61FCC3FF7A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" box="[692,775,188,212]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">ZFMK</collectionCode>
); 1Ƥ, 23, 
<specimenCount id="DFF7FD4026514238FCFFFF61FC11FF7A" box="[892,981,188,212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" type="larva">6 larvae</specimenCount>
(on one microscope slide), 
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926514238FA8EFF61FA8AFF7A" box="[1293,1358,188,212]" name="Israel" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Israel</collectingCountry>
, Nahal Yamin, 
<date id="BD4F100926514238FF73FF02FE9AFF59" box="[240,350,223,247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" value="2010-03-08">8.iii.2010</date>
, A. Freidberg, 
<collectionCode id="AFE0AE0C26514238FD8AFF3DFD89FF56" box="[521,589,224,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">TAUI</collectionCode>
; 13, 1Ƥ, Sede Boqer, 
<date id="BD4F100926514238FCD2FF02FC08FF59" box="[849,972,223,247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" value="2010-03-18">18.iii.2010</date>
, N. Dorchin and E. Morgulis, 
<collectionCode id="AFE0AE0C26514238FAABFF3DFAA9FF56" box="[1320,1389,224,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">TAUI</collectionCode>
. All material from 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FEB4FED8FDCCFEB2" box="[311,520,260,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Deverra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triradiata">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FEB4FED8FDCCFEB2" box="[311,520,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Deverra triradiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="81EB654226514238FF44FEFAFBF0FECA" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C94E36C926514238FF44FEFAFBF0FECA" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FF44FEFAFEA4FEEE" bold="true" box="[199,352,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926514238FEE9FEFAFE79FE91" box="[362,445,295,319]" name="Tunisia" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
(Matmata), 
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926514238FDCCFEF5FD56FEEE" box="[591,658,296,320]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(Sinai, Wadi El Raha), 
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926514238FC2FFEFAFC2EFE91" box="[940,1002,295,319]" name="Israel" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Israel</collectingCountry>
(Negev desert: Nahal Lavan, Mishor Paran, Nahal Paran, Nahal Yamin, Sede Boqer, Zomet Mash’abim, Nahal Raham).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="81EB654226514238FF44FEADFEA0FE02" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="C94E36C926514238FF44FEADFEA0FE02" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FF44FEADFE8AFE26" bold="true" box="[199,334,368,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name is Latin for “small sausage”, a noun in apposition, with reference to the conspicuous jointed galls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="81EB654226514238FF44FE6AFD7EFC42" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C94E36C926514238FF44FE6AFD7EFC42" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FF44FE6AFEE3FE7E" bold="true" box="[199,295,439,464]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Biology.</emphasis>
Galls of this species were recorded from 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FC8EFE64FC12FE7E" box="[781,982,441,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Deverra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparia">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FC8EFE64FC12FE7E" box="[781,982,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Deverra scoparia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in 
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926514238FB8BFE6AFB99FE61" box="[1032,1117,439,463]" name="Tunisia" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FB23FE64FAB7FE7E" box="[1184,1395,440,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Deverra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triradiata">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FB23FE64FAB7FE7E" box="[1184,1395,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Deverra triradiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in 
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926514238FF14FE00FF1EFE5B" box="[151,218,477,501]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Egypt</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926514238FE97FE01FE93FE5A" box="[276,343,476,500]" name="Israel" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Israel</collectingCountry>
). The species is univoltine, with galls developing from late winter (February) to spring (April). Pupation takes place inside the gall and adults emerge from early March to mid April. Other life-history aspects are unknown, but eggs are presumably laid on the plant and first-instar larvae probably spend the summer in diapause until they become active the next winter. The galls (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FD63FD9AFCADFDF1" box="[736,873,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURES 50 – 57" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1911,1934]" captionTargetBox="[246,1355,219,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[217,1386,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 50 – 57. Galls. 50. Lasioptera carophila, umbel and umbelule galls on Foeniculum vulgare. (photo: Israel (Roly) Netiv). 51. Lasioptera foeniculi, fruit galls on Foeniculum vulgare. 52 – 53. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, stem galls on Bilacunaria boissieri. 54 – 55. Schizomyia botellus, jointed bud galls on Deverra triradiata. 56 - 57. Schizomyia buboniae, berry-like bud galls on Deverra tortuosa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203451/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Figs. 54–55</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FCF6FD9AFC78FDF1" box="[885,956,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 66" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,218,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[209,1378,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 66. Types and original gall drawings. Figs. 58 – 61. Material deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 58. syntypes of Lasioptera carophila. 59. Lasioptera carophila galls on Laserpitium latifolium. 60. gall of Lasioptera carophila on Falcaria vulgaris. 61. syntypes of Schizomyia buboniae (photo: Peter Zehnal). Figs. 62 – 64. original gall drawings, Schizomyia botellus. 65 – 66. original gall drawings, Schizomyia buboniae. Figures 62, 65 reproduced from Frauenfeld 1859. Figures 63, 64, 66 reproduced from Houard 1912." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203452/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">62–64</figureCitation>
) develop from axillary buds into elongate, jointed structures, 
<quantity id="0E099B2C26514238FEEAFDB1FE79FD2A" box="[361,445,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" unit="cm" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">2–8 cm</quantity>
long, depending on the number and size of joints. They are light green, often with fine longitudinal striation, and are very conspicuous on the background of the virtually leafless stems. After adult emergence, the gall turns yellow and then gray when completely dry. Such old, dry galls remain on the plants for more than a year so that old and new galls are often found in spring side by side (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FC6CFD0AFB87FD41" box="[1007,1091,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURES 50 – 57" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1911,1934]" captionTargetBox="[246,1355,219,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[217,1386,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 50 – 57. Galls. 50. Lasioptera carophila, umbel and umbelule galls on Foeniculum vulgare. (photo: Israel (Roly) Netiv). 51. Lasioptera foeniculi, fruit galls on Foeniculum vulgare. 52 – 53. Lasioptera umbelliferarum, stem galls on Bilacunaria boissieri. 54 – 55. Schizomyia botellus, jointed bud galls on Deverra triradiata. 56 - 57. Schizomyia buboniae, berry-like bud galls on Deverra tortuosa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203451/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
). The gall is hollow (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FAB7FD0AFA42FD41" box="[1332,1414,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 66" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,218,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[209,1378,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 66. Types and original gall drawings. Figs. 58 – 61. Material deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 58. syntypes of Lasioptera carophila. 59. Lasioptera carophila galls on Laserpitium latifolium. 60. gall of Lasioptera carophila on Falcaria vulgaris. 61. syntypes of Schizomyia buboniae (photo: Peter Zehnal). Figs. 62 – 64. original gall drawings, Schizomyia botellus. 65 – 66. original gall drawings, Schizomyia buboniae. Figures 62, 65 reproduced from Frauenfeld 1859. Figures 63, 64, 66 reproduced from Houard 1912." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203452/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
b) and the spaces within joints are often connected to each other. Larvae feed gregariously inside the gall, several in each joint. A large gall may contain more than 
<specimenCount id="DFF7FD4026514238FD3AFCC2FCE2FC99" box="[697,806,799,823]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" type="larva">20 larvae</specimenCount>
. Before pupation, the larvae prepare holes in the gall’s walls, which remain sealed by a thin layer of plant tissue through which the pupae will break out. The larvae then spin thin, transparent sheaths of silk that divide the space inside the gall into separate compartments in which they pupate with or without spinning a cocoon. The gall does not contain visible mycelia. Larvae can be heavily attacked by external hymenopteran parasitoids, each of which feeds on several larvae and may kill all the larvae in a large gall. Endoparasitoids were also observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="81EB654226514238FF44FC25FBA0F8AA" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C94E36C926514238FF44FC25FCCDFA6E" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FF44FC25FEFFFBBE" bold="true" box="[199,315,1016,1040]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AD604B3826514238FEC0FC2AFDCAFBA1" author="Frauenfeld" box="[323,526,1015,1039]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Frauenfeld, G. (1859) Ueber exotische Pflanzenauswuchse, erzeugt von Insekten. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 9, 319 - 332." type="journal article" year="1859">Frauenfeld (1859)</bibRefCitation>
found the galls of this species while on the Novara expedition, during which he also collected and described the closely related 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FD2BFBC1FC52FB9A" box="[680,918,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FD2BFBC1FC52FB9A" box="[680,918,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Schizomyia buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He stated that he was unable to determine the identity of the host plant or rear the insects because the plant was too young, but his accurate description of fully developed galls and the mention of emergence holes suggest that the galls were already empty. This species has therefore been known so far only from its distinctive galls, which were beautifully illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="AD604B3826514238FB52FB55FA58FB0E" author="Frauenfeld" box="[1233,1436,1160,1184]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Frauenfeld, G. (1859) Ueber exotische Pflanzenauswuchse, erzeugt von Insekten. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 9, 319 - 332." type="journal article" year="1859">Frauenfeld (1859)</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FF1CFB71FF34FB6A" box="[159,240,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 66" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,218,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[209,1378,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 66. Types and original gall drawings. Figs. 58 – 61. Material deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 58. syntypes of Lasioptera carophila. 59. Lasioptera carophila galls on Laserpitium latifolium. 60. gall of Lasioptera carophila on Falcaria vulgaris. 61. syntypes of Schizomyia buboniae (photo: Peter Zehnal). Figs. 62 – 64. original gall drawings, Schizomyia botellus. 65 – 66. original gall drawings, Schizomyia buboniae. Figures 62, 65 reproduced from Frauenfeld 1859. Figures 63, 64, 66 reproduced from Houard 1912." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203452/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
) and later by 
<bibRefCitation id="AD604B3826514238FE09FB71FDEBFB6A" author="Houard" box="[394,559,1196,1220]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Houard, C. (1912) Les zoocecidies du nord de l'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 81, 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1912">Houard (1912)</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FDBCFB71FD07FB6A" box="[575,707,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 66" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,218,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[209,1378,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 66. Types and original gall drawings. Figs. 58 – 61. Material deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 58. syntypes of Lasioptera carophila. 59. Lasioptera carophila galls on Laserpitium latifolium. 60. gall of Lasioptera carophila on Falcaria vulgaris. 61. syntypes of Schizomyia buboniae (photo: Peter Zehnal). Figs. 62 – 64. original gall drawings, Schizomyia botellus. 65 – 66. original gall drawings, Schizomyia buboniae. Figures 62, 65 reproduced from Frauenfeld 1859. Figures 63, 64, 66 reproduced from Houard 1912." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203452/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Figs. 63-64</figureCitation>
). The latter reported 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FC2EFB70FBAAFB6A" box="[941,1134,1197,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Deverra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tortuosa">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FC2EFB70FBAAFB6A" box="[941,1134,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Deverra tortuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the host of Frauenfeld’s galls, but it is clear from Frauenfeld’s original drawing (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FCA3FB0DFCB0FB46" box="[800,884,1232,1256]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 66" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,218,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[209,1378,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 66. Types and original gall drawings. Figs. 58 – 61. Material deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 58. syntypes of Lasioptera carophila. 59. Lasioptera carophila galls on Laserpitium latifolium. 60. gall of Lasioptera carophila on Falcaria vulgaris. 61. syntypes of Schizomyia buboniae (photo: Peter Zehnal). Figs. 62 – 64. original gall drawings, Schizomyia botellus. 65 – 66. original gall drawings, Schizomyia buboniae. Figures 62, 65 reproduced from Frauenfeld 1859. Figures 63, 64, 66 reproduced from Houard 1912." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203452/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
) that the host was in fact 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FB20FB0CFAF0FB46" box="[1187,1332,1232,1256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Deverra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triradiata">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FB20FB0CFAF0FB46" box="[1187,1332,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">D. triradiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the two plant species differ strikingly). 
<bibRefCitation id="AD604B3826514238FE74FB29FD59FAA2" author="Houard" box="[503,669,1268,1292]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Houard, C. (1912) Les zoocecidies du nord de l'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 81, 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1912">Houard (1912)</bibRefCitation>
found galls of variable sizes in Matmata (
<collectingCountry id="B1E6765926514238FBF4FB29FB0AFAA2" box="[1143,1230,1268,1292]" name="Tunisia" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
) and, like Frauenfeld, failed to rear the adults although he mentioned that the larvae pupated inside the galls. For some reason he found larvae only in smaller galls (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FDADFAE1FD40FAFA" box="[558,644,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 66" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,218,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[209,1378,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 66. Types and original gall drawings. Figs. 58 – 61. Material deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 58. syntypes of Lasioptera carophila. 59. Lasioptera carophila galls on Laserpitium latifolium. 60. gall of Lasioptera carophila on Falcaria vulgaris. 61. syntypes of Schizomyia buboniae (photo: Peter Zehnal). Figs. 62 – 64. original gall drawings, Schizomyia botellus. 65 – 66. original gall drawings, Schizomyia buboniae. Figures 62, 65 reproduced from Frauenfeld 1859. Figures 63, 64, 66 reproduced from Houard 1912." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203452/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
), whereas larger galls (
<figureCitation id="51CA2A4C26514238FC11FAE1FC22FAFA" box="[914,998,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 66" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,218,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[209,1378,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 66. Types and original gall drawings. Figs. 58 – 61. Material deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 58. syntypes of Lasioptera carophila. 59. Lasioptera carophila galls on Laserpitium latifolium. 60. gall of Lasioptera carophila on Falcaria vulgaris. 61. syntypes of Schizomyia buboniae (photo: Peter Zehnal). Figs. 62 – 64. original gall drawings, Schizomyia botellus. 65 – 66. original gall drawings, Schizomyia buboniae. Figures 62, 65 reproduced from Frauenfeld 1859. Figures 63, 64, 66 reproduced from Houard 1912." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203452/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
) were occupied by coccids, which no doubt invaded the galls once the original inhabitants left. Although galls of all sizes are very similar in structure and despite illustrating them in detail, 
<bibRefCitation id="AD604B3826514238FDC1FA59FD23FA32" author="Houard" box="[578,743,1412,1436]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Houard, C. (1912) Les zoocecidies du nord de l'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 81, 1 - 136." type="journal article" year="1912">Houard (1912)</bibRefCitation>
did not recognize that they were all caused by the same insect and erroneously attributed the large galls to the coccids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C94E36C926514238FF44FA11FBA0F8AA" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FF44FA11FE6EFA4A" box="[199,426,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FF44FA11FE6EFA4A" box="[199,426,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Schizomyia botellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FE65FA10FDA9FA4A" box="[486,621,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FE65FA10FDA9FA4A" box="[486,621,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">S. buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the only 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FC8FFA11FC48FA4A" box="[780,908,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FC8FFA11FC48FA4A" box="[780,908,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Schizomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species that are known to pupate inside their galls, which explains the well developed structures on the pupal head and dorsum, and possibly also the reduced number of terminal papillae in the larvae. 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FDF2F9C9FC95F982" box="[625,849,1556,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FDF2F9C9FC95F982" box="[625,849,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Schizomyia botellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger than 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FC71F9C8FBB2F982" box="[1010,1142,1556,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FC71F9C8FBB2F982" box="[1010,1142,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">S. buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but adults of the two species are otherwise very similar morphologically. In contrast, the immature stages are easily distinguishable. The larval spatula in 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FED7F980FE1EF9DA" box="[340,474,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FED7F980FE1EF9DA" box="[340,474,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">S. buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smaller teeth that are not as widely and deeply separated as those of 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FA9CF980FA51F9DA" box="[1311,1429,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FA9CF980FA51F9DA" box="[1311,1429,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">S. botellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the pupae of the two species differ strikingly in their head and abdominal structures; the pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FB7FF95DFAB4F936" box="[1276,1392,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botellus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FB7FF95DFAB4F936" box="[1276,1392,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">S. botellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two conspicuous facial protuberances that are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FC8EF978FC56F912" box="[781,914,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FC8EF978FC56F912" box="[781,914,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">S. buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, significantly shorter and not as broadly separated antennal horns, and a dorsal field of complex spines on each abdominal segment that is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FA92F915FA51F94E" box="[1297,1429,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buboniae">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FA92F915FA51F94E" box="[1297,1429,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">S. buboniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The relation of these two species to other described species of 
<taxonomicName id="0EF14D4A26514238FCD0F931FC17F8AA" box="[851,979,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Schizomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FB85EADB26514238FCD0F931FC17F8AA" box="[851,979,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="43">Schizomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>