plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/4F/19/FC/4F19FC10FFF1FFC6FF712439FF238B50.xml

465 lines
59 KiB
XML
Raw Normal View History

added 4F
2024-06-21 12:36:10 +02:00
<document id="5755B7575292FAF12829AEDDD24ECE36" ID-CLB-Dataset="8160" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4545052" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0540f87c-c902-4df5-acd4-51801c9531bd" ID-Handle="2246/1634/B237-0004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545052" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613519208580" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Simmons, Nancy B. &amp; Voss, Robert S." docDate="1998" docId="4F19FC10FFF1FFC6FF712439FF238B50" docLanguage="en" docName="B237-0004.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 237" docStyle="DocumentStyle:25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4.1:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleId="25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Artibeus (Artibeus) jamaicensis Leach 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="102" masterDocId="B3208468FF93FFA0FFF22212FF8B893B" masterDocTitle="The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats" masterLastPageNumber="219" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="98" updateTime="1698929808253" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="0C5146B5409B2520755F15D228179000" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E5310EA60D2164CA0D71E5C515B0DB72">
<mods:title id="FE5592F89D3BF4653014C9EA6B9368A2">The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="EAC65B8C9D30AB5C2780100802BB129B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="328F38C47E461F8304E8A499AB3DEBBB">
<mods:roleTerm id="D983D47E7CA0506605E6FECCD83F0842">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="9A4130B306FAFA39013F6B73E6A5E812">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="708612F68363D68EDCB02851514ED4C6">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A5114259F5560111D8A6CB6302C73D99" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CC9DEB707AB96EE1721A840239B816CA">
<mods:roleTerm id="12CA747FEEAEE762B5E2DE0D2279867B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B8F48A104248358A243CD16B5D9FB528">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E845327544805908AE6D129A285F6C3B">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D58644F1A40356D3EBA1CB19C11C496A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="BC8DB794EEAFE8EC5D771AE3EF80B1CA" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="6833D50C33E8B56F7FE006524CF85BCD">
<mods:title id="D33991DAB805E5456B49BE0407693BA6">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="ED93E6CFD88FEAFC031C80BE5D7CD9B9">
<mods:date id="B8EF4CAFDA0E0AA80629B14E00E19F04">1998</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="BE783354D993BBD3D97E1CECE0506FD0" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="572894CC854B4ED391AED8A3983B00F1">1998-12-31</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="5F2B933490C4571791A58EBBEE73B072" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B422664B12AE3C3F11818F314A314E7F">237</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="4D52BC0E1B3BFC0B030478AE0F442FCD" unit="page">
<mods:start id="D40215D3DB79977B14A0D996205A16F6">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="619699A4A737DDAB0739BB1991A0FE6C">219</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="703345ECF46047432609A260C2329108">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="19F473A03BD05D867357363DA8142B51" type="CLB-Dataset">8160</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="79F3197B4910B85D07DF61FC17B39407" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4545052</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="61C551031785F6E1362180403520368A" type="GBIF-Dataset">0540f87c-c902-4df5-acd4-51801c9531bd</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9D15345BD4FB36413DFED2FF0A888E21" type="Handle">2246/1634/B237-0004</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AC7F4A2D02947319C03F500F74989D4F" type="Zenodo-Dep">4545052</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="4F19FC10FFF1FFC6FF712439FF238B50" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4552540" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177422322" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4552540" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F19FC10FFF1FFC6FF712439FF238B50" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F19FC10FFF1FFC6FF712439FF238B50" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFF1FFC2FF712439FDC38F7A" box="[131,584,1578,1602]" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF1FFC2FF712439FDC38F7A" blockId="98.[131,584,1578,1630]" box="[131,584,1578,1602]" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">
<heading id="9C47FA6AFFF1FFC2FF712439FDC38F7A" box="[131,584,1578,1602]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FF712439FDC38F7A" ID-CoL="7R5ZF" authority="Leach" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[131,584,1578,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis" subGenus="Artibeus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FF712439FF6D8F79" box="[131,230,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">Artibeus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FF0B2439FED78F79" box="[249,348,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">Artibeus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FE9D2439FE738F79" box="[367,504,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">jamaicensis</emphasis>
Leach
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFF1FFC2FED32459FE218F65" box="[289,426,1611,1630]" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" type="description">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF1FFC2FED32459FE218F65" blockId="98.[131,584,1578,1630]" box="[289,426,1611,1630]" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">
<figureCitation id="5F8B5183FFF1FFC2FED32459FE0C8F65" box="[289,391,1611,1630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="99.[154,192,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[201,1165,214,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-11@99.[189,1171,208,1651]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="Fig. 38. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the skull of Artibeus jamaicensis (AMNH 266321; male) from Paracou. Dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of the skull of A. lituratus (AMNH 267492; male) from Paracou. Note that jamaicensis has a broad interorbital region, small postorbital processes, and three molars, whereas lituratus has a narrower interorbit, better developed postorbital processes, and lacks M3. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545136/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">Figures 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5F8B5183FFF1FFC2FE612459FE218F65" box="[403,426,1611,1630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="100.[120,158,1581,1602]" captionTargetBox="[282,1013,211,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-14@100.[278,1014,208,1560]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="Fig. 39. Lateral views of the skull and lower jaw of (A) Artibeus jamaicensis (AMNH 266321; male) and (B) A. lituratus (AMNH 267492; male). Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545138/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">39</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFF1FFC2FF892466FCC788E3" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF1FFC2FF892466FCC788E3" blockId="98.[94,622,1652,1763]" lastBlockId="98.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">
VOUCHER MATERIAL:
<materialsCitation id="77D8475BFFF1FFC2FE8F2466FCC788E3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3037467339" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">23 females (AMNH *266322, *266331, *266333, *266334, *266335, *266336, *266337, *266338, *266344, *267998, *268503, *268505, *268508, *268528, *268529; MNHN *1995.1139, *1995.1140, *1995.1141, *1995.1142, *1995.1143, *1995.1144, *1995.1145, *1995.1146) and 12 males (AMNH *266321, *266332, *266341, *266345, *267202, *267999, *268502, *268504; MNHN *1995.1147, *1995.1148, *1995.1149, *1995.1150); see table 38 for measurements.</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFF1FFC6FD4923CCFF3C8813" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" type="description">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF1FFC2FD4923CCFD7C8AF0" blockId="98.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">
IDENTIFICATION: We follow Handley (1987) and
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FD2323EEFC6C8B28" author="Marques-Aguiar, S. A." box="[721,999,508,531]" journalOrPublisher="Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool." pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="3 - 83" part="10" refId="ref97398" refString="Marques-Aguiar, S. A. 1994. A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences. Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool. 10: 3 - 83." title="A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences" type="journal article" year="1994">Marques­Aguiar (1994)</bibRefCitation>
in regarding
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FB7523EEFCFE8B0B" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FB7523EEFCFE8B0B" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the senior synomym of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FD6C2025FCD68B75" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[670,861,566,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FD6C2025FD3B8B75" box="[670,688,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FD3B2025FCD68B75" box="[713,861,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(contra
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FC242024FD608B50" author="Lim, B. K. &amp; D. E. Wilson" journalOrPublisher="J. Mammal." pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="763 - 768" part="74" refId="ref97143" refString="Lim, B. K., and D. E. Wilson 1993. Taxonomic status of Artibeus amplus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in northern South America. J. Mammal. 74: 763 - 768." title="Taxonomic status of Artibeus amplus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in northern South America" type="journal article" year="1993">Lim and Wilson [1993]</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FCCB2046FB8E8B50" author="Koopman, K. F." box="[825,1029,596,619]" editor="D. E. Wilson &amp; D. M. Reeder" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" refId="ref96667" refString="1993. Order Chiroptera. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2 nd ed.: 137 - 241. Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press." title="Order Chiroptera" type="book" volumeTitle="Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2 nd" year="1993">Koopman [1993</bibRefCitation>
, 1994]). Descriptions and comparative measurements can be found in
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FC70209CFD658BF8" author="Goodwin, G. G. &amp; A. M. Greenhall" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="191 - 301" part="122" refId="ref94360" refString="Goodwin, G. G., and A. M. Greenhall 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122: 191 - 301." title="A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology" type="journal article" year="1961">Goodwin and Greenhall (1961)</bibRefCitation>
, Swanepoel and
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FC3C20BEFB228BF8" author="Genoways, H. H. &amp; S. L. Williams" box="[974,1193,684,707]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="323 - 335" part="48" refId="ref93773" refString="Genoways, H. H., and S. L. Williams 1979. Records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 48: 323 - 335." title="Records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1979">Genoways (1979)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FD6C20DBFC568BDB" author="Koepcke, J. &amp; R. Kraft" box="[670,989,713,736]" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="75 - 84" part="7" refId="ref96561" refString="Koepcke, J., and R. Kraft 1984. Cranial and external characters of the larger fruit bats of the genus Artibeus from Amazonian Peru. Spixiana 7: 75 - 84." title="Cranial and external characters of the larger fruit bats of the genus Artibeus from Amazonian Peru" type="journal article" year="1984">Koepcke and Kraft (1984)</bibRefCitation>
, Handley (1987),
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FD6C20F4FBFB8BC6" author="Brosset, A. &amp; P. Charles-Dominique" box="[670,1136,742,765]" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and Charles­Dominique (1990)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FB8F20F4FC1E8A20" author="Lim, B. K. &amp; D. E. Wilson" journalOrPublisher="J. Mammal." pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="763 - 768" part="74" refId="ref97143" refString="Lim, B. K., and D. E. Wilson 1993. Taxonomic status of Artibeus amplus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in northern South America. J. Mammal. 74: 763 - 768." title="Taxonomic status of Artibeus amplus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in northern South America" type="journal article" year="1993">Lim and Wilson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FC1C2116FD648A03" author="Marques-Aguiar, S. A." journalOrPublisher="Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool." pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="3 - 83" part="10" refId="ref97398" refString="Marques-Aguiar, S. A. 1994. A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences. Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool. 10: 3 - 83." title="A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences" type="journal article" year="1994">Marques­Aguiar (1994)</bibRefCitation>
. Although
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FC842133FB948A03" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[886,1055,801,824]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson (1962</bibRefCitation>
, 1978) provided a detailed account of ‘‘
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FBF7212DFC968A48" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lituratus" subSpecies="fallax">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBF7212DFC968A48" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">Artibeus lituratus fallax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ (=
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FC9B214EFB938A48" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[873,1048,860,883]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FC9B214EFCF08A48" box="[873,891,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FC7D214EFB938A48" box="[911,1048,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from Surinam, his sample may have included specimens of both
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FCBB2185FC7D8A95" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[841,1014,918,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCBB2185FCD08A95" box="[841,859,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FC9F2185FC7D8A95" box="[877,1014,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and true
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FB822185FD7B8AF0" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FB822185FB098A95" box="[1136,1154,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FB662185FD7B8AF0" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF1FFC2FD4921C3FB8E8C5E" blockId="98.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">
Between 10 and 13 subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FBBE21C3FCAC8D3D" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBBE21C3FCAC8D3D" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FC4721FDFBB68D3D" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[949,1085,1007,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FC4721FDFBB68D3D" box="[949,1085,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are currently recognized (see
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FC37261EFBC78D18" author="Hall, E. R." box="[965,1100,1036,1059]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Wiley and Sons" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" refId="ref94782" refString="Hall, E. R. 1981. Mammals of North America, 2 nd ed. New York: Wiley and Sons." title="Mammals of North America, 2 nd ed" type="book" year="1981">Hall, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Davis, 1984; Handley, 1987;
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FC52263BFB218D7B" author="Marques-Aguiar, S. A." box="[928,1194,1065,1088]" journalOrPublisher="Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool." pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="3 - 83" part="10" refId="ref97398" refString="Marques-Aguiar, S. A. 1994. A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences. Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool. 10: 3 - 83." title="A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences" type="journal article" year="1994">Marques­Aguiar, 1994</bibRefCitation>
; Koopman, 1994), of which 5 occur in South America:
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCE02676FCAF8D40" box="[786,804,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCC62676FCB78D40" box="[820,828,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">j</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCBE2676FC6C8D40" box="[844,999,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">aequatorialis</emphasis>
(Pacific slope of the Andes from southern Colombia to northern Peru),
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCEA268DFCA18D8D" box="[792,810,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCCB268DFCCA8D8D" box="[825,833,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">j</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCBD268DFC3A8D8D" box="[847,945,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">hercules</emphasis>
(eastern Ecuador and Peru),
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FD0226AEFC898DE8" box="[752,770,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCE726AEFC968DE8" box="[789,797,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">j</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FCC326AEFC1E8DE8" box="[817,917,1212,1235]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Peropteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trinitatis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCC326AEFC1E8DE8" box="[817,917,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">trinitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(central Colombia and Venezuela north of the Orinoco),
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBC226CBFBC98DCB" box="[1072,1090,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBA126CBFBD08DCB" box="[1107,1115,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">j</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FB9E26CBFB258DCB" box="[1132,1198,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">fallax</emphasis>
(Venezuela south of the Orinoco throughout the Guianas, thence southward through central Brazil to Bolivia), and
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FC1B2723FC708C73" box="[1001,1019,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBFF2723FB9E8C73" box="[1037,1045,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">j</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FBD52723FB248C73" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1063,1199,1329,1352]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBD52723FB248C73" box="[1063,1199,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(eastern Brazil and Paraguay).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF1FFC2FD49277EFBC98FB0" blockId="98.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">
Our Paracou material conforms closely to published qualitative descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FBBE279BFCF78C85" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1865" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="jamaicensis" subSpecies="fallax">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBBE279BFCF78C85" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">Artibeus jamaicensis fallax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although we observed somewhat more variation in pelage color than previously described for Guianan specimens (see below). Measurements of our material fall within the range of variation previously reported by most authors for
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBBC242BFBEB8F6B" box="[1102,1120,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FB9D242BFBFC8F6B" box="[1135,1143,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">j</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FB77242BFD4A8F55" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">fallax</emphasis>
, including specimens referred to
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FBBD2445FD798FB0" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FBBD2445FBEA8F55" box="[1103,1121,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FB822445FD798FB0" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF1FFC2FCD02466FBB58FB0" author="Lim, B. K. &amp; D. E. Wilson" box="[802,1086,1652,1675]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mammal." pageId="98" pageNumber="98" pagination="763 - 768" part="74" refId="ref97143" refString="Lim, B. K., and D. E. Wilson 1993. Taxonomic status of Artibeus amplus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in northern South America. J. Mammal. 74: 763 - 768." title="Taxonomic status of Artibeus amplus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in northern South America" type="journal article" year="1993">Lim and Wilson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF1FFC5FD492483FE958A03" blockId="98.[670,1199,214,1763]" lastBlockId="101.[128,657,214,1763]" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">
Despite our best efforts to correctly identify large
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF1FFC2FCEF24BDFC0B8FFD" authorityName="Leach. In B. D. Patterson and R. M. Timm" authorityYear="1821" box="[797,896,1711,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF1FFC2FCEF24BDFC0B8FFD" box="[797,896,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="98">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the field, subsequent museum study showed that we initially mis­ dentified 6 specimens (6%) out of 94 adults preserved as vouchers. While we never confused specimens of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FE8B2303FE578813" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[377,476,273,296]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FE8B2303FE578813" box="[377,476,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FDD22303FD028813" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[544,649,273,296]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FDD22303FD028813" box="[544,649,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we initially misidentified one specimen of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FD82233DFF788858" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FD82233DFF788858" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FED2235EFE088858" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[288,387,332,355]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FED2235EFE088858" box="[288,387,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two specimens of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FD82235EFF7888BB" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FD82235EFF7888BB" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FED3237BFE0188BB" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[289,394,361,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FED3237BFE0188BB" box="[289,394,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and three specimens of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FF502395FE8088A5" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[162,267,391,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FF502395FE8088A5" box="[162,267,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FECA2395FE4A88A5" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[312,449,391,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FECA2395FE4A88A5" box="[312,449,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All of our identification errors involved females. Most of our identification mistakes involved individuals somewhat larger or smaller than the species norm, or those with ambiguous pelage colors and facial markings. For example, most specimens of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FE752025FE798B75" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[391,498,567,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FE752025FE798B75" box="[391,498,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have much brighter facial stripes than those typical of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FF722063FE828BB3" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[128,265,625,648]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FF722063FE828BB3" box="[128,265,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but we found some
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FDF52063FD1B8BB3" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[519,656,625,648]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FDF52063FD1B8BB3" box="[519,656,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with bright stripes and some
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FE1F209DFDDB8B9D" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[493,592,655,678]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FE1F209DFDDB8B9D" box="[493,592,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with pale stripes. We also found intraspecific variation in dorsal pelage color in all three species, with some individuals having blacker or browner fur than that reported as typical in the literature.
</paragraph>
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFF0FFC3FF68249AFD8C8E33" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545136" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545136/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="99" startId="99.[154,192,1672,1693]" targetBox="[201,1165,214,1647]" targetPageId="99">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF0FFC3FF68249AFD8C8E33" blockId="99.[128,1232,1672,1800]" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">
Fig. 38. Dorsal (
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FE91249AFEFD8FA6" bold="true" box="[355,374,1672,1693]" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">A</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FDE4249AFDAC8FA6" bold="true" box="[534,551,1672,1693]" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">B</emphasis>
) views of the skull of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF0FFC3FCDC249AFB878FA6" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[814,1036,1672,1693]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FCDC249AFB878FA6" box="[814,1036,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 266321; male) from Paracou. Dorsal (
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FE3624B0FE5C8F8C" bold="true" box="[452,471,1698,1719]" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">C</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FD8A24B0FD008F8C" bold="true" box="[632,651,1698,1719]" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">D</emphasis>
) views of the skull of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF0FFC3FC6024B1FB878F83" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[914,1036,1699,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FC6024B1FC298F83" box="[914,930,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FC4124B1FB878F83" box="[947,1036,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 267492; male) from Paracou. Note that
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF0FFC3FE2324ACFDC78FE8" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[465,588,1726,1747]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FE2324ACFDC78FE8" box="[465,588,1726,1747]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a broad interorbital region, small postorbital processes, and three molars, whereas
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF0FFC3FE5824CAFD888FD6" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[426,515,1752,1773]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF0FFC3FE5824CAFD888FD6" box="[426,515,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="99">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a narrower interorbit, better developed postorbital processes, and lacks M3. Scale bars = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFF7FFC4FF8A243FFCE58F66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545138" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545138/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="100" startId="100.[120,158,1581,1602]" targetBox="[282,1013,211,1559]" targetPageId="100">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF7FFC4FF8A243FFCE58F66" blockId="100.[94,1198,1581,1629]" pageId="100" pageNumber="100">
Fig. 39. Lateral views of the skull and lower jaw of (
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF7FFC4FD11243FFD7D8F79" bold="true" box="[739,758,1581,1602]" pageId="100" pageNumber="100">A</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF7FFC4FCF8243CFC628F78" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[778,1001,1582,1603]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF7FFC4FCF8243CFC628F78" box="[778,1001,1582,1603]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="100">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 266321; male) and (
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF7FFC4FF2B245AFF618F66" bold="true" box="[217,234,1608,1629]" pageId="100" pageNumber="100">B</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF7FFC4FF0F245AFEFE8F66" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[253,373,1608,1629]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF7FFC4FF0F245AFE868F66" box="[253,269,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="100">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF7FFC4FEEE245AFEFE8F66" box="[284,373,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="100">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 267492; male). Scale bars = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF6FFC5FF6F212CFEB78CB8" blockId="101.[128,657,214,1763]" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">
Unambiguous identifications of our vouch­ er material were ultimately based on the qualitative craniodental characters described by Handley (1987), Brosset and Charles­ Dominique (1990), and
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF6FFC5FE3121A6FF5A8AD3" author="Marques-Aguiar, S. A." journalOrPublisher="Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool." pageId="101" pageNumber="101" pagination="3 - 83" part="10" refId="ref97398" refString="Marques-Aguiar, S. A. 1994. A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences. Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool. 10: 3 - 83." title="A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences" type="journal article" year="1994">Marques­Aguiar (1994)</bibRefCitation>
. In particular, Paracou specimens of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FF7221FDFEF78D3D" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[128,380,1007,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FF7221FDFEF78D3D" box="[128,380,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are uniformly distinguished by a broad postorbital region with poorly developed postorbital processes (fig. 38), and M3 is always present. By contrast, the postorbital region is always narrower (table 38) and the postorbital processes are well developed in our specimens of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FDF0268DFD018D8D" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[514,650,1182,1206]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FDF0268DFD9F8D8D" box="[514,532,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FDD5268DFD018D8D" box="[551,650,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which uniformly lack M3. Subsequent examination of our measurement data (table 38) showed that whereas mean values for external dimensions of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FE8E2706FD8E8C10" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[380,517,1300,1323]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FE8E2706FD8E8C10" box="[380,517,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller than those of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FEC62723FE1C8C73" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[308,407,1329,1352]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FEC62723FE1C8C73" box="[308,407,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, these species have overlapping ranges of morphometric variation at Paracou.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF6FFC5FF6F279BFC0C8813" blockId="101.[128,657,214,1763]" lastBlockId="101.[704,1233,214,1763]" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF6FFC5FF6F279BFE338C9B" author="Marques-Aguiar, S. A." box="[157,440,1417,1440]" journalOrPublisher="Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool." pageId="101" pageNumber="101" pagination="3 - 83" part="10" refId="ref97398" refString="Marques-Aguiar, S. A. 1994. A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences. Bol. Mus. Emilio Goeldi, ser. zool. 10: 3 - 83." title="A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic inferences" type="journal article" year="1994">Marques­Aguiar (1994)</bibRefCitation>
cited two pelage characters as particularly useful for distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FF1D27D6FE6F8CE0" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[239,484,1476,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FF1D27D6FE6F8CE0" box="[239,484,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FDC327D6FF3B8CC3" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FDC327D6FDC88CE0" box="[561,579,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FDA727D6FF3B8CC3" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (1) the dorsal surface of the base of the forearm is very sparsely furred (almost naked) in
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FF2D240EFEE38F08" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[223,360,1564,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FF2D240EFEE38F08" box="[223,360,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus densely furred in
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FF72242BFF688F6B" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[128,227,1593,1616]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FF72242BFF688F6B" box="[128,227,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and (2) the ventral fur is frosted (with white or pale gray) in adult
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FDEE2445FF148FB0" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FDEE2445FF148FB0" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FED62466FE0C8FB0" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[292,391,1652,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FED62466FE0C8FB0" box="[292,391,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has completely dark (unfrosted) ventral fur. Examination of our vouchers confirms that these traits are unambiguously diagnostic for
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FE2024DEFDD08FD8" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[466,603,1740,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FE2024DEFDD08FD8" box="[466,603,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FD3222C5FCA889D5" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[704,803,215,238]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FD3222C5FCA889D5" box="[704,803,215,238]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Paracou. Unfortunately, we were not aware of these helpful identification criteria in the field.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF6FFC5FD2C233CFCA68DA3" blockId="101.[704,1233,214,1763]" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">
Numerous cranial characters cited by Handley (1989) consistently separate
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FB6B235EFC0288BB" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FB6B235EFC0288BB" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FC3A237BFBDF88BB" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[968,1108,361,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FC3A237BFC5188BB" box="[968,986,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FC19237BFBDF88BB" box="[1003,1108,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but these are obviously not useful in the field. Our morphometric data, however, indicate that
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FB4223B6FCB888E3" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FB4223B6FCB888E3" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FC9C23D3FC5C88E3" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[878,983,449,472]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FC9C23D3FC5C88E3" box="[878,983,449,472]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated unambiguously (at least in French Guiana) on the basis of body weight, total length, and forearm length, in all of which dimensions
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FD322025FCA28B75" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[704,809,567,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FD322025FCA28B75" box="[704,809,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is substantially smaller. As noted by Handley (1989),
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FC4A2046FBCA8B50" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[952,1089,596,619]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FC4A2046FBCA8B50" box="[952,1089,596,619]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has shorter fur than
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FCD52063FC1B8BB3" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[807,912,625,648]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FCD52063FC1B8BB3" box="[807,912,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but at Paracou this difference is slight (7 mm versus 8–9 mm) and requires careful measurement to be useful for identification. Both taxa, in our judgment, have equally ‘‘soft’’ fur, contra Handley’s observations. Dorsal fur color is typically much darker in
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FCCB2133FC298A03" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[825,930,801,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FCCB2133FC298A03" box="[825,930,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FBFD2133FB138A03" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[1039,1176,801,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FBFD2133FB138A03" box="[1039,1176,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but (as previously noted) we found enough overlapping variation in this character to compromise its usefulness in the field. Handley (1989: 450) also noted that
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FBC22185FB128A95" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1072,1177,919,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FBC22185FB128A95" box="[1072,1177,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has ‘‘fewer and smaller ornamental warts on [the] chin,’’ but we did not find this to be consistently true in our material. Most individuals of both species have the same number of chin papillae (nine small papillae arranged in a ‘‘U’’ around a larger central papilla), with considerable variation in papillary size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF6FFC6FD2F268CFF3C8813" blockId="101.[704,1233,214,1763]" lastBlockId="102.[94,622,214,619]" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">
As noted above, we suspect that
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF6FFC5FB95268CFC8C8DE8" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson’s (1962</bibRefCitation>
, 1978) sample of ‘‘
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FC0D26AEFC898DCB" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lituratus" subSpecies="fallax">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FC0D26AEFC898DCB" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">Artibeus lituratus fallax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ was a composite of individuals properly referred to
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FC6126E5FB978C35" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[915,1052,1271,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FC6126E5FB978C35" box="[915,1052,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FB9526E5FB418C35" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1127,1226,1271,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FB9526E5FB418C35" box="[1127,1226,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This conclusion is based on two observations. First,
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF6FFC5FCA92723FB828C73" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[859,1033,1329,1352]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson (1962</bibRefCitation>
, 1978) reported that M3 was present in 26 of his 34 specimens, and absent in 7 specimens. By contrast, we found M3 to be uniformly present in
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FD1227B5FCE28C85" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[736,873,1447,1470]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FD1227B5FCE28C85" box="[736,873,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and uniformly absent in
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FB6727B5FD7B8CE0" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FB6727B5FD7B8CE0" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a pattern that was also observed by
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF6FFC5FD3227F3FB1A8CC3" author="Brosset, A. &amp; P. Charles-Dominique" box="[704,1169,1505,1528]" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and Charles­Dominique (1990)</bibRefCitation>
. Second,
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFF6FFC5FD0927ECFC2A8F2E" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[763,929,1534,1557]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson (1962</bibRefCitation>
: table XX) provided measurements of 10 individuals, 9 of which fall within the range of variation that we observed for
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF6FFC5FCB62445FC468F55" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[836,973,1623,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF6FFC5FCB62445FC468F55" box="[836,973,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="101">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but 1 of which does not. The latter individual (a female from the Stuttgart museum, SNM 686.1) was reported to have a postorbital breadth of 6.3 mm, a value falling well below the range of varia­ tion in our series of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF5FFC6FEB522C5FE5B89D5" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[327,464,215,238]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF5FFC6FEB522C5FE5B89D5" box="[327,464,215,238]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="102">jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but agreeing perfectly with our measurement data for
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF5FFC6FDA622E6FF3B8813" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF5FFC6FDA622E6FF3B8813" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="102">lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFF5FFC6FF89233CFF238B50" pageId="102" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF5FFC6FF89233CFF238B50" blockId="102.[94,622,214,619]" pageId="102" pageNumber="102">
FIELD OBSERVATIONS: We recorded 73 captures (possibly including some recaptures) of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF5FFC6FFAC237BFEDA88BB" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[94,337,361,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF5FFC6FFAC237BFEDA88BB" box="[94,337,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="102">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Paracou, of which 71 were in ground­level mistnets and 2 were in elevated mistnets. The 71 ground­level captures included 18 in well­drained primary forest, 38 in swampy primary forest, and 15 in creekside primary forest. The two elevated net captures were made 5–10 m above the ground in the subcanopy of swampy primary forest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue Copy permalink