treatments-xml/data/03/FE/2D/03FE2D4AF8349C20FC1AC6E63ADE2F2F.xml

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<mods:title id="AA5C93CE6A0B3C16F895D8FD33BE6681">Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03FE2D4AF8349C20FC1AC6E63ADE2F2F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5306279" ID-GBIF-Taxon="217228977" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5306279" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE2D4AF8349C20FC1AC6E63ADE2F2F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE2D4AF8349C20FC1AC6E63ADE2F2F" pageId="31">
<subSubSection id="C34DCFD7F8349C20FC1AC6E63AF62A7A" box="[983,1251,494,519]" pageId="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE89C5CF8349C20FC1AC6E63AF62A7A" blockId="31.[983,1251,494,519]" box="[983,1251,494,519]" pageId="31">
<heading id="D0A02B30F8349C20FC1AC6E63AF62A7A" box="[983,1251,494,519]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="31" reason="2">
POSITION OF 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FBA3C6E73AF62A7A" ID-CoL="8X7XK" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[1134,1251,495,518]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FBA3C6E73AF62A7A" box="[1134,1251,495,518]" italics="true" pageId="31">TRITONUS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BE89C5CF8349C20FCE4C51F3ADE2F2F" blockId="31.[809,1426,534,1875]" pageId="31">
An unexpected result of the analyses based on all larval characters and non-chaetotaxic larval characters (
<figureCitation id="136C80D9F8349C20FCFCC55C3D972A15" box="[817,898,596,618]" captionStart="Figures 99–106" captionStartId="28.[163,255,1679,1701]" captionTargetBox="[227,1379,198,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-26@28.[224,1382,195,1640]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 99–106. Results of the phylogenetic analyses. 99–105, topologies obtained using different datasets: 99, larval morphology only (majority rule consensus); 100: larval chaetotaxy only (implied weighted tree, k = 20). 101, all larval characters (implied weigthed tree, k = 20). 102, larval and adult characters (most parsimonous tree). 103, reference topology based on DNA data, adopted from Toussaint &amp; Short (2018). 104, part of the tree based on all larval characters (same as on Fig. 101) with characters mapped. 105, Hydrophilinae molecular reference topology with updated position of Tritonus with larval characters mapped. 106, alternative position of Tritonus in constrained topology search using different datasets." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5362536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5362536/files/figure.png" pageId="31">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
) is the position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FBAEC55C3ADD2A15" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[1123,1224,596,617]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FBAEC55C3ADD2A15" box="[1123,1224,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a sister clade to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FCB7C57A3A0C2AF4" box="[890,1049,626,648]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hydrobiusini">Hydrobiusini</taxonomicName>
(excluding 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FB66C57A3B2A2AFB" box="[1195,1343,626,647]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Hybogralius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FB66C57A3B2A2AFB" box="[1195,1343,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="31">Hybogralius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Four larval characters support this clade: (1) character 16(1), inner margin of epistomal lobes with cuticular spines (also present in other dissimilar genera, e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FCE4C5E53A432B7E" authority="Sharp, 1882" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" box="[809,1110,749,771]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Phaenonotum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FCE4C5E53DD32B7E" box="[809,966,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="31">Phaenonotum</emphasis>
Sharp, 1882
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FBADC5E53AE02B7E" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1833" box="[1120,1269,749,770]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chaetarthria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FBADC5E53AE02B7E" box="[1120,1269,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="31">Chaetarthria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FACCC5E63DA62B5D" authority="Solier, 1834" authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tropisternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FACCC5E63B842B7F" box="[1281,1425,750,771]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tropisternus</emphasis>
Solier, 1834
</taxonomicName>
, convergence); (2) character 35(0), femur as large as trochanter (also shared with unrelated 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FCE4C4413DD32B22" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" box="[809,966,841,862]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Phaenonotum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FCE4C4413DD32B22" box="[809,966,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="31">Phaenonotum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FC1DC4413A702B22" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1833" box="[976,1125,841,862]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chaetarthria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FC1DC4413A702B22" box="[976,1125,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="31">Chaetarthria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FB55C4423AFB2B23" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[1176,1262,842,863]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FB55C4423AFB2B23" box="[1176,1262,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, convergence); (3) character 49(0), ratio distance between both FR8/distance between FR8–FR9 less than 0.6 (also shared with larvae of the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FB77C4AD3B4C2BC7" box="[1210,1369,933,955]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hydrophilini">Hydrophilini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FCE4C4CC3D972BA5" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[809,898,964,985]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FCE4C4CC3D972BA5" box="[809,898,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a probable convergence); and (4) character 99(1), a short antennal sensorium (SE1), not shared with any other genera included in the analysis and can be considered a synapomorphy for this clade; however, 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FC5BC3373A3F2C28" authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1834" box="[918,1066,1087,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tropisternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FC5BC3373A3F2C28" box="[918,1066,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tropisternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FBABC3363DC02C0F" authority="Solier, 1834" authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Sternolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FBABC3363B152C2F" box="[1126,1280,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="31">Sternolophus</emphasis>
Solier, 1834 (Hydrophilini)
</taxonomicName>
have an extremely short sensorium. The topology-constrained analysis revealed 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FAE0C3743B852CED" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[1325,1424,1148,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FAE0C3743B852CED" box="[1325,1424,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FC1EC3923A7C2CCC" box="[979,1129,1178,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hydrobiusini">Hydrobiusini</taxonomicName>
only in the analysis based on non-chaetotaxic characters; in all other cases it was revealed as sister to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FB9DC3D03AFE2C92" box="[1104,1259,1240,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hydrophilini">Hydrophilini</taxonomicName>
. This position is supported by three larval characters: (1) 57(1), sensillum PA11 developed as long trichoid seta (also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FC68C23C3A0D2D35" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1843" box="[933,1048,1332,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Amphiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FC68C23C3A0D2D35" box="[933,1048,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="31">Amphiops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FBEBC23C3A9C2D35" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" box="[1062,1161,1332,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Derallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FBEBC23C3A9C2D35" box="[1062,1161,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="31">Derallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FB0FC23C3B002D35" box="[1218,1301,1332,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Ametor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FB0FC23C3B002D35" box="[1218,1301,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="31">Ametor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (2) 65(1), pore AN2 closer to distal margin of the antennomere than to AN1 (weak character with many reversals across the tree); and (3) 96(0) third antennomere long (ratio AN2/AN3 &lt;1.5) (only present in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FB35C2A63D992D9F" authority=", Tritonus" authorityName="Tritonus" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hydrophilini">
Hydrophilini, 
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FCE4C2C63D992D9F" box="[809,908,1486,1507]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FC05C2C53A442D9E" box="[968,1105,1485,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Hydramara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FC05C2C53A442D9E" box="[968,1105,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="31">Hydramara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the taxa included in the analysis). All these results are in contrast to those analyses based on molecular data (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E1ADF8349C20FB1CC1023D742E43" author="Toussaint EFA &amp; Fikacek M &amp; Short AEZ" pageId="31" pagination="982 - 991" refId="ref24993" refString="Toussaint EFA, Fikacek M, Short AEZ. 2016. India- Madagascar vicariance explains cascade beetle biogeography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 118: 982 - 991." type="journal article" year="2016">
Toussaint 
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FA83C1033B9F2E63" box="[1358,1418,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="31">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E1ADF8349C20FCA2C1213A852E42" author="Toussaint EFA &amp; Short AEZ" box="[879,1168,1577,1599]" pageId="31" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref25024" refString="Toussaint EFA, Short AEZ. 2018. Transoceanic steppingstones between Cretaceous waterfalls? The enigmatic biogeography of pantropical Oocyclus cascade beetles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="2018">Toussaint &amp; Short, 2018</bibRefCitation>
) in which 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FADDC1223B612E43" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[1296,1396,1578,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FADDC1223B612E43" box="[1296,1396,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is revealed as closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FBB2C1403AC32E21" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[1151,1238,1608,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FBB2C1403AC32E21" box="[1151,1238,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FADCC1403DCC2E00" authority="Thomson, 1867" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FADCC1403B852E21" box="[1297,1424,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="31">Paracymus</emphasis>
Thomson, 1867
</taxonomicName>
. Larvae of the latter two genera differ from those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FC19C18E3A2E2EE7" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[980,1083,1670,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FC19C18E3A2E2EE7" box="[980,1083,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in many aspects [discussed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E1ADF8349C20FC81C1AC3A292EC6" author="Fikacek M &amp; Gustafson GT &amp; Short AEZ" box="[844,1084,1700,1722]" pageId="31" pagination="91 - 107" refId="ref23412" refString="Fikacek M, Gustafson GT, Short AEZ. 2017. On wet rocks with snorkels: immature stages of Tritonus cascade beetles with unusual modification of spiracles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Laccobiini). Annales Zoologici 67: 91 - 107." type="journal article" year="2017">
Fikáček 
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FC7DC1AC3DFE2EC5" box="[944,1003,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="31">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
] and from the morphological point of view, their close relationship seems unlikely. Our analyses indicate that the same may be the case for adult morphology. We hence consider the sister position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FC6EC0173A112F48" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[931,1028,1823,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923404EF8349C20FC6EC0173A112F48" box="[931,1028,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="31">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C57E7DFF8349C20FBF7C0163AD82F48" box="[1082,1229,1822,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hydrophilini">Hydrophilini</taxonomicName>
as an alternative hypothesis worthy of further testing.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>