711 lines
82 KiB
XML
711 lines
82 KiB
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<document id="A5D62B5C264623029AF6EDE33046FBBB" ID-CLB-Dataset="27071" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.2645637" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d012c38c-05b2-40ca-bba5-1753d6d8d543" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2645637" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1555587537542" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Genaro, Julio A." docDate="2006" docId="03EE87B2FFE54532FEAC3187FC95E8E5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01171p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1171" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Psenini" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="FFD7FFCAFFEF4522FFA43453FFB0EA23" masterDocTitle="Checklist and distribution patterns of apoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae and Crabronidae) of Cuba" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1698722498148" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="317DAD81C1F79B5656899480F7CA5FC8">
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<mods:title id="6FCF1854CCD8FF5D9738BF2ED0CB8788">Checklist and distribution patterns of apoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae and Crabronidae) of Cuba</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B03FF7B0E74BAAFAB716E114F3B56081">Genaro, Julio A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="40E45780143074AA32EBB218D2423B99">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9619C0E6374C6790BEAD8334F063427E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E6C8CB27E9010B7E242AF43C0547D6C6">
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<mods:date id="797F19FABDEBCF0BC330F27F0F6B8362">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="4505EFADE2A2F90C96E38092FBACE59A" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="6DE9F3729B81CB4D9455B061A9145CEE">2006-04-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="38C7F713659AE304F41706BCF609B370" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8F834E79CEF2C16DBA148E87C958FFCA">1171</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7D1E585981CC4C9AD3721D2643DF5436">47</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="D97B114FC6CCE1723CE6E45F4172F528">68</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="C1159F5AF52106B69306ED4337031FB5" type="CLB-Dataset">27071</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0AFA09C5B34AB78839FFC78F7C4F5C47" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.2645637</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="582D1EA8812A4AB64717CAE5696EC1FE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A6B6DD1EB04D5B50D37B8F948DAC9CEE" type="Zenodo-Dep">2645637</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03EE87B2FFE54532FEAC3187FC95E8E5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="156788868" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EE87B2FFE54532FEAC3187FC95E8E5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE87B2FFE54532FEAC3187FC95E8E5" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="C35D652FFFE54528FEAC3187FCDAEC1A" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE54528FEAC3187FE1FEFCD" blockId="10.[264,431,1492,1518]" box="[264,431,1492,1518]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="D0B081C8FFE54528FEAC3187FE1FEFCD" bold="true" box="[264,431,1492,1518]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE54528FEAC3187FE1FEFCD" bold="true" box="[264,431,1492,1518]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
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Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE54528FEF73187FE1FEFCD" ID-CoL="L6W" baseAuthorityName="Pate" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[339,431,1492,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Psenini">Psenini</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE54528FEAC324CFCDAEC1A" blockId="10.[264,886,1567,1633]" box="[264,874,1567,1593]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
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76.
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE54528FE90324CFCA9EC1A" authority="Genaro and Alayo, 2001" authorityName="Genaro and Alayo" authorityYear="2001" box="[308,793,1567,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pseneo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garcesii">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE54528FE90324CFE5DEC1B" box="[308,493,1567,1592]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Pseneo garcesii</emphasis>
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Genaro and Alayo, 2001
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE54528FC80324CFCD6EC1A" box="[804,870,1567,1593]" name="Cuba" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35D652FFFE54529FEAC3214FC80EF8A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE54528FEAC3214FCC6EC42" blockId="10.[264,886,1567,1633]" box="[264,886,1607,1633]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
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77.
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE54528FE903214FC95EC42" authority="Genaro and Alayo, 2001" authorityName="Genaro and Alayo" authorityYear="2001" box="[308,805,1607,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pseneo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collantes">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE54528FE903214FE4AEC43" box="[308,506,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Pseneo collantes</emphasis>
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Genaro and Alayo, 2001
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE54528FC953214FCC3EC42" box="[817,883,1607,1633]" name="Cuba" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE54528FEAC32C4FD47EC92" blockId="10.[264,759,1687,1713]" box="[264,759,1687,1713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
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78.
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE54528FE9032C4FD17EC92" authority="Pate, 1946" authorityName="Pate" authorityYear="1946" box="[308,679,1687,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venetus" subGenus="Psen">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE54528FE9032C4FD90EC93" box="[308,544,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Psen (Psen) venetus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE54528FD8332C4FD17EC92" author="Pate, V. S. L." box="[551,679,1687,1713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" pagination="3 - 10" refId="ref10046" refString="Pate, V. S. L. (1946) On the psenine wasps of Cuba. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural Felipe Poey, 18, 3 - 10." type="journal article" year="1946">Pate, 1946</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE54528FD1632C4FD44EC92" box="[690,756,1687,1713]" name="Cuba" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE54528FEAC32B4FDF9ED72" blockId="10.[264,1323,1767,1873]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
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79.
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE54528FE9E32B4FCACED22" authority="(W. Fox, 1898)" authorityName="W. Fox" authorityYear="1898" baseAuthorityName="W. Fox" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[314,796,1767,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Mimumesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE54528FE9E32B4FDFDED23" box="[314,589,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Mimumesa longicornis</emphasis>
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(W. Fox, 1898)
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</taxonomicName>
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. =
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE54528FC9932B4FB1CED22" authority="Rohwer, 1910" authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1910" box="[829,1196,1767,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE54528FC9932B4FC40ED23" box="[829,1008,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Psen floridana</emphasis>
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Rohwer, 1910
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</taxonomicName>
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; =
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE54528FB6A32B4FDA4ED0A" authority="Viereck, 1901" authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Mimesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatus">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE54528FB6A32B4FED0ED0B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Mimesa striatus</emphasis>
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Viereck, 1901
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</taxonomicName>
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. North America (
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE54528FD42335CFCF2ED0A" box="[742,834,1807,1833]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Canada</collectingCountry>
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, New York to Florida, Louisiana, Iowa), Central America and
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE54528FDA73364FDF5ED72" box="[515,581,1847,1873]" name="Cuba" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC354FFBDBEBA5" blockId="11.[264,1322,284,390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
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80.
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE9C354FFD65EB15" authority="Krombein, 1950" authorityName="Krombein" authorityYear="1950" box="[312,725,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pluto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenivagus">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE9C354FFDB3EB16" box="[312,515,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Pluto arenivagus</emphasis>
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Krombein, 1950
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FD47354FFCAEEB15" box="[739,798,284,310]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Florida,
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FC3D354FFC47EB15" box="[921,1015,284,310]" name="Georgia" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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and North Carolina) and
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FEAC3517FEFAEB7D" box="[264,330,324,350]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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. The subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE55353FFC1CEBA5" authority="van Lith, 1979" authorityName="van Lith" authorityYear="1979" box="[497,940,364,390]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pluto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="arenivagus" subSpecies="cubanus">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE55353FFD48EBA6" box="[497,760,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">P. arenivagus cubanus</emphasis>
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van
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE44529FC95353FFC1CEBA5" author="Lith, J. P. van" box="[817,940,364,390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" pagination="127 - 239" refId="ref9497" refString="Lith, J. P. van (1979) The New World genus Pluto (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Psenini). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 122, 127 - 239." type="journal article" year="1979">Lith, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FB81353FFBD7EBA5" box="[1061,1127,364,390]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC35EFFB17EBF5" blockId="11.[264,1191,444,470]" box="[264,1191,444,470]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
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81.
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE9035EFFD60EBF5" authority="(Cresson, 1865)" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[308,720,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pluto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentifrons">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE9035EFFDBAEBF6" box="[308,522,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Pluto argentifrons</emphasis>
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(Cresson, 1865)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FD7F35EFFCACEBF5" box="[731,796,444,470]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FC8335EFFC39EBF5" box="[807,905,444,470]" name="Jamaica" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FC3035EFFC5EEBF5" box="[916,1006,444,470]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FB8335EFFB13EBF5" box="[1063,1187,444,470]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC3658FD80E806" blockId="11.[264,560,523,549]" box="[264,560,523,549]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FEAC3658FD80E806" bold="true" box="[264,560,523,549]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE343658FD80E806" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[400,560,523,549]" class="Insecta" family="Philanthinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Philanthinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC3602FE6FE848" blockId="11.[264,479,593,619]" box="[264,479,593,619]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FEAC3602FE6FE848" bold="true" box="[264,479,593,619]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
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Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FEF73602FE6FE848" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[339,479,593,619]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Philanthini">Philanthini</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC36CFFC99E895" blockId="11.[264,809,668,694]" box="[264,809,668,694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
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82.
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE9036CFFD68E895" authority="Alayo, 1968" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[308,728,668,694]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Philanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banabacoa">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE9036CFFD8CE896" box="[308,572,668,693]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Philanthus banabacoa</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Alayo, 1968
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FD4036CFFC96E895" box="[740,806,668,694]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC36BFFE79E925" blockId="11.[264,457,748,774]" box="[264,457,748,774]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FEAC36BFFE79E925" bold="true" box="[264,457,748,774]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
Tribe
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FEF736BFFE79E925" authorityName="Lepeltier" authorityYear="1845" box="[339,457,748,774]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cercerini">Cercerini</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC3764FBFBE972" blockId="11.[264,1099,823,849]" box="[264,1099,823,849]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
83.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE903764FD56E972" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[308,742,823,849]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavocostalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE903764FD83E973" box="[308,563,823,848]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cerceris flavocostalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Cresson, 1865
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FD553764FC9FE972" box="[753,815,823,849]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE44529FCCC3764FBF7E972" box="[872,1095,823,849]" country="Cuba" name="Isla de la Juventud" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Isla de la Juventud</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC37D4FECAE9EA" blockId="11.[264,1323,903,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
84.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE9237D4FD6DE982" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[310,733,903,929]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangulata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE9237D4FD97E983" box="[310,551,903,928]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cerceris triangulata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Cresson, 1865
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. =
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FD5E37D4FB86E982" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[762,1078,903,929]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilunata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FD5E37D4FC30E983" box="[762,896,903,928]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">C. bilunata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Cresson, 1865
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FBE737D4FB31E982" box="[1091,1153,903,929]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE44529FB1A37D4FEC6E9EA" country="Cuba" name="Isla de la Juventud" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Isla de la Juventud</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC37ACFD47EE3A" blockId="11.[264,759,1023,1049]" box="[264,759,1023,1049]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
85.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE9037ACFD16EE3A" authority="Alayo, 1968" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[308,678,1023,1049]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitaria">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE9037ACFDBAEE3B" box="[308,522,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cerceris trinitaria</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Alayo, 1968
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FD1537ACFD43EE3A" box="[689,755,1023,1049]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC301CFEC9EEB2" blockId="11.[264,1322,1103,1169]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
86.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE9C301CFD1DEE4A" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[312,685,1103,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="festiva">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE9C301CFE44EE4B" box="[312,500,1103,1128]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cerceris festiva</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Cresson, 1865
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. =
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FD68301CFB9CEE4A" authority="Schletterer, 1887" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityYear="1887" box="[716,1068,1103,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gratiosa">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FD68301CFCE3EE4B" box="[716,851,1103,1128]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">C. gratiosa</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Schletterer, 1887
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FB9F301CFBC9EE4A" box="[1083,1145,1103,1129]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE44529FB1D301CFEC5EEB2" country="Cuba" name="Isla de la Juventud" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Isla de la Juventud</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC3094FD03EF2A" blockId="11.[264,1324,1223,1289]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
87.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE903094FD08EEC2" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[308,696,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cubensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE903094FDB4EEC3" box="[308,516,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cerceris cubensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Cresson, 1865
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. =
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FD773094FC47EEC2" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[723,1015,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FD773094FCF4EEC3" box="[723,836,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">C. zonata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Cresson, 1865
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FBA73094FBF4EEC2" box="[1027,1092,1223,1249]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE44529FBF43094FA9CEEC2" box="[1104,1324,1223,1249]" country="Cuba" name="Isla de la Juventud" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Isla de la Juventud</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FE9E30BCFE15EF2A" box="[314,421,1263,1289]" name="Bahamas" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(San Salvador Island).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC316CFD6AEF7A" blockId="11.[264,730,1343,1369]" box="[264,730,1343,1369]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
88.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE90316CFD39EF7A" authority="Alayo, 1968" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[308,649,1343,1369]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hatuey">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE90316CFE5EEF7B" box="[308,494,1343,1368]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cerceris hatuey</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Alayo, 1968
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FD30316CFD66EF7A" box="[660,726,1343,1369]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC31DCFC80EF8A" blockId="11.[264,816,1423,1449]" box="[264,816,1423,1449]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
89.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE44529FE9031DCFD6FEF8A" authority="Giner-Mari, 1941" authorityName="Giner-Mari" authorityYear="1941" box="[308,735,1423,1449]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cerverae">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FE9031DCFDB7EF8B" box="[308,519,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cerceris cerverae</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE44529FDA931DCFD6FEF8A" author="Giner-Mari, J." box="[525,735,1423,1449]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" pagination="321 - 335" refId="ref8925" refString="Giner-Mari, J. (1941) Cerceris neotropicos. III. Los Cerceris Latr. de Cuba (Hymen. Spheg.). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 39, 321 - 335." type="journal article" year="1941">GinerMarí, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE44529FD4E31DCFC9CEF8A" box="[746,812,1423,1449]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C35D652FFFE4452CFEAC327DFB98E935" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC327DFE3CEC6B" blockId="11.[264,396,1582,1608]" box="[264,396,1582,1608]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FEAC327DFE3CEC6B" bold="true" box="[264,396,1582,1608]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Discussion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE44529FEAC3227FD0CECAE" blockId="11.[264,1322,1652,1878]" box="[264,700,1652,1677]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE44529FEAC3227FD0CECAE" box="[264,700,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Origin and occupation of the Antilles</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE4452EFE9C32CFFA9BEBDD" blockId="11.[264,1322,1652,1878]" lastBlockId="12.[264,1325,284,1710]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
The islands of the Greater Antilles, as habitats with conditions proper to support terrestrial life, are not older than the Middle Eocene (~40 my) (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE44529FB973297FE0CED25" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E." pageId="11" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref9074" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E. (1999) Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 238, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">IturraldeVinent and MacPhee 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE44529FE6E32BFFCC9ED25" author="MacPhee, R. D. E. & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A." box="[458,889,1772,1798]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" pagination="145 - 154" refId="ref9530" refString="MacPhee, R. D. E. & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. (2000) A short history of Greater Antillean land mammals: biogeography, paleogeography, radiations, and extinctions. Tropics, 10, 145 - 154." type="journal article" year="2000">MacPhee and IturraldeVinent 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE44529FC2332BFFB97ED25" author="Penney, D." box="[903,1063,1772,1798]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" pagination="93 - 100" refId="ref10196" refString="Penney, D. (2005) First fossil Filistatidae: a new species of Misionella in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic. The Journal of Arachnology, 33, 93 - 100." type="journal article" year="2005">Penney 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Earlier islands must have existed, but due to repeated marine transgressions, subsidence and the K/T bolide impact and associated megatsunamis they were unlikely to be continuously subaerial (emerged) entities (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFE5C354FFC08EB15" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E." box="[504,952,284,310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref9074" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E. (1999) Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 238, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">IturraldeVinent and MacPhee 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). From the EoceneOligocene transition (35–33 ma) to the Middle Miocene (16 my–14 my) the subaerial exposure of land within the Caribbean basin was extensive. According to
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFB96353FFE7AEB8D" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E." pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref9074" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E. (1999) Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 238, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">IturraldeVinent and MacPhee (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFDA735C7FCB6EB8D" author="MacPhee, R. D. E. & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & Gaffney, E. S." box="[515,774,404,430]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref9648" refString="MacPhee, R. D. E., Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & Gaffney, E. S. (2003) Domo de Zaza, an early Miocene vertebrate locality in south-central Cuba, with notes on the tectonic evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona Passage. American Museum Novitates, 3394, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
|||
|
|
MacPhee
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE3452EFDD335C7FD1BEB8E" box="[631,683,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2003)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
a subaerial connection (whether continuous or punctuated by water gaps) called GAARlandia (Greater Antilles Ridge+Aves Ridge), connected Northwestern South America with larger land masses emergent on these ridges.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE3452EFE9C365FFE48E9FD" blockId="12.[264,1325,284,1710]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
For these reasons, the West Indian terrestrial fauna is young. Amber deposits (from resin produced by the tree
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE3452EFDFC3667FBF1E86D" authority="Poinar, Leguminosae" authorityName="Poinar, Leguminosae" box="[600,1089,564,590]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Hymenaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="protera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE3452EFDFC3667FC89E86E" box="[600,825,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Hymenaea protera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Poinar, Leguminosae
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE3452EFBDC3667FA9AE86D" box="[1144,1322,564,590]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
Republic contain insect fossils of high quality. The amber is estimated to be 15–20 my of age (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFEE036D7FD4AE8BD" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E." box="[324,762,644,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="1850 - 1852" refId="ref9040" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E. (1996) Age and paleogeographical origin of Dominican amber. Science, 273, 1850 - 1852." type="journal article" year="1996">IturraldeVinent and MacPhee 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFCAF36D7FBA2E8BD" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A." box="[779,1042,644,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" refId="ref8966" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. (2001) Geology of the amber-bearing deposits of the Greater Antilles. Car-" type="book" year="2001">IturraldeVinent 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Studies of the amber bees, ants and wasps suggest that the faunal representation is very similar to today’s fauna, and assignable to modern genera or to extinct genera closely related to present day ones (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFEB436AFFE19E935" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[272,425,764,790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="265 - 266" refId="ref10817" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1985) Invasion and extinction in the West Indian ant fauna: evidence from the Dominican amber. Science, 229, 265 - 266." type="journal article" year="1985">Wilson 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFE1236AFFE43E935" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[438,499,764,790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="214 - 230" refId="ref10850" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1988) The biogeography of West Indian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In Liebherr, J. K. (Ed.) Zoogeography of Caribbean Insects. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, pp. 214 - 230." type="book chapter" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFE5B36AFFC99E935" author="Prentice, M. A. & Poinar, Jr, G. O." box="[511,809,764,790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="280 - 291" refId="ref10262" refString="Prentice, M. A. & Poinar, Jr, G. O. (1993) Three species of Trypoxylon Latreille from Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66, 280 - 291." type="journal article" year="1993">Prentice and Poinar 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFC9136AFFC0EE935" author="Engel, M. S." box="[821,958,764,790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="317 - 323" refId="ref8289" refString="Engel, M. S. (1995) Neocorynura electra, a new fossil bee species from Dominican Republic amber (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 103, 317 - 323." type="journal article" year="1995">Engel 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFC6E36AFFBB9E935" author="Engel, M. S." box="[970,1033,764,790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref8330" refString="Engel, M. S. (1997) New Augochlorine bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Dominican amber, with a brief review of fossil Halictidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69, 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Among
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE3452EFBD936AFFA9AE935" box="[1149,1322,764,790]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
Republic amber ants, many genera became extinct and were substituted by others in later colonisations (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFE12371FFDEBE945" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[438,603,844,870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="265 - 266" refId="ref10817" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1985) Invasion and extinction in the West Indian ant fauna: evidence from the Dominican amber. Science, 229, 265 - 266." type="journal article" year="1985">Wilson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFDC8371FFD1BE945" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[620,683,844,870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="214 - 230" refId="ref10850" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1988) The biogeography of West Indian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In Liebherr, J. K. (Ed.) Zoogeography of Caribbean Insects. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, pp. 214 - 230." type="book chapter" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The late Quaternary climatological changes (mean temperature and humity, rainfall and variations in mean sea level) (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFBEC3727FA96E9AD" author="Curtis, J. H. & Brenner, M. & Hodell, D. A." box="[1096,1318,884,910]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="35 - 54" refId="ref8106" refString="Curtis, J. H., Brenner, M. & Hodell, D. A. (2000). Climate change in the Circum-Caribbean (Late Pleistocene to Present) and implications for regional biogeography. In Woods, C. A. & Sergile, F. E. (Eds.) Biogeography of the West Indies. Patterns and perspectives. CRC Press, Florida, pp 35 - 54." type="book chapter" year="2000">
|
|||
|
|
Curtis
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE3452EFB393727FB65E9AE" box="[1181,1237,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2000
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFEAC37CFFDA0E995" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A." box="[264,528,924,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="54 - 74" refId="ref8997" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. (2003) Ensayo sobre la paleogeografia del Cuaternario de Cuba. Proceedings of the V Congress of Geology and Mining industry, eology of Quaternario, geomorphology and karst. Pp. 54 - 74." type="proceedings paper" year="2003">IturraldeVinent 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) that affected the islands should also have affected the biota, including the wasps.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE3452EFE9C37BFFC05EF4D" blockId="12.[264,1325,284,1710]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
Ancestors of Cuban
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE3452EFDE737BFFD0BEE25" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[579,699,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE3452EFCA237BFFC27EE25" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[774,919,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crabronidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
originated outside of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE3452EFB1837BFFB4AEE25" box="[1212,1274,1004,1030]" name="Cuba" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(in continental land masses) and dispersed to
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE3452EFCBD3047FCEAEE0D" box="[793,858,1044,1070]" name="Cuba" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, through flight, or by wind (possibly hurricanes for the smaller ones like
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE3452EFD61306FFC4CEE76" box="[709,1020,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE3452EFD61306FFC85EE76" baseAuthorityName="Bohart" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[709,821,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Oxybelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oxybelus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE3452EFCE1306FFC20EE76" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[837,912,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Nitela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nitela</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE3452EFC04306FFC4CEE76" box="[928,1020,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Stigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stigmus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
). Once the species were within the present vicinity of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE3452EFDCB3037FD00EE5D" box="[623,688,1124,1150]" name="Cuba" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, vicariance events may have had an influence in the formation of the current faunas of each island, although dispersion may be acting always. Vicariance (islandisland) may have occurred when Caribbean neotectonism resulted in the subdivision of existing land areas (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFD6F308FFBCDEED5" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E." box="[715,1149,1244,1270]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref9074" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & MacPhee, R. D. E. (1999) Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 238, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">IturraldeVinent and MacPhee, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFB2D308FFDAFEF3D" author="MacPhee, R. D. E. & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A." pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="145 - 154" refId="ref9530" refString="MacPhee, R. D. E. & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. (2000) A short history of Greater Antillean land mammals: biogeography, paleogeography, radiations, and extinctions. Tropics, 10, 145 - 154." type="journal article" year="2000">MacPhee and IturraldeVinent, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), isolating populations of wasps that proceeded to evolve independently. For example,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE3452EFD2C317FFD76EF65" box="[648,710,1324,1350]" name="Cuba" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
itself was composed of three separate large archipelagos in the Early Miocene (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE3452EFD0D3107FC18EF4D" author="MacPhee, R. D. E. & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & Gaffney, E. S." box="[681,936,1364,1390]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref9648" refString="MacPhee, R. D. E., Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. & Gaffney, E. S. (2003) Domo de Zaza, an early Miocene vertebrate locality in south-central Cuba, with notes on the tectonic evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona Passage. American Museum Novitates, 3394, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
|||
|
|
MacPhee
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE3452EFCBB3107FCE2EF4E" box="[799,850,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
., 2003
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE3452EFE9C312FFE16EC8D" blockId="12.[264,1325,284,1710]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
There are three dispersal routes by which the ProtoAntilles could have received fauna since the Middle Eocene (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="137C2A21FFE3452EFDE231F7FD22EF9D" box="[582,658,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="13.[264,368,971,995]" captionTargetBox="[94,1264,286,941]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[323,1264,326,947]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 2. Probable dispersal routes for Sphecidae and Crabronidae into the West Indies through alternative scenarios. Stippled arrows show major dispersal corridors for the occupation of the ProtoAntilles, at about 35–33 mya. Percentages are for Cuban species shared with other areas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645641/files/figure.svg" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
): 1. From Florida (crossing the water gap between the neighbouring land masses; and, after
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE3452EFD74319FFCDBEFC5" box="[720,875,1484,1510]" name="Bahamas" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
emerged, by using them as stepping stone islands). 2. From Mesoamerica (from Yucatan, over the water gap from the close land mass; and by using the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE3452EFDCB324FFD57EC15" box="[623,743,1564,1590]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
rise, in the late OligoceneMiddle Miocene by flight and use of stepping stones islands). 3. From Northern South America via GAARlandia, at the latest in the EoceneEarly Oligocene, by flight and use of stepping stone islands.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="DF38662CFFE2452FFEAC3798FB4EEE0B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645641/files/figure.svg" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" startId="13.[264,368,971,995]" targetBox="[94,1264,286,941]" targetPageId="13">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE2452FFEAC3798FB4EEE0B" blockId="13.[264,1322,971,1064]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFEAC3798FE3BE9C0" bold="true" box="[264,395,971,995]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Probable dispersal routes for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFD693798FC8AE9C1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[717,826,971,994]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFCCB3798FC43E9C1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[879,1011,971,994]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crabronidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
into the West Indies through alternative scenarios. Stippled arrows show major dispersal corridors for the occupation of the ProtoAntilles, at about 35–33 mya. Percentages are for Cuban species shared with other areas.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE2452FFE9C3008FDBEEC26" blockId="13.[264,1324,1115,1541]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
The power of dispersion of the wasps from one island to another can be demonstrated by the species on Mona (
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CBF9B41FFE2452FFD9A30D0FD3FEEBE" box="[574,655,1155,1181]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" unit="km" value="64.0">64 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
²) and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFD4430D0FCF2EEBE" box="[736,834,1155,1181]" name="Navassa Island" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Navassa</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(5.2 km²) Islands. Mona emerged much later (Pliocene or early Pleistocene) than the nearest lands that surround them (
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE2452FFB0330F8FB5FEEE6" box="[1191,1263,1195,1221]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFB5330FFFA9BEEE6" box="[1271,1323,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
1994).
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFEF83080FE0EEECE" box="[348,446,1235,1261]" name="Navassa Island" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Navassa</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
was on its own tectonic plate and although its age as an emerged island is uncertain, it may have formed as a small coral atoll at the close of the Miocene Period about 5 million years ago, when these reefs began to emerge (W. Steiner and G. Alayón, pers. comm., 2006). Both oceanic islands entirely lacked any
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54FC8806FFE2452FFC7D3118FBBCEF46" box="[985,1036,1355,1381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of terrestrial connection (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE2452FFEB43120FE5AEFAE" author="Burne, R. V. & Horsfield, W. T. & Robinson, E." box="[272,490,1395,1421]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" refId="ref8000" refString="Burne, R. V., Horsfield, W. T. & Robinson, E. (1974) The geology of Navassa Island. Caribbean Journal of Science 14,109 - 114." type="book" year="1974">
|
|||
|
|
Burne
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFEC03127FE2BEFAE" box="[356,411,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 1974
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE2452FFE5D3120FCDFEFAE" author="Peck, S B & Kukalova-Peck, J." box="[505,879,1395,1421]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" pagination="59 - 68" refId="ref10153" refString="Peck, S B. & Kukalova-Peck, J. (1981). The subterranean fauna and conservation of Mona Island (Puerto Rico): a Caribbean karst environment. National Speleological Society Bulletin, 43: 59 - 68." type="journal article" year="1981">Peck and KukalovaPeck 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE2452FFCDB3120FBE0EFAE" author="Smith, D. S. & Ramos, S. J. & McKenzie, F." box="[895,1104,1395,1421]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" pagination="95 - 103" refId="ref10567" refString="Smith, D. S., Ramos, S. J. & McKenzie, F. (1994). The butterflies of Mona island (Puerto Rico) and approach to their origins and phenology. Caribbean Journal of Science 30: 95 - 103." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE2452FFCDB3120FC75EFAE" box="[895,965,1395,1421]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Smith</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFC6B3127FBB6EFAE" box="[975,1030,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
1994
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), but they contain elements of the fauna of their nearest islands (Mona Island to
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFC4E31C8FBC6EF96" box="[1002,1142,1435,1461]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CBF9B41FFE2452FFB2C31C8FB40EF96" box="[1160,1264,1435,1461]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7592448" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" unit="mi" value="42.0">42 miles</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
) and Hispaniola (
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CBF9B41FFE2452FFE3E3190FDB6EFFE" box="[410,518,1475,1501]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9545728" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" unit="mi" value="37.0">37 miles</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
), and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFDF63190FCB5EFFE" box="[594,773,1475,1501]" name="Navassa Island" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Navassa Island</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
to
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFC943190FCDEEFFE" box="[816,878,1475,1501]" name="Cuba" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CBF9B41FFE2452FFC253190FC4CEFFE" box="[897,1020,1475,1501]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" unit="mi" value="100.0">100 miles</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
),
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFBB73190FBC1EFFE" box="[1043,1137,1475,1501]" name="Jamaica" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CBF9B41FFE2452FFB203190FB5EEFFE" box="[1156,1262,1475,1501]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" unit="mi" value="70.0">70 miles</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
) and Hispaniola (
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CBF9B41FFE2452FFE3331B8FDB2EC26" box="[407,514,1515,1541]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.632704" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" unit="mi" value="35.0">35 miles</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE2452FFEAC326FFC95EC76" blockId="13.[264,1325,1596,1901]" box="[264,805,1596,1621]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFEAC326FFC95EC76" box="[264,805,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
Composition of the apoid wasp fauna of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFD41326FFC95EC76" box="[741,805,1596,1621]" name="Cuba" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE2452FFE9C3230FAAAED4E" blockId="13.[264,1325,1596,1901]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
The native fauna of apoid wasps of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFD7B3230FCADEC5E" box="[735,797,1635,1661]" name="Cuba" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
consists of 89 species, grouped in 36 genera and two families:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFE4A32D8FDD6EC86" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[494,614,1675,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(15 spp) and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFC8632D8FC03EC86" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[802,947,1675,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crabronidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(74 spp). The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFBDD32D8FABAEC86" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1145,1290,1675,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crabronidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is composed of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFE6F32E0FD89ECEE" authorityName="Lepeltier" authorityYear="1845" box="[459,569,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Astatinae">Astatinae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(1 sp),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFD6F32E0FCE7ECEE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[715,855,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bembicinae">Bembicinae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(15 spp),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFBA132E0FB26ECEE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1029,1174,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crabroninae">Crabroninae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(41 spp),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFEAC3288FE7DECD6" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[264,461,1755,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Pemphredoninae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pemphredoninae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(9 spp) and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFDC13288FD48ECD6" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[613,760,1755,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Philanthinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Philanthinae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(8 spp). The genera with the largest number of species (and their percentage endemism) are:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFCF63357FC6DED3E" box="[850,989,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFCF63357FC69ED3E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1796" box="[850,985,1796,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Trypoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trypoxylon</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
10 (50%);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFBDF3357FB0AED3E" box="[1147,1210,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFBDF3357FB05ED3E" baseAuthorityName="Krombein and Shanks Gingras" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1147,1205,1796,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Liris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liris</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
8 (0%);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFEAC337FFEC3ED66" box="[264,371,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFEAC337FFEDEED66" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[264,366,1836,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerceris</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
7 (85.7%);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFDB5337FFD13ED66" box="[529,675,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFDB5337FFD10ED66" baseAuthorityName="Bohart" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[529,672,1836,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Hoplisoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplisoides</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
5 (80%);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFC8F337FFCC8ED66" box="[811,888,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFC8F337FFCC4ED66" box="[811,884,1836,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Sphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphex</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
5 (40%);
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFBA4337FFB30ED66" box="[1024,1152,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFBA4337FFBCDED66" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1845" box="[1024,1149,1836,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Ectemnius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ectemnius</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
5 (60%) and
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE2452FFEAC3307FE26ED4E" box="[264,406,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFEAC3307FE22ED4E" baseAuthorityName="Pulawski" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[264,402,1876,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Tachysphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tachysphex</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
5 (0%). The families
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFD3C3300FCE1ED4E" authorityName="Nagy" authorityYear="1969" box="[664,849,1875,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogynaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heterogynaidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE2452FFC2F3300FB92ED4E" authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" box="[907,1058,1875,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Ampulicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ampulicidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
do not ocur in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE2452FFB703300FAA6ED4E" box="[1236,1302,1875,1901]" name="Cuba" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE1452CFE9C354FFDBEEBF5" blockId="14.[264,1323,284,790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
There are two continental genera,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFD60354FFC8EEB16" box="[708,830,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Trachypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFD60354FFC8EEB16" box="[708,830,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Trachypus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFCD2354FFC47EB16" box="[886,1015,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFCD2354FFC43EB16" box="[886,1011,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Chalybion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalybion</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
that do not occur in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFB41354FFA97EB15" box="[1253,1319,284,310]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFEAC3517FE32EB7E" box="[264,386,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Trachypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFEAC3517FE32EB7E" box="[264,386,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Trachypus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is present in Hispaniola and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFD503517FC36EB7D" box="[756,902,324,350]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, with one species (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFBDC3517FED2EBA5" authority="Dewitz" authorityName="Dewitz" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Trachypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gerstaeckeri">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFBDC3517FA9BEB7E" box="[1144,1323,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">T. gerstaeckeri</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Dewitz
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
). The species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFD8D353FFD13EBA6" box="[553,675,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Chalybion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFD8D353FFD13EBA6" box="[553,675,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Chalybion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
that lives in Hispaniola (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFC6A353FFAB7EBA5" authority="Dahlbom" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1843" box="[974,1287,364,390]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Chalybion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zimmermanni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFC6A353FFB20EBA6" box="[974,1168,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">C. zimmermanni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Dahlbom
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) is distributed throughout most of the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFD0E35C7FCF9EB8D" box="[682,841,404,430]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">United States</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(except Florida and a few other states),
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFEAC35EFFED1EBF5" box="[264,353,444,470]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
to
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFE2235EFFDBAEBF5" box="[390,522,444,470]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE1452CFE9C35B7FE13E8E5" blockId="14.[264,1323,284,790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFE9C35B7FEC6EBDD" box="[312,374,484,510]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
shares the largest number of species with Hispaniola and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFB9F35B7FB29EBDD" box="[1083,1177,484,510]" name="Jamaica" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(22%), and with the North American continental land mass (20 %,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="137C2A21FFE1452CFC42365FFB86E805" box="[998,1078,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="13.[264,368,971,995]" captionTargetBox="[94,1264,286,941]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[323,1264,326,947]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 2. Probable dispersal routes for Sphecidae and Crabronidae into the West Indies through alternative scenarios. Stippled arrows show major dispersal corridors for the occupation of the ProtoAntilles, at about 35–33 mya. Percentages are for Cuban species shared with other areas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645641/files/figure.svg" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The West Indian distribution of many species is patchy and uneven. Further sampling throughout
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFAA13667FEC6E855" name="Bahamas" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, Hispaniola and the Lesser Antilles will likely prove that many of the Cuban species are more widely distributed, and that the Cuban and Hispaniolan faunas are even more similar.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE1452CFE9C3687FB98E935" blockId="14.[264,1323,284,790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
Of all Cuban
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFE733687FDFFE8CD" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[471,591,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFDF23687FDDAE8CE" box="[598,618,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">sl</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFD253687FB49E8CE" box="[641,1273,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFD253687FC8EE8CE" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[641,830,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Prionyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomae">Prionyx thomae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFCEF3687FC49E8CE" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau" authorityYear="1845" box="[843,1017,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Sphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">Sphex dorsalis</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFBA13687FB49E8CE" baseAuthorityName="Spinola" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1029,1273,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Tachytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysopyga">Tachytes chrysopyga</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFEAC36AFFE1FE936" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[264,431,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Stictia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFEAC36AFFE1FE936" box="[264,431,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Stictia signata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
have the largest parts of their ranges outside of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFC4636AFFB94E935" box="[994,1060,764,790]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C35D652FFFE14532FEAC371FFC95E8E5" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE1452CFEAC371FFCB0E946" blockId="14.[264,1324,844,1670]" box="[264,768,844,869]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFEAC371FFCB0E946" box="[264,768,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Distribution within the Cuban Archipelago</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE1452CFE9C3727FD1EEE75" blockId="14.[264,1324,844,1670]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
Any analysis of the distribution patterns of the apoid wasps will be incomplete without keeping in mind the historical background. Their distribution is still not fully documented and the current ecosystems of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFDDC3797FD06E9FD" box="[632,694,964,990]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
are not the same as those of the past. Nevertheless, some protected natural areas exist in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFD1E37BFFD48EE25" box="[698,760,1004,1030]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and some are littlealtered and their wasp fauna may not have been badly impacted by human activities. The information contained in historical collections is also of help.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE1452CFE9C3037FCA8EF65" blockId="14.[264,1324,844,1670]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
The keys (offshore islands) of the Cuban Archipelago have not been well surveyed (except for the SabanaCamagüey Archipelago) and the poorly sampled mountainous areas almost certainly contain unknown species. Additional field work will increase the sample size of species known from few specimens. The study of the fauna of the keys that surround
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFEDC3157FE06EF3D" box="[376,438,1284,1310]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
is of interest because these sites may be faunal exchange areas from which species disperse to (or from) the main island.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE1452CFE9C3107FB50ECA5" blockId="14.[264,1324,844,1670]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
The restricted distribution of some species like
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFCCD3107FABAEF4E" box="[873,1290,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFCCD3107FBF3EF4E" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[873,1091,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitaria">Cerceris trinitaria</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFBF43107FABAEF4E" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[1104,1290,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hatuey">Cerceris hatuey</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
or
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE1452CFEAC312FFE52EFB6" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[264,482,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Oxybelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE1452CFEAC312FFE52EFB6" box="[264,482,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Oxybelus confusus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(each recorded from one or two localities only,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="137C2A21FFE1452CFBB4312FFBE4EFB5" box="[1040,1108,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[266,370,936,960]" captionTargetBox="[94,1299,286,905]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[254,1313,302,934]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Map of Cuban areas of highest endemism and biodiversity, and only known localities for some species of apoid wasps." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645643/files/figure.svg" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) probably reflects limited sampling effort or infrequent use of innovative collecting methods such as yellow pan traps, Malaise traps and flight interception traps. Their actual distribution may be much larger, not limited by ecological conditions that restrict endemic species, as is the case with many terrestrial gastropod molluscs in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFCFF324FFC29EC15" box="[859,921,1564,1590]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE1452CFC08324FFB51EC15" author="Espinosa, J. & Ortea, J." box="[940,1249,1564,1590]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 137" refId="ref8372" refString="Espinosa, J. & Ortea, J. (1999) Moluscos terrestres del archipielago cubano. Avicennia, Suplemento 2, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1999">Espinosa and Ortea 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). It is necessary to keep in mind that fragmentation and loss of habitats due to human activities have impacted the distribution of many species and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE1452CFCCC323FFC16ECA5" box="[872,934,1644,1670]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
is not an exception in this.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="DF38662CFFE0452DFEAE37FBFDD8E9C1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645643/files/figure.svg" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" startId="15.[266,370,936,960]" targetBox="[94,1299,286,905]" targetPageId="15">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE0452DFEAE37FBFDD8E9C1" blockId="15.[264,1322,936,994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE0452DFEAE37FBFE3CE9E3" bold="true" box="[266,396,936,960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Map of Cuban areas of highest endemism and biodiversity, and only known localities for some species of apoid wasps.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE0452DFE9C306DFD6BEC1B" blockId="15.[264,1324,1086,1872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
The power of dispersal of wasps should be high, since they fly and readily colonize new areas (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE0452DFE343035FD92EEA3" author="Evans, H. E." box="[400,546,1126,1152]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" pagination="259 - 267" refId="ref8467" refString="Evans, H. E. (1975) Digger wasps as colonizers of new habitat (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 81, 259 - 267." type="journal article" year="1975">Evans 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). However, some species have limited distributions because they are adapted to specific habitat conditions (nesting place, sources of nectar, availability of prey, or particular needs for temperature and humidity) (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE0452DFC0B30E5FB8FEEF3" author="Evans, H. E." box="[943,1087,1206,1232]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" refId="ref8399" refString="Evans, H. E. (1966) The comparative ethology and evolution of the sand wasps. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 526 pp." type="book" year="1966">Evans 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE0452DFBE930E5FEF7EEDB" author="Bohart, R. M. & Menke, A. S." pageId="15" pageNumber="62" refId="ref7922" refString="Bohart, R. M. & Menke, A. S. (1976). Sphecid wasps of the world. A generic revision. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 695 pp." type="book" year="1976">Bohart and Menke 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Almost half the Cuban species (44.2 %) are endemic to the Cuban Archipelago. One example is
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE0452DFE6A3155FD1AEF3C" authorityName="Menke" authorityYear="1970" box="[462,682,1286,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Ammophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cybele">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE0452DFE6A3155FD1AEF3C" box="[462,682,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Ammophila cybele</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, which is restricted to xeric areas in the south of the eastern provinces of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE0452DFE5F317DFD7AEF6B" box="[507,714,1326,1352]" country="Cuba" name="Santiago de Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Santiago de Cuba</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE0452DFCA6317DFC2CEF6B" box="[770,924,1326,1352]" country="Cuba" name="Guantanamo" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Guantánamo</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
. This wasp (with a body length of around
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CBF9B41FFE0452DFEC73105FE0AEF53" box="[355,442,1366,1392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
) and with a distinctive provisioning behavior (it provisions its nests with butterfly larvae and nests in bare ground as do other species of the genus) might yet be found in other places.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE0452DFDB531F5FD2BEF9C" authorityName="Genaro" authorityYear="2000" box="[529,667,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Sphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE0452DFDB531F5FD2BEF9C" box="[529,667,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Sphex cristi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, a rare, big black wasp (around
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4CBF9B41FFE0452DFBBD31F5FBDCEFE3" box="[1049,1132,1446,1472]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
in length), with orange wings, was recently discovered at Caguanes,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE0452DFC27319DFB84EFCB" box="[899,1076,1486,1512]" country="Cuba" name="Sancti Spiritus" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Sancti Spiritus</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE0452DFBE6319DFB30EFCB" box="[1090,1152,1486,1512]" name="Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="137C2A21FFE0452DFB37319DFB6CEFCB" box="[1171,1244,1486,1512]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[266,370,936,960]" captionTargetBox="[94,1299,286,905]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[254,1313,302,934]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Map of Cuban areas of highest endemism and biodiversity, and only known localities for some species of apoid wasps." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645643/files/figure.svg" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). This species is known only from females, which were observed nesting at the edge of big caves in this area (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B55FFE0452DFE33324DFD7FEC1B" author="Genaro, J. A. & Juarrero, C. A." box="[407,719,1566,1592]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" pagination="178 - 181" refId="ref8768" refString="Genaro, J. A. & Juarrero, C. A. (2000) Especie nueva de Sphex para Cuba, con notas sobre la conducta de nidificacion (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Revista Biologia, Universidad de La Habana, 14 (2), 178 - 181." type="journal article" year="2000">Genaro and Juarrero 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE0452DFE9C3215FE16ED23" blockId="15.[264,1324,1086,1872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
The limited distributions of some species, such as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE0452DFC023215FB36EC7C" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[934,1158,1606,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Oxybelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE0452DFC023215FB36EC7C" box="[934,1158,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Oxybelus confusus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFE0452DFB633215FEE6ECA4" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hatuey">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFE0452DFB633215FEE6ECA4" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Cerceris hatuey</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from around
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE0452DFE5A323DFD61ECAB" box="[510,721,1646,1672]" country="Cuba" name="Santiago de Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Santiago de Cuba</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="137C2A21FFE0452DFD40323DFC9DECAB" box="[740,813,1646,1672]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[266,370,936,960]" captionTargetBox="[94,1299,286,905]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[254,1313,302,934]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Map of Cuban areas of highest endemism and biodiversity, and only known localities for some species of apoid wasps." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645643/files/figure.svg" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), could be an artifact of limited collecting effort. It is known that Pastor Alayo, an able entomologist and great collector, spent a lot of time exploring the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4983F846FFE0452DFDB332EDFD5EECFB" box="[535,750,1726,1752]" country="Cuba" name="Santiago de Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Santiago de Cuba</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
area, increasing the proportion of rare or new species there.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFE04532FE9C335DFDF5EB8D" blockId="15.[264,1324,1086,1872]" lastBlockId="16.[264,1323,284,710]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
Among the species known from very few localities (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="137C2A21FFE0452DFC6B335DFBABED0B" box="[975,1051,1806,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[266,370,936,960]" captionTargetBox="[94,1299,286,905]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[254,1313,302,934]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Map of Cuban areas of highest endemism and biodiversity, and only known localities for some species of apoid wasps." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645643/files/figure.svg" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and for which more sampling should increase their geographic range in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFE0452DFCC93365FC1BED73" box="[877,939,1846,1872]" name="Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
the following can be mentioned
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FEAC354FFE51EB16" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[264,481,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitaria">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFFF4532FEAC354FFE51EB16" box="[264,481,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Cerceris trinitaria</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(from the mouth of the Yaguanabo river,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3507634FFFF4532FC70354FFB88EB15" box="[980,1080,284,310]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and Moa, Holguín),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FEAC3517FDB5EB7E" baseAuthorityName="Alayo" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[264,517,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Rhopalum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soroanum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFFF4532FEAC3517FDB5EB7E" box="[264,517,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Rhopalum soroanum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(from Soroa, Pinar del Río),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FC343517FB9BEB7E" box="[912,1067,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Rhopalum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFFF4532FC343517FB9BEB7E" box="[912,1067,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">R. montanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(from Gran Piedra, Santiago de Cuba),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FE57353FFD73EBA6" authorityName="Alayo" authorityYear="1968" box="[499,707,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Ectemnius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferrasi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFFF4532FE57353FFD73EBA6" box="[499,707,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Ectemnius ferrasi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(from Moa, Holguín) and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FBA7353FFB2CEBA6" authorityName="Pate" authorityYear="1946" box="[1027,1180,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venetus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFFF4532FBA7353FFB2CEBA6" box="[1027,1180,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Psen venetus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(from Gran Piedra and Pico Turquino).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF836A4FFFF4532FE9C35EFFC95E8E5" blockId="16.[264,1323,284,710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
|
|||
|
|
The main Cuban mountainous regions of the East (NipeSaguaBaracoa mountains and Sierra Maestra Mountain Range), Center (Guamuaya mountains) and West (Guaniguanico Mountain Range) contain the highest biodiversity and endemism of apoid wasps (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="137C2A21FFFF4532FEC23667FE03E86D" box="[358,435,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[266,370,936,960]" captionTargetBox="[94,1299,286,905]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[254,1313,302,934]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Map of Cuban areas of highest endemism and biodiversity, and only known localities for some species of apoid wasps." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645643/files/figure.svg" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Some species of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFFF4532FD0D3667FB43E86E" box="[681,1267,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FD0D3667FC95E86E" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" box="[681,805,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Rhopalum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhopalum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FC933667FC2EE86E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[823,926,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerceris</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FC143667FC5CE86E" baseAuthorityName="van Lith" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[944,1004,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Psen</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FC593667FBE4E86E" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1933" box="[1021,1108,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pseneo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseneo</taxonomicName>
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,
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FBC33667FB43E86E" baseAuthorityName="Bohart" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1127,1267,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Hoplisoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplisoides</taxonomicName>
|
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</emphasis>
|
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and
|
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C474D27FFFF4532FEAC360FFE3CE856" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1796" box="[264,396,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Trypoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="B933EAB6FFFF4532FEAC360FFE3CE856" box="[264,396,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Trypoxylon</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
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|
(four undescribed species) are known only from these areas. These mountains have well preserved habitats and suitable conditions for nesting in the ground or inside cavities, and with suitable availability of prey.
|
|||
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</paragraph>
|
|||
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|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
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</treatment>
|
|||
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</document>
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