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<document id="A2B8AB613DE5E9EDFD6249FE882A005F" ID-CLB-Dataset="30599" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="20e99045-6615-4e94-965f-db36c9fa25b9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1188688" ID-ZooBank="9A3DC9D3-0367-4A68-8B75-E96A1D78EE3F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1520243878247" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sankaran, Pradeep M. &amp; Sebastian, Pothalil A." docDate="2018" docId="0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4388.3.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4388 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ctenus indicus Gravely 1931" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="405" masterDocId="F229BB2C061CFFFAFFA1A01ABE3F297A" masterDocTitle="First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India" masterLastPageNumber="406" masterPageNumber="395" pageNumber="403" updateTime="1698527725216" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="25374044C921B1FC51E4F03F0F48B3D9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E3F80C269E9F830D0E0A6514E626FEE5">
<mods:title id="5E740533BB8A3B6888622BD394BC5844">First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="95CBE947E88FCC7C889D1CD43567BD2C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0B7AE26725DFB15248C8DE9C37255E34">
<mods:roleTerm id="24EDC04649F9BBDBB5BC14DADE22EFAB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E061ABE9EEA08825F7BB1A769BB5A94F">Sankaran, Pradeep M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2ABDFCDDFCD3108DA39AC22BA020B1C4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B149A191C5A2527DF3EFC78339B52A57">
<mods:roleTerm id="BD6B5EC49B34AF521120501BAE374FEA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="83DE041C4A6AB968BE481B873C892E0C">Sebastian, Pothalil A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="54079656AAD86975B850C654DE183197">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="3F4A59A3B81A4CB0B3B6D2DC30868065" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="2398991C4CB1186E2CD80104A9785BF4">
<mods:title id="7F990276A3EC34252DC1DC12D7A4FCFE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="1A166F3D3D943714C3D34C2CFD7C465C">
<mods:date id="5199FF629B4D0AED1EC56734C2FB65D4">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="DC647AD094F8614D39CAB313158FF98C" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="DC290A53AE7E6DD77EEC89A88E199943">2018-03-05</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="6C377A14EEC563430BDE54E0DE78B2A6" type="volume">
<mods:number id="3BF7625E34D205B41ED3E7BED9298043">4388</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5AF3C58AED3CC120B9294F539ED582F7" type="issue">
<mods:number id="16BFEC2D578116AFB4E614DE5EF44DED">3</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="AAF087D03007DDB43A739B57C3AEE947">395</mods:start>
<mods:end id="DD0A063D9CCB3B1D757B21A1E16B8311">406</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="60CEBCF4872044C9ED6BDCD7F99D9A4C">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="84BEF937584948466FF0B899EC9A9EC3" type="CLB-Dataset">30599</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="22051E7C814FB7808BDD3C85588F5342" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C475E34D8991FE73C8A9A6EA8756E25D" type="GBIF-Dataset">20e99045-6615-4e94-965f-db36c9fa25b9</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FCB2067BC604205C9E2143BEC52A2F48" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5A57BA0FE7CE1DB19A8A714E408F0520" type="Zenodo-Dep">1188688</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D6DA8B97EE495841E4BAB27A850DFF34" type="ZooBank">9A3DC9D3-0367-4A68-8B75-E96A1D78EE3F</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5968631" ID-GBIF-Taxon="141267392" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5968631" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<subSubSection id="CEA321C90614FFF2FF36A487BFAF2DA2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="860672420614FFF2FF36A487BFC02DCD" blockId="8.[151,511,1181,1241]" box="[151,511,1181,1207]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<heading id="DD4EC52E0614FFF2FF36A487BFC02DCD" bold="true" box="[151,511,1181,1207]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10614FFF2FF36A487BFC02DCD" ID-CoL="6BNZK" authority="Gravely, 1931" authorityName="Gravely" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,511,1181,1207]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenidae" genus="Ctenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500614FFF2FF36A487BFC02DCD" bold="true" box="[151,511,1181,1207]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500614FFF2FF36A487BF742DCD" bold="true" box="[151,331,1181,1207]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Ctenus indicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E2280FB30614FFF2FEF3A487BFC02DCD" box="[338,511,1181,1207]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" refId="ref5496" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 33, 211 - 282." type="journal article">Gravely, 1931</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="860672420614FFF2FF36A4DABFAF2DA2" blockId="8.[151,511,1181,1241]" box="[151,400,1216,1241]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70614FFF2FF36A4DABF322DA2" box="[151,269,1216,1241]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,188,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,163,1896]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of Indian ctenid spiders. A. Africactenus unumus sp. nov.: male (holotype), dorsal. B, D–E. Ctenus cochinensis Gravely, 1931: B. Female (live), dorsal (ADSH20196); D. Male (ADSH20195), dorsal; E. Female (ADSH20196), dorsal. C, F. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931: C. Female (live), fronto-dorsal (ADSH201037); F. Same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, D– F 2 mm. Photo credit B &amp; C Jimmy Paul." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095883/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Figs 1C, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70614FFF2FEB9A4DABF652DA2" box="[280,346,1216,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1674,1696]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,203,1637]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1652]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Africactenus unumus sp. nov. (A–B) and Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931 (C–E). A. Male prosoma, lateral; B. Same, frontal. C. Left femur IV retrolateral view showing humps; D–E. Close up of humps on femur IV. Scale bars: A, C 2 mm; B 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095891/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">2C–E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70614FFF2FEC7A4DBBF492DA2" box="[358,374,1217,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70614FFF2FE23A4DABFAF2DA2" box="[386,400,1216,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1216,1238]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,392,1183]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,378,1195]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Geographic distribution records of Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. Empty circles, new records; full circles, records from literature." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095925/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CEA321C90614FFF2FF36A513BC492C46" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="860672420614FFF2FF36A513BC492C46" blockId="8.[151,1436,1288,1340]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A6A9556C0614FFF2FF36A513BC492C46" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10614FFF2FF36A513BFC72C64" ID-CoL="6BNZK" authority="Gravely, 1931: 234" authorityName="Gravely" authorityPageNumber="234" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,504,1288,1310]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenidae" genus="Ctenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500614FFF2FF36A513BF122C64" box="[151,301,1288,1310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Ctenus indicus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="071854530614FFF2FE92A512BFC72C64" author="" box="[307,504,1288,1310]" page="234" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<bibRefCitation id="E2280FB30614FFF2FE92A512BFF92C64" box="[307,454,1288,1310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" refId="ref5496" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 33, 211 - 282." type="journal article">Gravely, 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 234
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 2J–L (description and illustrations of female).
<treatmentCitation id="071854530614FFF2FBA2A512BB032C64" author="" box="[1027,1340,1288,1310]" page="114" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<bibRefCitation id="E2280FB30614FFF2FBA2A512BB332C64" box="[1027,1292,1288,1310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" refId="ref6124" refString="Tikader, B. K. &amp; Malhotra, M. S. (1981) Revision of spiders of the genus Ctenus Walckenaer from India (Araneae: Ctenidae). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 79, 105 - 124." type="journal article">Tikader &amp; Malhotra 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 114
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 6A– C (description and illustrations of female).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CEA321C90614FFF2FF36A573BCCB2EA1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="860672420614FFF2FF36A573BFEF2F3B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1385,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<materialsCitation id="36D1781F0614FFF2FF36A573BA3B2CD3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1828903467" collectorName="F. H. Gravely" country="India" county="Two" elevation="597" latitude="10.3928585" location="Parambikulam" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.77563" municipality="Palakkad" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="syntype">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500614FFF2FF36A573BF702CF8" bold="true" box="[151,335,1385,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<typeStatus id="5902CCE00614FFF2FF36A573BEED2CF8" box="[151,210,1385,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<collectingCounty id="6F670ACE0614FFF2FEC1A570BFAD2CFB" box="[352,402,1386,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Two</collectingCounty>
female
<typeStatus id="5902CCE00614FFF2FDA0A570BC5C2CF8" box="[513,611,1386,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10614FFF2FD3CA570BA382CF8" authority="Gravely, 1931" authorityName="Gravely" authorityYear="1931" box="[669,1031,1385,1410]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenidae" genus="Ctenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500614FFF2FD3CA570BD712CFB" box="[669,846,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Ctenus indicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E2280FB30614FFF2FCFFA573BA382CF8" box="[862,1031,1385,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" refId="ref5496" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 33, 211 - 282." type="journal article">Gravely, 1931</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="FEAE32D20614FFF2FBC0A570BA8A2CF8" box="[1121,1205,1386,1410]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">INDIA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="447DBCA00614FFF2FB68A573BB272CF8" box="[1225,1304,1385,1410]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Kerala</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingMunicipality id="6662E8380614FFF2FA8CA573BBA72CF8" box="[1325,1432,1385,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Palakkad</collectingMunicipality>
:
<location id="836624990614FFF2FF36A58ABF042CD3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839:836624990614FFF2FF36A58ABF042CD3" box="[151,315,1424,1449]" country="India" county="Two" latitude="10.3928585" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.77563" municipality="Palakkad" name="Parambikulam" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" stateProvince="Kerala">Parambikulam</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FEEDA58ABFCE2CD2" box="[332,497,1420,1448]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="10.3928585">10o23'34.29''N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FE5FA58ABC9E2CD3" box="[510,673,1420,1449]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="76.77563">76o46'32.24''E</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="0D9495710614FFF2FD17A58ABCC02CD2" box="[694,767,1424,1449]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.97" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="597.0">
<quantity id="4141DFA70614FFF2FD17A58ABCC02CD2" box="[694,767,1424,1449]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.97" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="597.0">597 m</quantity>
</elevation>
alt.;
<collectorName id="2B4C17940614FFF2FC9DA58BBDF02CD3" box="[828,975,1424,1449]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">F.H. Gravely</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="36D1781F0614FFF2FBB3A58ABCA42C8C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1828903469" collectingDate="1914-09-16" collectingDateMax="1914-09-24" collectingDateMin="1914-09-16" collectorName="F. H. Gravely" country="India" elevation="390" latitude="10.273302" location="Kavalai" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.53695" municipality="Thrissur" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="syntype">
<collectingDate id="E243AD6A0614FFF2FBB3A58ABB222CD2" box="[1042,1309,1424,1449]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="1914-09-16" valueMax="1914-09-24" valueMin="1914-09-16">
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FBB3A58ABB222CD2" box="[1042,1309,1424,1449]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="1914-09-16" valueMax="1914-09-24" valueMin="1914-09-16">16–24 September 1914</date>
</collectingDate>
; repository ZSI; voucher numbers 1505/18; unspecified number of female
<typeStatus id="5902CCE00614FFF2FCCEA5A2BDEE2CAA" box="[879,977,1464,1488]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
from
<collectingMunicipality id="6662E8380614FFF2FBBBA5ACBA432CB5" box="[1050,1148,1462,1487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Thrissur</collectingMunicipality>
:
<location id="836624990614FFF2FB28A5ACBADF2CB5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839:836624990614FFF2FB28A5ACBADF2CB5" box="[1161,1248,1462,1487]" country="India" latitude="10.273302" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.53695" municipality="Thrissur" name="Kavalai" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" stateProvince="Kerala">Kavalai</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FB53A5ADBBA72CB5" box="[1266,1432,1459,1487]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="10.273302">10o16'23.89''N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FF36A5C7BF052C8C" box="[151,314,1498,1526]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="76.53695">76o32'13.03''E</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="0D9495710614FFF2FEEEA5C4BFA82C8C" box="[335,407,1502,1526]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="390.0">
<quantity id="4141DFA70614FFF2FEEEA5C4BFA82C8C" box="[335,407,1502,1526]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="390.0">390 m</quantity>
</elevation>
alt.;
<collectorName id="2B4C17940614FFF2FE72A5C5BC592C8C" box="[467,614,1501,1526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">F.H. Gravely</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="36D1781F0614FFF2FD09A5C7BFEF2F3B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1828903465" collectorName="F. H. Gravely" country="India" elevation="2246" latitude="11.406413" location="Ootacamund" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.693245" municipality="Ooty" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu" typeStatus="syntype">
date and repository unknown;
<specimenCount id="90BFB9CB0614FFF2FBA5A5C4BA592C8C" box="[1028,1126,1501,1526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="5902CCE00614FFF2FBCEA5C5BAF92C8D" box="[1135,1222,1503,1527]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
from
<collectingRegion id="447DBCA00614FFF2FAAFA5C7BBA62C8C" box="[1294,1433,1501,1526]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingMunicipality id="6662E8380614FFF2FF36A61FBEF02F67" box="[151,207,1541,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Ooty</collectingMunicipality>
(formerly
<location id="836624990614FFF2FEEAA61EBFE32F67" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839:836624990614FFF2FEEAA61EBFE32F67" box="[331,476,1540,1565]" country="India" latitude="11.406413" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.693245" municipality="Ooty" name="Ootacamund" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Ootacamund</location>
) (
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FE54A61FBCA72F67" box="[501,664,1537,1565]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="11.406413">11o24'23.09''N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FD04A61EBD772F67" box="[677,840,1537,1565]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="76.693245">76o41'35.68''E</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="0D9495710614FFF2FCFCA61EBD8C2F66" box="[861,947,1540,1565]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.246" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="2246.0">
<quantity id="4141DFA70614FFF2FCFCA61EBD8C2F66" box="[861,947,1540,1565]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.246" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="2246.0">2246 m</quantity>
</elevation>
alt.;
<collectorName id="2B4C17940614FFF2FC4EA61FBABF2F67" box="[1007,1152,1540,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">F.H. Gravely</collectorName>
leg.; date and repository unknown, all not examined.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="860672420614FFF2FF66A656BED62FF3" blockId="8.[151,1437,1385,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500614FFF2FF66A656BF392F1F" bold="true" box="[199,262,1612,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Note.</emphasis>
The species was identified using the illustrations given by
<bibRefCitation id="E2280FB30614FFF2FC64A656BA4A2F1F" box="[965,1141,1612,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" refId="ref5496" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 33, 211 - 282." type="journal article">Gravely (1931)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E2280FB30614FFF2FB12A656BEDA2FF3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" refId="ref6124" refString="Tikader, B. K. &amp; Malhotra, M. S. (1981) Revision of spiders of the genus Ctenus Walckenaer from India (Araneae: Ctenidae). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 79, 105 - 124." type="journal article">Tikader &amp; Malhotra (1981)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="860672420614FFF2FF66A68EBCCB2EA1" blockId="8.[151,1437,1385,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<materialsCitation id="36D1781F0614FFF2FF66A68EBDF32FAE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1828903468" collectingDate="2013-05-22" country="India" elevation="96" latitude="10.130083" location="Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.69534" municipality="Material" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500614FFF2FF66A68EBC482FD7" bold="true" box="[199,631,1684,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<collectingMunicipality id="6662E8380614FFF2FF66A68EBF102FD7" box="[199,303,1684,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Material</collectingMunicipality>
examined.
<collectingCountry id="FEAE32D20614FFF2FE1CA68EBC2E2FD7" box="[445,529,1684,1709]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">INDIA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="447DBCA00614FFF2FD80A68EBC502FD7" box="[545,623,1684,1709]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500614FFF2FD80A68EBC502FD7" bold="true" box="[545,623,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Kerala</emphasis>
</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
Ernakulam, Kothamangalam, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (
<location id="836624990614FFF2FAAFA68EBF782FAE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839:836624990614FFF2FAAFA68EBF782FAE" country="India" latitude="10.130083" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.69534" municipality="Material" name="Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" stateProvince="Kerala">Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary</location>
),
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FEF2A6A6BFE62FAE" box="[339,473,1719,1748]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="10.130083">10o7'48.3''N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FE47A6A1BCB82FAE" box="[486,647,1719,1748]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="76.69534">76o41'43.24''E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="0D9495710614FFF2FD35A6A1BCF12FA9" box="[660,718,1723,1748]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="96.0">
<quantity id="4141DFA70614FFF2FD35A6A1BCF12FA9" box="[660,718,1723,1748]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="96.0">96 m</quantity>
</elevation>
alt.,
<collectingDate id="E243AD6A0614FFF2FCA9A6A6BD9D2FAE" box="[776,930,1724,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2013-05-22">
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FCA9A6A6BD9D2FAE" box="[776,930,1724,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2013-05-22">22 May 2013</date>
</collectingDate>
, M
</materialsCitation>
.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female (ADSH
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FE09A6F8BFC02F80" box="[424,511,1762,1786]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="31-10-20">201031</date>
);
<materialsCitation id="36D1781F0614FFF2FDB3A6F8BF0A2E65" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1828903357" collectingDate="2013-07-31" country="India" elevation="134" latitude="8.901769" location="Kulathupuzha Forest" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.06436" municipality="Kollam" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<collectingMunicipality id="6662E8380614FFF2FDB3A6F8BC562F81" box="[530,617,1762,1787]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Kollam</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="836624990614FFF2FDD5A6F8BD612F80" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839:836624990614FFF2FDD5A6F8BD612F80" box="[628,862,1762,1787]" country="India" latitude="8.901769" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.06436" municipality="Kollam" name="Kulathupuzha Forest" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" stateProvince="Kerala">Kulathupuzha Forest</location>
Reserve,
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FC6FA6F8BA692F81" box="[974,1110,1758,1787]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="8.901769">8o54'6.37''N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FBC3A6F9BACA2F81" box="[1122,1269,1758,1787]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="77.06436">77o3'51.70''E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="0D9495710614FFF2FAA0A6F8BB772F80" box="[1281,1352,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="134.0">
<quantity id="4141DFA70614FFF2FAA0A6F8BB772F80" box="[1281,1352,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="134.0">134 m</quantity>
</elevation>
alt.,
<collectingDate id="E243AD6A0614FFF2FA21A6F8BF362E65" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2013-07-31">
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FA21A6F8BF362E65" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2013-07-31">31 July 2013</date>
</collectingDate>
, M
</materialsCitation>
.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female (ADSH
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FB89A71DBA412E65" box="[1064,1150,1799,1823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="32-10-20">201032</date>
) and
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FB60A71DBBBE2E65" box="[1217,1409,1798,1823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2015-01-11">11 January 2015</date>
: 1 subadult female (ADSH
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FE13A737BC362E3F" box="[434,521,1837,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="33-10-20">201033</date>
); Pathanamthitta, Gavi, 9o26'9.07''N, 77o9'56.78''E,
<quantity id="4141DFA70614FFF2FBC5A737BA812E3F" box="[1124,1214,1837,1861]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.201" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="1201.0">1201 m</quantity>
alt.,
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FAA1A737BEED2E13" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2013-12-21">21 December 2013</date>
, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female, (ADSH
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FB89A74BBABF2E13" box="[1064,1152,1873,1897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="34-10-20">201034</date>
);
<materialsCitation id="36D1781F0614FFF2FB3BA74BBD812EEA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1828903358" collectingDate="2014-10-04" country="India" elevation="920" latitude="8.759942" location="Kallar in Ponmudi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.116875" municipality="Trivandrum" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<collectingMunicipality id="6662E8380614FFF2FB3BA74BBB1D2E10" box="[1178,1314,1873,1898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Trivandrum</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="836624990614FFF2FA92A74BBEC02EEA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839:836624990614FFF2FA92A74BBEC02EEA" country="India" latitude="8.759942" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.116875" municipality="Trivandrum" name="Kallar in Ponmudi" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" stateProvince="Kerala">Kallar in Ponmudi</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FEACA762BF9B2EEA" box="[269,420,1908,1936]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="8.759942">8o45'35.79''N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E38D14850614FFF2FE13A762BC7A2EEA" box="[434,581,1908,1936]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" precision="1" value="77.116875">77o7'00.75''E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="0D9495710614FFF2FDF5A762BCA12EF5" box="[596,670,1912,1936]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="920.0">
<quantity id="4141DFA70614FFF2FDF5A762BCA12EF5" box="[596,670,1912,1936]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="920.0">920 m</quantity>
</elevation>
alt.,
<collectingDate id="E243AD6A0614FFF2FD7AA762BDAD2EEA" box="[731,914,1911,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2014-10-04">
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FD7AA762BDAD2EEA" box="[731,914,1911,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2014-10-04">4 October 2014</date>
</collectingDate>
, M
</materialsCitation>
.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 female (ADSH
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FEE0A784BFA72ECD" box="[321,408,1950,1975]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="35-10-20">201035</date>
); Kollam, Thenmala, 8o57'30.7''N, 77o10'38.9''E,
<quantity id="4141DFA70614FFF2FC1FA784BA3A2ECC" box="[958,1029,1950,1975]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.67" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" unit="m" value="567.0">567 m</quantity>
alt.,
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FB9CA785BAC72ECD" box="[1085,1272,1950,1975]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="2015-01-10">10 January 2015</date>
, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 female (ADSH
<date id="F20754820614FFF2FD31A7D8BCD72EA1" box="[656,744,1986,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" value="36-10-20">201036</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D2C622CA0615FFF3FF36A3CFBCC82D3D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" startId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" targetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="860672420615FFF3FF36A3CFBCC82D3D" blockId="9.[151,1436,981,1095]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500615FFF3FF36A3CFBF292A91" bold="true" box="[151,278,981,1003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10615FFF3FE81A3CCBC662A91" authority="Gravely, 1931" authorityName="Gravely" authorityYear="1931" box="[288,601,981,1003]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenidae" genus="Ctenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500615FFF3FE81A3CCBF862A91" box="[288,441,981,1003]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Ctenus indicus</emphasis>
Gravely, 1931
</taxonomicName>
. A–C. Female genitalia: A.
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10615FFF3FC25A3CFBDCF2A91" authorityName="R. Wight" authorityYear="1848" box="[900,1008,981,1003]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Epigynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Epigynum</taxonomicName>
, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C.
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10615FFF3FF36A3EEBF3C2D70" authorityName="R. Wight" authorityYear="1848" box="[151,259,1012,1034]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Epigynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Epigynum</taxonomicName>
, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="CEA321C90615FFF3FF66A474BA2F2DB5" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="860672420615FFF3FF66A474BA2F2DB5" blockId="9.[151,1437,1134,2029]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500615FFF3FF66A474BF7E2DFD" bold="true" box="[199,321,1134,1159]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Females of
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10615FFF3FE7CA475BC6A2DFC" authorityName="Gravely" authorityYear="1931" box="[477,597,1134,1158]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenidae" genus="Ctenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500615FFF3FE7CA475BC6A2DFC" box="[477,597,1134,1158]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">C. indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from the females of other species by the following combination of characters: epigynal teeth lying away from the lateral epigynal margin, epigynal plate with broad anterior part and
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10615FFF3FEF6A4ACBFF82DB5" authorityName="R. Wight" authorityYear="1848" box="[343,455,1206,1231]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Epigynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">epigynum</taxonomicName>
with strongly sclerotized lateral plates (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FC26A4ACBA3B2DB5" box="[903,1028,1206,1231]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Fig. 7A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CEA321C90615FFF0FF66A4C0BFBA2865" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" type="description">
<paragraph id="860672420615FFF0FF66A4C0BFBA2865" blockId="9.[151,1437,1134,2029]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,323]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500615FFF3FF66A4C0BF4B2D89" bold="true" box="[199,372,1242,1267]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Redescription.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500615FFF3FEDDA4C1BFEE2D89" box="[380,465,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Female</emphasis>
(based on ADSH
<date id="F20754820615FFF3FD39A4C1BCD12D89" box="[664,750,1243,1267]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" value="37-10-20">201037</date>
,
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FD58A4C0BD4F2D88" box="[761,880,1242,1267]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,188,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,163,1896]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of Indian ctenid spiders. A. Africactenus unumus sp. nov.: male (holotype), dorsal. B, D–E. Ctenus cochinensis Gravely, 1931: B. Female (live), dorsal (ADSH20196); D. Male (ADSH20195), dorsal; E. Female (ADSH20196), dorsal. C, F. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931: C. Female (live), fronto-dorsal (ADSH201037); F. Same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, D– F 2 mm. Photo credit B &amp; C Jimmy Paul." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095883/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Figs 1C, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FCDDA4C1BDFF2D89" box="[892,960,1243,1267]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1674,1696]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,203,1637]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1652]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Africactenus unumus sp. nov. (A–B) and Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931 (C–E). A. Male prosoma, lateral; B. Same, frontal. C. Left femur IV retrolateral view showing humps; D–E. Close up of humps on femur IV. Scale bars: A, C 2 mm; B 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095891/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">2C–E</figureCitation>
). Carapace reddish-brown with broad pale brown median band; thoracic part provided with narrow, longitudinal, pale brown medio-lateral bands and patches. Fovea long (1.87), dark. Eye field blackish except between PLEs, which is pale brown. Clypeus, chelicerae, fangs, endites, labium, and sternum brownish. Dorsum of chelicerae covered with long brownish hairs; promargin with a thick layer of short, inwardly curved hairs, with three teeth; retromargin with four teeth. Sternum covered with black hairs. Opisthosoma oval, hirsute, greyish-brown; dorsum antero-laterally with a pair of black patches. Spinnerets brownish. Leg and palpal segments brownish to blackish-brown. All femora with white spots and patches, femur IV retro-basally with a few small humps, each consists of numerous tiny, smooth tubercles (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FACEA5CCBEE42F6C" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1674,1696]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,203,1637]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1652]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Africactenus unumus sp. nov. (A–B) and Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931 (C–E). A. Male prosoma, lateral; B. Same, frontal. C. Left femur IV retrolateral view showing humps; D–E. Close up of humps on femur IV. Scale bars: A, C 2 mm; B 1 mm; D–E 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095891/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Fig. 2C–E</figureCitation>
); 2/3rd of tibia I and 1/3rd of tibia II scopulated, tibiae III and IV lack scopulae; all metatarsi with scopulae, I and II entire, III and IV only on distal half; all tarsi scopulated, tarsal scopula complete. Body length 21.10. Carapace length 10.92, width 8.76. Opisthosoma length 10.18, width 6.91. Eye diameters: ALE 0.32. AME 0.42. PLE 0.51. PME 0.60. Eye interdistances: ALE–ALE 1.88. ALE–PME 0.25. AME–ALE 0.18. AME–AME 0.28. PLE–PLE 2.28. PME–PME 0.32. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.28, at ALEs 1.04. Chelicerae length 4.77. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 11.57 [4.13, 2.11, 2.69, 2.64], I 28.16 [8.01, 4.24, 7.32, 6.64, 1.95], II 26.59 [7.81, 4.16, 6.31, 6.42, 1.89], III 22.60 [6.71, 3.48, 4.78, 5.94, 1.69], IV 31.69 [8.70, 3.73, 7.11, 9.92, 2.23]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pld 2 do 2 rld 1, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 rl 1 rld 1, tarsus pl 2 pld 1 rl 1 rld 1; legs: femur I pld 2 plv 1 do 3 rld 3, II pl 1 pld 3 do 3 rld 3, III pld 4 do 3 rld 4, IV pld 4 do 3, rld 2; patellae I–II spineless, III–IV pl 1 rl 1; tibiae I–II plv 5 rlv 5, III pl 2 pld 2 plv 3 do 1 rl 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 3 do 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsi I–II plv 3 rlv 3, III pl 3 pld 1plv 3 rl 3 rld 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rld 3 rlv 4; tarsi I–IV spineless.
<taxonomicName id="41B909C10615FFF3FF36A790BF362EDB" authorityName="R. Wight" authorityYear="1848" box="[151,265,1930,1953]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Epigynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500615FFF3FF36A790BF362EDB" box="[151,265,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Epigynum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FEB6A793BFAB2ED8" box="[279,404,1929,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Fig. 7A–C</figureCitation>
): Median field of epigynal plate nearly triangular with circular epigynal field, with a median bulging (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FEA1A7AABFBD2EB2" box="[256,386,1968,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Fig. 7A, C</figureCitation>
), with strongly sclerotized lateral plates, first concave, second straight (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FB70A7AABB102EB3" box="[1233,1327,1968,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FA9EA7AABB722EB2" box="[1343,1357,1968,1992]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,188,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,163,1896]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of Indian ctenid spiders. A. Africactenus unumus sp. nov.: male (holotype), dorsal. B, D–E. Ctenus cochinensis Gravely, 1931: B. Female (live), dorsal (ADSH20196); D. Male (ADSH20195), dorsal; E. Female (ADSH20196), dorsal. C, F. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931: C. Female (live), fronto-dorsal (ADSH201037); F. Same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, D– F 2 mm. Photo credit B &amp; C Jimmy Paul." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095883/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">1</figureCitation>
st &amp; 2nd arrows); epigynal lateral folds moderately distinct (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FD44A7CEBD002E97" box="[741,831,2004,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
), with a broad tooth (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70615FFF3FB9DA7CEBAA62E97" box="[1084,1177,2004,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). Copulatory openings hidden behind proximal part of epigynal teeth (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70616FFF0FD04A080BCC129C9" box="[677,766,154,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70616FFF0FCA8A081BD2829C9" box="[777,791,155,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[170,1410,838,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,807,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Africactenus unumus sp. nov. A–C Male left pedipalp: A. Prolateral; B. Ventral; C. Retrolateral. Abbreviations: C conductor, Cl lamella-like outgrowth of cymbium, E embolus, EA embolic apophysis, EB embolic base, MA median apophysis, RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, VTA ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars 2 mm. Arrow indicate inferior denticle of RTA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095903/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">3</figureCitation>
rd arrow). Copulatory ducts short, lying beneath the lateral folds (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70616FFF0FF43A0A4BF0129AD" box="[226,318,190,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). Spermathecae nearly peanut-shaped, obliquely oriented, widely separated, with two differently sized chambers (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70616FFF0FEF3A0F8BF942981" box="[338,427,226,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). Fertilization ducts short, narrow with slightly upturned apical part (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70616FFF0FB11A0F8BB372981" box="[1200,1288,226,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,227,931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,960]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. A–C. Female genitalia: A. Epigynum, ventral; B. Internal genitalia, dorsal; C. Epigynum, posterior. Abbreviations: EF epigynal field, EP epigynal plate, ET epigynal tooth, FD fertiliZation duct, LF lateral fold of copulatory duct, S spermatheca. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm. Arrows: 1 indicates concave plate, 2 straight plate, 3 copulatory opening. Digits 1 and 2, spermathecal chambers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500616FFF0FF66A11DBF3E2865" box="[199,257,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Male</emphasis>
: Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CEA321C90616FFF0FF66A130BCC62839" box="[199,761,298,323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="860672420616FFF0FF66A130BCC62839" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,323]" box="[199,761,298,323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
<emphasis id="B4CDAE500616FFF0FF66A130BF5F2839" bold="true" box="[199,352,298,323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="FEAE32D20616FFF0FEC6A130BF9E2839" box="[359,417,298,323]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="447DBCA00616FFF0FE0EA130BFC12839" box="[431,510,298,323]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Kerala</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="447DBCA00616FFF0FDABA130BCAF2839" box="[522,656,298,323]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
) (
<figureCitation id="1E826EC70616FFF0FD06A130BCD42839" box="[679,747,298,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1216,1238]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,392,1183]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,378,1195]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Geographic distribution records of Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931. Empty circles, new records; full circles, records from literature." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3095925/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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