treatments-xml/data/C3/83/E2/C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932.xml

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<mods:title id="37DF8CBF53FD45F8C7468BEB8787B70A">Identity of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae and Eulophidae) reared from aquatic leaf-mining flies (Diptera, Ephydridae) on invasive Brazilian waterweed Egeria densa in South Africa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CB53E43E886B1417811CA97D5E054792">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3F4AEF69EA4901A5313D66A82C85E499" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="8DB94947408EC6CD28003D273AEB7B25">Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C1050BE0B59C4F44BD35221529B93CE8" type="email">svannoort@iziko.org.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4AEA989A5BF0D4E5838744846B401A74">Smith, Rosali</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1513A3A557DBBFDE800E7D47B01D38D4">Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Biological Control, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="1691228D89C8861C85C713E35DEAE30E">Coetzee, Julie A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DD67B30C17881634642CDB7AAF15DC83">Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Biological Control, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="1B5618C4EAE709F1489FE97448F43CE1">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="853A9A67622F712BC33BC13D740A8D9E">
<mods:date id="58887C5EF66D1FC947FF129E8E72C0EF">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8338A7ED909DE81D76BFF9A8808D100A">62</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AF8EBD854AB803555B4BD13240DDF6AD">1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F2EE73EBD0EB9E4768848500F852D39C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.62.62842</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="920385F6D2482358E0210A0769D232E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="results">
<treatment id="C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180302010" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932" lastPageNumber="287" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" scope_family="Eulophidae" scope_subFamily="Entedoninae">
<subSubSection id="9F33643F7B6C5DA1945B7ECFD05B18D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4037C198A44DAA17489FEA0FE3037429" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<taxonomicName id="2AE6EBCABEC2B892B12C22A1192A0EB2" LSID="C383E27C-6684-5030-8EF6-F6F09E741932" authority="Gumovsky &amp; Delvare, 2006" authorityName="Gumovsky &amp; Delvare" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Janicharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Janicharis africanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Janicharis africanus Gumovsky &amp; Delvare, 2006</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="316E0D0887C5CC6100D287D4000B7C68" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Janicharis africanus female SAM-HYM-P 092808 (SAMC) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head, anterior view D data labels." figureDoi="10.3897/afrinvertebr.62.62842.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/518170" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5A8488977B325E1FB75730F1E8D7223D" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="5DEA436E38E2573359459A33FEA16D6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<typeStatus id="B0230DE38E7B17EE7FA00A17D713FECD">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D262EC72FE6F736D7D265A593F0EADE" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<materialsCitation id="99647EFB0DA451348488D9EF498A0EF4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636341" collectingDate="1984-09-26" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="G. Delvare" country="Cameroon" location="Maroua" municipality="Djarengol" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="A6156472BAF1B054E86ABA7894B01C46" name="Cameroon">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
• female; 
<location id="EF102E8A960494C7C0DD39FBCB480B0A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932:EF102E8A960494C7C0DD39FBCB480B0A" country="Cameroon" municipality="Djarengol" name="Maroua">Maroua</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="56E376B609FCB13CAB27E525B6DB2BAB">Djarengol</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<collectingMethod id="66E13227F7B224DA6942A9E1361EB501">Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
; 
<date id="E4FD68EA4976895616DA3CBDA83C0587" value="1984-09-26">
<collectingDate id="D0DB881AB577B2BC23B407BB06EAEE57" value="1984-09-26">26.ix.1984</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectorName id="1A3716C6D52F40251176E82773DE064C">G. Delvare</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="412C57467AC7C14BBD848626509495D6" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" type="">MNHN</collectionCode>
not seen).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="239FBC4B91AF9DEFED29E49076ECBF51" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="paratypes">
<paragraph id="FAC513B64819C271964EDA0C8D93CE6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<typeStatus id="9E5FBE3AE310BFD285F90ED2E9A6A5A8">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B86330232CDE41EE8B59B420157B745F" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<materialsCitation id="C39A33D7B04A831E49DE243FF99E6274" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636347" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectionCode="CIRAD" country="Cameroon" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingCountry id="AF9F35E027B3E55DB28C0ADE41BACCF0" name="Cameroon">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
• 
<specimenCount id="E6CDFBF9E6A292A05DCB421FAD3C5005" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
, idem (
<collectionCode id="CB3F03274BD401B9048FA715DB7039FC" country="France" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5ikt-qrvp" name="Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement" type="">CIRAD</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="CFB5B285700E7163FE9926EAA56D85A6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636368" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectionCode="RMNH" country="Cameroon" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="BEEC77A716C5B8E9669518A959298681" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
, idem (
<collectionCode id="5D4033AEAE149E06C84241E40D06C71A" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="0B2C73CC630C9048C12323CDB6C8EDC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636323" collectingDate="1987-10" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="J. Noyes" country="Nigeria" location="Iita Compound" municipality="Ibadan" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oyo" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingCountry id="A42040E1E30C08EC0D2A464D681665B1" name="Nigeria">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
• 
<collectingRegion id="ACF45BAB5381489F938E71C38121E5B1" country="Nigeria" name="Oyo">Oyo</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="BAD2457DC5A5F50320E9A63B95534EDA">Ibadan</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="EE40037B827B8117C95FD1CA489F28B6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932:EE40037B827B8117C95FD1CA489F28B6" country="Nigeria" municipality="Ibadan" name="Iita Compound" stateProvince="Oyo">Iita Compound</location>
; 
<date id="7BF0E90ABE6550A8907A3F92EBE96490" value="1987-10">
<collectingDate id="E9A95D6C23AD2B721CA7D03A5DFD31D7" value="1987-10">x.1987</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectorName id="50324643E1DEBDF05A6B60480D8AA884">J. Noyes</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="7C183B96CE45885D537C2BDBFB7FF4F2" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="F086D4D16BCD69C78EBDCD37AC17A0C0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636316" collectingDate="1991-10-17" collectionCode="CIRAD" collectorName="P. Bousses" country="Madagascar" location="Lac Alaotra" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingCountry id="0B481A66A62FBD1050A0A40DF53FFC6B" name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
• 
<location id="929E8DC713049065852B2EAD41D2F379" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932:929E8DC713049065852B2EAD41D2F379" country="Madagascar" name="Lac Alaotra">Lac Alaotra</location>
; 
<collectedFrom id="FCFB2F279CA5F2972AEE581C6879EA60">
on 
<taxonomicName id="D8B5C71C2AAED2ABC351DE5E0DB6491B" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oryza sativa" order="Graminales" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="4188F3AFAF3760ECA59268A67DF4FC00" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Oryza sativa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
, 
<date id="0300B44A480D7590DEE9C56B201D93D9" value="1991-10-17">
<collectingDate id="82000826BB8B93998A8F9C59BBF6DE8F" value="1991-10-17">17.x.1991</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectorName id="5D2FD27A5B42CB8CFFD7A14C7393CEE7">P. Bousses</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="022B58FF099A65AC04D5782B958B546F" country="France" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5ikt-qrvp" name="Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement" type="">CIRAD</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="BD216737424D3E1C82F7B490C238F15D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636372" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Madagascar" location="Paratypes" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="FD34AFF2581A013F936BA04ED9752D08">
<location id="BD544AC5D3003FBF1BDF0D03C432D160" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932:BD544AC5D3003FBF1BDF0D03C432D160" country="Madagascar" name="Paratypes">Paratypes</location>
</typeStatus>
not seen
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0B13F53CED555169FAC90BBFC2AD10FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="40D3F08209ECF483193D331247E26B6F" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Other material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F8FE475B9E7567FA73ECFA8A89A2B6FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<materialsCitation id="A67BE2DC40879734ECC3C445E5744B46" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636380" collectingDate="2019-07" collectionCode="SAMC" collectorName="R. Smith" country="South Africa" latitude="-32.962616" location="Nahoon river" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.911552" municipality="East London" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<collectingCountry id="4BAA9F3A4DBD289D0CC24454BAB5A777" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
• 
<specimenCount id="ACDD061DF5B50ADF9702DBBC477F842C" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
: 
<emphasis id="32F55300C37F3E29B1311D55ED79530A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<collectingRegion id="DF9D345EF3B86883DF1CC2A66C616B43" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="AECCD71809E330F01BB81D17E3B50B91">East London</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="2577466B5C75E23B51402D1C98C8C76D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C383E27C668450308EF6F6F09E741932:2577466B5C75E23B51402D1C98C8C76D" country="South Africa" latitude="-32.962616" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.911552" municipality="East London" name="Nahoon river" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Nahoon river</location>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="68501824841388EDB6F41F3801747D87" degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="45.41" value="-32.962616">32°57'45.41&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="16ED99518AE4227517B9D9AE3DFB203B" degrees="27" direction="east" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="41.59" value="27.911552">27°54'41.59&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
; NHN-WINTER-FOR-R02; 
<date id="692DFA42129C880D0F797A4F59983F69" value="2019-07">
<collectingDate id="1823F94BC0D3F3C1DD8E7670D0174028" value="2019-07">July 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectorName id="E1E18D776AB307DAA5AB66150EABC761">R. Smith</collectorName>
; reared in laboratory; ex 
<taxonomicName id="75DAA09EB14A3B61732E33BC9B892721" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrellia egeriae" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egeriae">
<emphasis id="8AE36D75EEF4285852542CFA1A1A6685" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Hydrellia egeriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa collected from host plant 
<taxonomicName id="D3DE1BBF6193059C0720BEFB1453CAFE" class="Equisetopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Egeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Egeria densa" order="Alismatales" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="densa">
<emphasis id="0D887FE6A0FA291BE58CA48D5B93BBE1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Egeria densa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; SAM-HYM-P092807 (
<collectionCode id="50563BD8A8A6A596B90D078FEF49B6E1" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" type="Museum">SAMC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="7EA5D2F8F41774BC2AA3003565E95E95" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636370" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectionCode="SAMC" collectorName="R. Smith" country="South Africa" latitude="-32.962616" location="Nahoon river" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.911552" municipality="East London" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<specimenCount id="B4D08DBDE41857A2AB76C51BDD30DE2F" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
: idem; except for NHN-WINTER-FOR-R29 and SAM-HYM-P092808 (
<collectionCode id="1EE0C01FE629C4511F950A9065C750F4" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" type="Museum">SAMC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="B4AB6DFD84F22386BE816DEAEABD3806" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636319" collectingDate="2019-02" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectionCode="SAMC" collectorName="R. Smith" country="South Africa" latitude="-32.962616" location="Nahoon river" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.911552" municipality="East London" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<specimenCount id="1D95A9B0B98E67956C89463B214EAF9E" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
: idem; except for: 
<date id="5A76EC99E60343D77F59996ED0C5B692" value="2019-02">
<collectingDate id="551BB1AC131DA1CD7F262C7708B8608D" value="2019-02">February 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectorName id="FBADAD4412F006E4C2A33E0571DBAA73">R. Smith</collectorName>
; Collected from 
<taxonomicName id="58608C2C306B6AB5E0807DDF4FA4A754" class="Equisetopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Egeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Egeria densa" order="Alismatales" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="densa">
<emphasis id="91125ECBB716D7E114731F0C9075660B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Egeria densa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infestation with 
<taxonomicName id="FA379FABFECD9184516694EBDB2FE89C" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrellia egeriae" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egeriae">
<emphasis id="7A6DEB28A988E10193468A358D3B7548" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Hydrellia egeriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupae; SAM-HYM-P095099 (
<collectionCode id="002C5DE0907666F2904AE5B40287B4EA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" type="Museum">SAMC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="D5E1E8464A7EDCF6D8FB8C9ABADE384C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063636357" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectionCode="SAMC" collectorName="R. Smith" country="South Africa" latitude="-32.962616" location="Nahoon river" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.911552" municipality="East London" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<specimenCount id="D0FCC732AE41D85D5D5BC8B2EC2BCE08" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
: idem; except for SAM-HYM-P095100 (
<collectionCode id="8C9BFA5F439EE77F04FB83ECA15ABD4A" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" type="Museum">SAMC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5713B217ABFEF62DA20014E773159156" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B9EE57A62E1AC70EB696EF79DD5F21FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="62920FDD543D4CBF93434BB615824527" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
Uniquely defined by two large foveae situated anterio-medially on propodeum; anterolateral propodeal strip wide, somewhat angulate above spiracle. Characters shared with morphologically-similar congeners: pronotum dorsally reduced, placed significantly below the level of mesoscutum; propodeum with anterolateral propodeal strips; anterior propodeum with basal cup and foveae on sides; metanotum with anteriorly-delimited foveae at sides of dorsellum; long postmarginal vein (
<bibRefCitation id="E52D4A41F7C120106F2489E5625683D8" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" refId="B17" refString="Gumovsky, A, Boucek, Z, Delvare, G, 2006. New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80-1(4): 73-85." title="New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80 - 1 (4): 73 - 85." year="2006">Gumovsky et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4A01BBD7D0D01D8C1670A4CF854BE025" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="FAF4EF722996D6D8F1D500A274F79148" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F5859B0687309B187A7B21AA73674553" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
Previously unknown. Here, we record the species as a parasitoid associated with immature stages of the aquatic ephydrid fly 
<taxonomicName id="D9A7A7D1F54795D5D7456913579CD194" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrellia egeriae" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egeriae">
<emphasis id="4391307BBCF718EA922460133F133ACB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Hydrellia egeriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having been reared from puparia along with specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="9EDB95A4F6DBCF68482809F7D5A55024" authorityName="van Achterberg" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Ademon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ademon lagarosiphonae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lagarosiphonae">
<emphasis id="B1F04CA1AB838DB7E91AE4A787795BDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Ademon lagarosiphonae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="54C85B2FB179FA6626C4F58CA33ED6B9" authorityName="van Achterberg" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Chaenusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chaenusa seminervata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seminervata">
<emphasis id="12C5E4AC6510C3A263FD8968DE9830BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Chaenusa seminervata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and hence is potentially a hyperparasitoid attacking the braconids rather than the fly. The eulophid subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="A37E90E4E9575CF281BCA371EF73FB04" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Entedoninae">Entedoninae</taxonomicName>
harbours a wide range of life style strategies including species that are usually solitary or gregarious endoparasitoids (more rarely ectoparasitoids or hyper-parasitoids) of concealed dipteran, lepidopteran, coleopteran, hymenopteran or hemipteran larvae or rarely of eggs or pupae. 
<taxonomicName id="9DCD411B5FC90756F3ADF3C1F5FBA813" authorityName="Gumovsky &amp; Delvare" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Janicharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Janicharis africanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="2D5BBEFE558886B663382BA9A3FF1598" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Janicharis africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically similar to the genera 
<taxonomicName id="11663DE516F3705E2E8352F4BFF81183" authorityName="Gumovsky &amp; Boucek" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Hakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hakuna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FA4B97138DE513F064AE17F9C479314" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Hakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gumovsky &amp; Delvare, 2006 and 
<taxonomicName id="25ABBE4BFE4285ABD2C05C6FBB260DE4" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediocharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pediocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="589D9D6B8EE935D182B2D1F1BF7DB160" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Pediocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="D3E51ED0289E8DE3719F5A82D7F0E6B2" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
, 1988 (
<bibRefCitation id="16455F9E4F8E3BBC78A8C8D2633130E5" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" refId="B17" refString="Gumovsky, A, Boucek, Z, Delvare, G, 2006. New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80-1(4): 73-85." title="New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80 - 1 (4): 73 - 85." year="2006">Gumovsky et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and may, therefore, exhibit similar lifestyle strategies. The monotypic species 
<taxonomicName id="3CA09271D47572F14247E368137B81CE" authorityName="Gumovsky &amp; Boucek" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Hakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hakuna matata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="matata">
<emphasis id="361494ED60E408A37B137C0F3BF97CE1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Hakuna matata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gumovsky &amp; 
<normalizedToken id="FC03581D22CE06F14388E9444BD1FDD0" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
, 2006 was reared from conical insect galls on a forest plant and each gall contained several pupae in separate cells; adult wasps emerged through a single hole at the apex of the gall. Based on these notes by the collector, 
<bibRefCitation id="6355B0A0D9462589FB7B97588A3BC2EB" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" refId="B17" refString="Gumovsky, A, Boucek, Z, Delvare, G, 2006. New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80-1(4): 73-85." title="New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80 - 1 (4): 73 - 85." year="2006">Gumovsky et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesised 
<taxonomicName id="6B9A3D48CE38D16ED18F678B86C56412" lsidName="H. matata" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" rank="species" species="matata">
<emphasis id="F22BBB04042F1D5E8A1AE069B18D690F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">H. matata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a parasitoid of the gall former. Biology of 
<taxonomicName id="211D5467817218CEE2DC2CB39A2A8317" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediocharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pediocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F69AB8ABAA9F73EA2E53466A3BAEAD5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Pediocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown and, together with the lack of detail concerning the biology of 
<taxonomicName id="1016AFDFDCEE3A95A64034468BDA9DCD" authorityName="Gumovsky &amp; Boucek" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Hakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hakuna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1B7479E6439AE768273CF6F20843E8AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Hakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, makes it difficult to predict whether 
<taxonomicName id="68475F77929F6B93E4E1F4CC4FD01E55" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="J. africanus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="9FD11A8F3F71B347B1F8D3778F3E3745" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">J. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is, indeed, a hyper-parasitoid or not. A more remote possibility of morphological congeneric similarity for 
<taxonomicName id="99B5E24917B6796D0A4DDD38C2735AD0" authorityName="Gumovsky &amp; Delvare" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Janicharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Janicharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EB6A21E659AC3B351FE69AE89BBEA8E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Janicharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is to 
<taxonomicName id="2A8B5419B98925F04903E06E89DCE715" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1856" class="Hexapoda" family="Eulophidae" genus="Chrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AC08E17F5385C38AFCF7BC66D5CAE347" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Chrysocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Foerster, 1856 (
<bibRefCitation id="9F442EBE7BF4582843E4FD2581D83A2A" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" refId="B17" refString="Gumovsky, A, Boucek, Z, Delvare, G, 2006. New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80-1(4): 73-85." title="New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80 - 1 (4): 73 - 85." year="2006">Gumovsky et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
), but this genus contains a very broad range of lifestyle strategies, including endo- and ectoparasitoids and facultative hyperparasitoids (
<bibRefCitation id="BB27D4955D0A9DAF7B669CC158AE7B53" author="Yu, DS" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" refId="B45" refString="Yu, DS, van Achterberg, C, Horstman, K, 2016. Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015. Nepean, Ontario. Database on flash-drive." title="Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015. Nepean, Ontario. Database on flash-drive." year="2016">Yu et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
), which does not provide any further enlightenment as to potential possibilities for 
<taxonomicName id="EC67947323B87C6CFB9D2AFA149AC815" authorityName="Gumovsky &amp; Delvare" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Janicharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Janicharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7E70ECF0D6AB2AC9FE40E723A83BDC23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Janicharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The only recourse is to pursue direct investigation of the biology for 
<taxonomicName id="F0F1EE311BD49C8CA19216045DE070A2" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="J. africanus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="6A44806094DCB1D8ACC283E14ADEF0E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">J. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the field.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="040008FA05D456118EB43E5B2DCE68D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4D314F69BBEDE75B97C21A580D57CCCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="65ADCDED524F874696F55A9509BB9D2E" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<collectingCountry id="38B2CE152452C9A44837A46C8F1F65F7" name="Cameroon">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="2C9BBF91210EED64A5A3CDECBD91E71D" name="Nigeria">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9D127C43A7F642F8744699E40CF87F39" name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="99418C537461AB2FF61DEFF227F4DAAF" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(new country record).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F03DED4CA3B2258E0DABBB066305C219" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" type="comments">
<paragraph id="FA79EAA532990DE6CD43D7E40F35C2FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3954DAB73005038B0B41871A30D6DEFF" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
The reared specimens were identified by corroboration of morphological character attributes with the original description and 
<typeStatus id="54A22B428F8496503DFDC514BB482FCB">type</typeStatus>
photographs of 
<taxonomicName id="A1F33790F606376EA195E0A14E5923C2" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="J. africanus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="DFB140FB001E10C36DF381AC31E62346" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">J. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="29C0706182F5BA31EF34653F784A8BEE" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" refId="B17" refString="Gumovsky, A, Boucek, Z, Delvare, G, 2006. New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80-1(4): 73-85." title="New genera and species of Afrotropical Entedoninae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 80 - 1 (4): 73 - 85." year="2006">Gumovsky et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The genus is monotypic.
</paragraph>
<caption id="231F7F300EB396C05E7B36A87C07DF4F" doi="10.3897/afrinvertebr.62.62842.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/518170" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
<paragraph id="76070D215B80FAB2E712B0AD11B1AD03" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">
<emphasis id="01EF9CA46A35B266B82089DE6AD7C79C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Figure 17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C15AACD0BE80B6F399B4929568D33C2" authorityName="Gumovsky &amp; Delvare" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Janicharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Janicharis africanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="CD0ABB4C60FC1DB71A6FFA61E8A4D2DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">Janicharis africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female SAM-HYM-P 
<date id="AF13E3703E9B0C0826742DA8C83BB9FF" value="08-09-28">092808</date>
(
<collectionCode id="175C2D6ED751F41BBAD54F9DEEFF1FFA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" type="Museum">SAMC</collectionCode>
) 
<emphasis id="FD2A52D6A23391F30093E83D5E6E528B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">A</emphasis>
habitus, lateral view 
<emphasis id="3084EF162912E548FA0E6C1D796BA212" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">B</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view 
<emphasis id="0890A8937842AED25052EDCA6354BBCF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">C</emphasis>
head, anterior view 
<emphasis id="672A51445924B6E046EB1508EAC50984" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="287">D</emphasis>
data labels.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>