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<document id="0BC2C3E9443FA03DFD5613A8643AF71A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.183642" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a81125ca-89a3-4319-8cf9-8bd010ad96d8" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183642" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459926002570" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Daly, Marymegan &amp; Ljubenkov, John C." docDate="2008" docId="A431015FFFAA4B66DFCC16D7FE40F1A1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01860p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1860" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Scolanthus scamiti Daly &amp; Ljubenkov, 2008, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="58087927FFB84B75DF5B1700FFECF40A" masterDocTitle="Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698229523097" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="31461AB72279B881DECB6F096FD71022">Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4130DC5642D9EE0A6E1B9B113E95CB12">Daly, Marymegan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="91839F1E8F6EB60EE63EE48C84783C9A">Ljubenkov, John C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2FA1201F3B5A8248027C567B7D3EA280">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8F71C67F8A42BB0E38C42E0E46585454">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="96014FD05D5706DD70AA1F65B156A67C">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="B40023FF52ECCE002CD3C238A6EC3E64" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B094EF78D8145E8C12C71EAE473D418D">1860</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B9EEC41A1B1ABB4C693FA779AD13D5D6" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.183642</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A431015FFFAA4B66DFCC16D7FE40F1A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5663837" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119374291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5663837" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A431015FFFAA4B66DFCC16D7FE40F1A1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A431015FFFAA4B66DFCC16D7FE40F1A1" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAA4B67DFCC16D7FE95F61E" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DFCC16D7FE0DF5FB" blockId="18.[151,481,471,532]" box="[151,481,471,497]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="776F0725FFAA4B67DFCC16D7FE0DF5FB" bold="true" box="[151,481,471,497]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DFCC16D7FE0DF5FB" bold="true" box="[151,481,471,497]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DFCC16D7FE90F5FB" ID-CoL="6Y9VZ" box="[151,380,471,497]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scamiti" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DFCC16D7FE90F5FB" bold="true" box="[151,380,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scolanthus scamiti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="05DFD120FFAA4B67DED816D7FE0DF5FB" box="[387,481,471,497]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DFCC16FAFE95F61E" blockId="18.[151,481,471,532]" box="[151,377,506,532]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DFCC16FAFF0BF61E" box="[151,231,506,532]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[353,1265,189,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[289,1274,177,1871]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comparative external anatomy of Edwardsiidae from southern and central California. Scale bar = 5 mm. A. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). B. Edwardsia handi sp. nov. C. Edwardsia juliae sp. nov. D. Edwardsia mcmurrichi sp. nov. E. Edwardsia olguini sp. nov. F. Edwardsia profunda sp. nov. G. Paraedwardsia heia sp. nov. H. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. I. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183643/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DFAE16FAFEF9F61E" box="[245,277,506,532]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">10</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="611A85F2FFAA4B67DE7916FAFE95F61E" box="[290,377,506,532]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Cnidae of Paraedwardsia heia, Scolanthus scamiti, and S. triangulus. Size of each type of cnida given as a range in μm, with exceptionally small or large values in parentheses. The range was determined by measuring at least 20 capsules of each type of tissue from at least two specimens of each species. Cnidae are depicted in Figures 9 – 11." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Table 3</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAA4B67DFCC154AFCC1F6BE" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DFCC154AFCC1F6BE" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DFCC154AFEFBF66E" bold="true" box="[151,279,586,612]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
With 14–16 tentacles and large nemathybomes scattered on column; nemathybomes more numerous proximally than distally. Nemathybome nematocysts shorter than 55 μm. Length of whole animal in contraction typically exceeds
<quantity id="EB601DACFFAA4B67DE92159AFDF3F6BE" box="[457,543,666,692]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
, diameter
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAA4B67DF9E15C2FD11F066" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DF9E15C2FCD1F75E" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DF9E15C2FE50F6D6" bold="true" box="[197,444,706,732]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFAA4B67DE9C15C2FDD5F6D6" box="[455,569,706,732]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFAA4B67DD1C15C2FD6CF6D6" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[583,640,706,732]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">CAS</collectionCode>
175229, San Diego, California, Bight 0 3 Sta. 4276,
<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAA4B67DA5815C2FA70F6D6" box="[1283,1436,706,732]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="1" value="33.98195">33°58.917’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAA4B67DFCC15EAFED9F70E" box="[151,309,746,772]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="9" value="-118.456">118°27.36’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="58269689FFAA4B67DE1C15EAFE3FF70E" box="[327,467,746,772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1998-09-03">3­Sep­1998</date>
,
<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAA4B67DEBE15EAFDF3F70E" box="[485,543,746,772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">3 m.</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFAA4B67DD7615EAFD4FF70E" box="[557,675,746,772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFAA4B67DD9915EAFD17F70E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[706,763,746,772]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">CAS</collectionCode>
175230, collected with
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFAA4B67DB7415EAFB79F70E" box="[1071,1173,746,772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAA4B67DBF715EAFAA4F70E" box="[1196,1352,746,772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
);
<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFAA4B67DA3815EAFA70F70E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[1379,1436,746,772]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">CAS</collectionCode>
175231, San Diego, California,
<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAA4B67DD4D1412FD42F726" box="[534,686,786,812]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="1" value="32.78595">32°47.157’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAA4B67DDE31412FCABF726" box="[696,839,786,812]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="92" value="-117.25">117°15.0’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="58269689FFAA4B67DC0E1412FC0AF726" box="[853,998,786,812]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2003-07-25">25­Jul­2003</date>
,
<quantity id="EB601DACFFAA4B67DCAF1412FBD5F726" box="[1012,1081,786,812]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="2.8">2.8 m</quantity>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAA4B67DB101412FB08F726" box="[1099,1252,786,812]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
);
<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFAA4B67DBA11412FADFF726" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[1274,1331,786,812]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">CAS</collectionCode>
175232, San Diego South Bay, California,
<date id="58269689FFAA4B67DD7D143AFD53F75E" box="[550,703,826,852]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1994-08">August 1994</date>
, intertidal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DF9E1462FD11F066" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DF9E1462FE47F776" bold="true" box="[197,427,866,892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">External anatomy.</emphasis>
Tentacles filiform to blunt, 14–16, inner tentacles slightly shorter than outer tentacles; in specimens with fewer than 16 tentacles, inner cycle incomplete. Adoral base of each tentacle marked with two red ovals. Column elongate but stout, wider proximally than distally (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DB5014B2FB8EF7C6" box="[1035,1122,946,972]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A). Capitulum translucent, bearing irregular red and opaque white spots; white spots scattered proximally, converge into lines distally. Scapus with small, scattered nemathybomes not readily visible to unaided eye. Periderm thin, typically light brown to orange; larger grained particles may overlay periderm. Aboral end rounded but not bulbous, with periderm, nemathybomes, and rugae (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DD081352FD5FF066" box="[595,691,1106,1132]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
A, D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAA4B67DF9E137AFEE1F1DE" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DF9E137AFA9DF13E" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DF9E137AFDB4F09E" bold="true" box="[197,600,1146,1172]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Internal anatomy and histology.</emphasis>
Parietal and retractor muscles strong (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DB79137AFB69F09E" box="[1058,1157,1146,1172]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
B, C). Retractor muscle with large pennon (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DEDE13A2FE33F0B6" box="[389,479,1186,1212]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B). Branches of retractor muscle variable in height and degree of ramification: shorter and taller branches interspersed, closely spaced, those farther from body wall typically simple, shorter. Parietal muscle ovoid to trianguloid; central lamella thicker than lateral branches (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DB0813F2FB45F106" box="[1107,1193,1266,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C). Branches of parietal muscle ramify close to central lamella rather than at tips. No examined specimens contained gametes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DF9D1242FB8BF18E" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Nemathybomes large, sunken into mesoglea, protruding into epidermis (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DB6D1242FB63F156" box="[1078,1167,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
E), scattered such that multiple, irregularly arranged nemathybomes lie between macrocnemes (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DCAB126AFBAAF18E" box="[1008,1094,1386,1412]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DF9E1292FEE1F1DE" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DF9E1292FEDEF1A6" bold="true" box="[197,306,1426,1452]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cnidom.</emphasis>
Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DD911293FD34F1A6" box="[714,728,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">p</emphasis>
­mastigophores (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAA4B67DCC61292FBE2F1A6" box="[925,1038,1426,1452]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximal­most point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 11</figureCitation>
F–
<collectingCountry id="548FF0D9FFAA4B67DB6A1292FBABF1A6" box="[1073,1095,1426,1452]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O</collectingCountry>
; see
<tableCitation id="611A85F2FFAA4B67DBDB1292FB34F1A6" box="[1152,1240,1426,1452]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Cnidae of Paraedwardsia heia, Scolanthus scamiti, and S. triangulus. Size of each type of cnida given as a range in μm, with exceptionally small or large values in parentheses. The range was determined by measuring at least 20 capsules of each type of tissue from at least two specimens of each species. Cnidae are depicted in Figures 9 – 11." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Table 3</tableCitation>
for size and distribution).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAA4B67DF9E12E2FEF9F246" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DF9E12E2FEF9F246" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DF9E12E2FEBEF1F6" bold="true" box="[197,338,1506,1532]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named for the Southern California Association of Marine Invertebrate Taxonomists (SCAMIT), a professional organization dedicated to the description and identification of the marine fauna of California.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAA4B67DF9E115AFC80F36E" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DF9E115AFC3EF296" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DF9E115AFDE8F27E" bold="true" box="[197,516,1626,1652]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
Known from shallow bays in Southern California Bight, in silty sand with coarse shell and gravel (JL, pers. obs.). Co­occurs with
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DC711183FC27F296" box="[810,971,1667,1692]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DC711183FC27F296" box="[810,971,1667,1692]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. californica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAA4B67DF9E11AAFC80F36E" blockId="18.[151,1437,586,1892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DF9E11AAFE67F2CE" bold="true" box="[197,395,1706,1732]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Similar species.</emphasis>
In general appearance and the length of nematocysts in the nemathybome,
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DA7D11ABFA70F2CE" box="[1318,1436,1707,1732]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scamiti">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DA7D11ABFA70F2CE" box="[1318,1436,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. scamiti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DEEB11D3FD15F2E6" authority="Carlgren, 1931" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1931" box="[432,761,1746,1772]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DEEB11D3FDC2F2E6" box="[432,558,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. armatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFAA4B67DD6611D2FD1DF2E6" author="Carlgren" box="[573,753,1746,1772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="26" refString="Carlgren, O. (1931) Zur Kenntniss der Actiniaria Abasilaria. Arkiv for Zoologie, 23 A, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1931">Carlgren, 1931</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFAA4B67DC6311D2FC0CF2E6" author="England" box="[824,992,1746,1772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="26" refString="England, K. W. (1987) Actiniaria from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205 - 292." type="journal article" year="1987">
<collectingCountry id="548FF0D9FFAA4B67DC6311D2FC75F2E6" box="[824,921,1746,1772]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">England</collectingCountry>
1987
</bibRefCitation>
). The two differ in aspects of the cnidom: the nemathybome basitrichs are thinner in
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DD8511FBFCBDF31E" box="[734,849,1787,1812]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scamiti">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DD8511FBFCBDF31E" box="[734,849,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. scamiti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DCE311FBFBD4F31E" box="[952,1080,1787,1812]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DCE311FBFBD4F31E" box="[952,1080,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.5–5.8 μm:
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFAA4B67DBBE11FAFA62F31E" author="England" box="[1253,1422,1786,1812]" pageId="18" pageNumber="26" refString="England, K. W. (1987) Actiniaria from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205 - 292." type="journal article" year="1987">
<collectingCountry id="548FF0D9FFAA4B67DBBE11FAFAABF31E" box="[1253,1351,1786,1812]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">England</collectingCountry>
1987
</bibRefCitation>
), and the tentacle basitrichs are shorter in
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DD231023FD00F336" box="[632,748,1827,1852]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scamiti">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DD231023FD00F336" box="[632,748,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. scamiti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DC151023FC21F336" box="[846,973,1827,1852]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DC151023FC21F336" box="[846,973,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(42.5–87.3 μm:
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFAA4B67DBCE1022FAD1F336" author="England" box="[1173,1341,1826,1852]" pageId="18" pageNumber="26" refString="England, K. W. (1987) Actiniaria from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205 - 292." type="journal article" year="1987">
<collectingCountry id="548FF0D9FFAA4B67DBCE1022FB1BF336" box="[1173,1271,1826,1852]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">England</collectingCountry>
1987
</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAA4B67DADE1023FF00F36E" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scamiti">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DADE1023FF00F36E" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. scamiti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has microbasic
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAA4B67DEF2104BFE54F36E" box="[425,440,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">p</emphasis>
­mastigophores in the actinopharynx.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="78E7E0C1FFAB4B66DFCC1496FDD3F0C9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAB4B66DFCC1496FDD3F0C9" blockId="19.[151,1437,918,1219]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DFCC1496FECBF7A4" bold="true" box="[151,295,918,942]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAB4B66DE751497FE1BF7A4" box="[302,503,919,942]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scamiti" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DE751497FE1BF7A4" box="[302,503,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Scolanthus scamiti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="05DFD120FFAB4B66DEA51496FDB8F7A4" box="[510,596,918,942]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DEA51496FDB8F7A4" bold="true" box="[510,596,918,942]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F–O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DD2C1321FD68F032" box="[631,644,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">p</emphasis>
­mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DB731389FBD9F0AA" box="[1064,1077,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">p</emphasis>
­mastigophore
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DB8D1389FAF5F0AA" box="[1238,1305,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">in situ</emphasis>
in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DEAD13ACFDD4F0C9" box="[502,568,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">in situ</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAB4B66DF9E13F1FE40F1A1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAB4B66DF9E13F1FE40F1A1" blockId="19.[151,1437,1265,1451]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DF9E13F1FED2F101" bold="true" box="[197,318,1265,1291]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
Based on the morphology of fired capsules (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAB4B66DC0B13F1FC43F101" box="[848,943,1265,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
L–N, P), the nematocysts of the nemathybomes are basitrichs, rather than pterotrichs or microbasic
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DC001219FC8FF138" box="[859,867,1305,1330]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">t</emphasis>
­mastigophores (see
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFAB4B66DB011219FAE9F139" author="England" box="[1114,1285,1305,1331]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26" refString="England, K. W. (1987) Actiniaria from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205 - 292." type="journal article" year="1987">
<collectingCountry id="548FF0D9FFAB4B66DB011219FB50F139" box="[1114,1212,1305,1331]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">England</collectingCountry>
1987
</bibRefCitation>
). The tubule appears to be of uniform diameter, and has long spines proximally. Apical flaps are visible on some discharged capsules (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAB4B66DE351269FE2FF189" box="[366,451,1385,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
M). All nematocysts of the nemathybome are of a single size class and have similar morphology (
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAB4B66DE6D1291FE60F1A1" box="[310,396,1425,1451]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,255,918,942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,194,894]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,894]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175229. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. C. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Detail of Fig. 10 A, showing nemathybomes at aboral end. E. Cross­section through scapus, showing nemathybome, CAS 175232. Scale bar = 250 μm. F – O, Cnidae. Scale bar in K = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. F. Spirocyst. G. Large basitrich of tentacle. H. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore of filament. I. Small basitrich of tentacle. Cnidae of similar morphology found in filaments. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. L. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. M. Discharging basitrich of nemathybome. Note small flaps at capsule apex. N. Discharged tubule of nemathybome basitrich, showing spination at proximal end. O. Microbasic p ­ mastigophore in situ in filament. P. Nemathybome with basitrichs in situ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183652/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
P).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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