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<mods:title id="C39936625800F722D36F92EA8F0D9B2C">The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF9EBFED0725B" bold="true" box="[151,362,1546,1573]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hipponix sulcatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C340963FEF0F9EBFDA2725A" author="Borson, S." box="[378,536,1546,1572]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="180 - 299" refId="ref95300" refString="Borson, S. (1820) Saggio di orittografia piemontese. Memorie della Reale Academia di Scienze di Torino, 25, 180 - 299." type="journal article" year="1820">Borson, 1820</bibRefCitation>
)
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<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C340963FF1DF9CFFF457236" box="[151,255,1582,1608]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="140.[151,234,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-24@140.[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="140" captionText="PLATE 2. A1-A2. Bittium nanum (Mayer, 1864), DBUA-F 1296-2, height 4.9 mm, width 2.0 mm, Malbusca. B. Tenagodus (Tenagodus) obtusus (Schumacher, 1817), DBUA-F 1283-2, height 12.0 mm, width 11.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. C. Epitonium sp., DBUA-F 931-1, height 4.0 mm, width 2.8 mm, Pedra-que-pica. D1-D3. Janthina krejcii, SMF10135a, height 25.0 mm, diameter 32.0 mm, Macela viewpoint (pictures from Beu, 2017, fig. 26). E1-E3. Janthina typica (Bronn, 1861), DBUA-F-428, height 19.0 mm, diameter 21.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo, (pictures from Beu, 2017, fig. 25). F.Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 1283-1, diameter 30.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. G1-G3. Hipponix sulcatus (Borson, 1820), DBUA-F 937-1, height 5.3 mm, diameter 14.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. H1-H2. Euspira atlantica (Mayer, 1862), height 16.0 mm, diameter 19.0 mm, Ponta do Norte lighthouse, LNEG collection (unnumbered). I. Triphorid s.l., DBUA-F 471-5, height 3.2 mm, width 1.3 mm, Ponta do Castelo. J1-J2. Cerithiopsis cf. tubercularis (Montagu, 1803), DBUA-F 1023-1, height 3.0 mm, width 1.2 mm, Ponta do Castelo. K. Petaloconchus intortus (Lamarck, 1818), DBUA-F 946-2, height 13.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. L. Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 869-1, height 33.0 mm, width 24.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. M1-M3. Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778), DBUA-F 1296-3, height 4.0 mm, width 2.2 mm, Malbusca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7965291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7965291/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Plate 2 G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C340963FF75F9A0FE9F7236" box="[255,293,1582,1615]" captionStart="PLATE 1" captionStartId="138.[151,234,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-24@138.[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="138" captionText="PLATE 1. A. Danilia pterostomus (Bronn, 1861), height 5.0 mm, width 4.0 mm, Forno da Cré (figure taken from Bronn in Hartung, 1861, pl. 19, fig. 2). B1-B2. Emarginula octaviana Coen, 1939, DBUA-F 487-1, height 1.8 mm, diameter 3.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. C. Bolma cf. rugosa (Linné, 1767), DBUA-F 471-3, diameter 4.1 mm, Ponta do Castelo. D1-D5. Turbo hartungi Bronn 1861, DBUA-F 1295-1, height 9.0 mm, width 8.0 mm, Malbusca (east cave). E1-E3. Nerita cf. funata Dujardin, 1837, DBUA-F 917-1, height 4.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. F1-F2. Thericium crenulosum (Bronn, 1862), height 10.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta do Norte lighthouse, LNEG collection (unnumbered). G1-G2. Thericium hartungi (Mayer, 1862), height 29.0 mm, width 13.0 mm, Pinheiros (figure taken from Bronn in Reiss, 1862, pl. 1, fig. 11). H1-H2. Thericium incultum (Mayer, 1862), DBUA-F 1034-2, height 23.0 mm, width 10.0 mm, Macela viewpoint. I1-I2. Thericium incultum (Mayer, 1862), DBUA-F 1027-1, height 29.0 mm, width 11.0 mm, Malbusca II. J1-J2, K1-K2. Bittium miradouroense nov. sp., Holotype DBUAF 1034-5, height 6.8 mm, width 1.9 mm (J); Paratype DBUA-F 1034-6(1), height 5.3 mm, width 1.9 mm (K), Macela viewpoint. L1-L2, M1-M2. Bittium nov. sp., DBUA-F 488-2, height 4.5 mm, width 1.8 mm (L), height 4.2 mm, width 1.7 mm (M), Ponta do Castelo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7965287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7965287/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">1 -G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C340963FEAFF9A0FE977231" box="[293,301,1601,1615]" captionStart="PLATE 3" captionStartId="142.[151,234,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-24@142.[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="142" captionText="PLATE 3. A. A1-A2. Alvania mediolittoralis Gofas, 1989, DBUA-F 962-2, height 2.1 mm, width 1.2 mm, Ponta do Castelo. B. Alvania sleursi (Amati, 1987), DBUA-F 471-4, height 2.0 mm, width 1.1 mm, Ponta do Castelo. C1-C2. Alvania sleursi (Amati, 1987), DBUA-F 962-3, height 3.2 mm, width 1.8 mm, Ponta do Castelo. D1-D3. Rissoina pusilla (Brocchi, 1814), DBUA-F 488-1, height 5.2 mm, width 2.1 mm, Ponta do Castelo. E1-E3. Macromphalina depressa (Boettger, 1907), DBUA-F 1023-3, height height 1.0 mm, width 1.8 mm, Ponta do Castelo. F. Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 926-1, diameter 18.0 mm, Malbusca 2. G1-G2. Schilderia utriculata (Lamarck, 1810), height 24.0 mm, width 15.0 mm, unknown locality, LNEG collection (unnumbered). H1-H3. Erato mayeri nov. sp., Holotype DBUA-F 1189-C, height 7.7 mm, width 5.3 mm, Pedra-que-pica. I1-I3. Erato mayeri nov. sp., Paratype DBUA-F 1291-1, height 8.9 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta dos Frades. J1-J4. Pseudopusula parcicosta (Bronn, 1862), DBUA-F 469-1, height 9.0 mm, width 6.5 mm, Ponta do Castelo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7965293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7965293/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">3</figureCitation>
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* 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C340963FF2EF98CFE4172FB" author="Borson, S." box="[164,507,1645,1669]" page="185" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="1820">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF2EF98CFE4172FB" authority="Borson 1820: 185" authorityName="Borson" authorityPageNumber="185" authorityYear="1820" box="[164,507,1645,1669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Patellidae" genus="Patella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplysiida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF2EF98CFE8672FB" box="[164,316,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Patella sulcata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C340963FEC9F98FFE4172FB" author="Borson, S." box="[323,507,1645,1669]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="180 - 299" refId="ref95300" refString="Borson, S. (1820) Saggio di orittografia piemontese. Memorie della Reale Academia di Scienze di Torino, 25, 180 - 299." type="journal article" year="1820">Borson 1820: 185</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611A42C340963FF1DF96CFCB372DA" box="[151,777,1676,1700]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C340963FF1DF96CFDC772DA" author="Basterot, B. de" box="[151,637,1676,1700]" page="62" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="1825">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF96CFDC772DA" ID-CoL="CKF38" authority="de Basterot 1825: 62" authorityName="de Basterot" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,637,1676,1700]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granulatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF96CFF4372DA" box="[151,249,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hipponyx</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FE82F96CFE9E72DA" box="[264,292,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">sic</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FEB9F96DFE1B72DA" box="[307,417,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">granulatus</emphasis>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C340963FE4CF96DFDC772DA" author="Basterot, B. de" box="[454,637,1676,1700]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref93076" refString="Basterot, B. de (1825) Meimoire geiologique sur les environs de Bordeaux. PremieIre partie, comprenant les observations geineirales sur les mollusques fossiles, et la description particulieIre de ceux qu'on rencontre dans ce bassin. Tastu, J., Paris, 100 pp. [reprinted from Meimoires de la Socieitei d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 2, 1 - 100]" type="book chapter" year="1825">Basterot 1825: 62</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 4, fig. 14.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611A42C340963FF1DF94AFD4E72BD" box="[151,756,1707,1731]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C340963FF1DF94AFD8172BD" author="Grateloup, J. P. S. de" box="[151,571,1707,1731]" page="279" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="1836">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF94AFD8172BD" authority="Grateloup 1836: 279" authorityName="Grateloup" authorityPageNumber="279" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,571,1707,1731]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Pileopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF94AFEDB72BD" box="[151,353,1707,1731]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Pileopsis granulosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C340963FEEDF94AFD8172BD" author="Grateloup, J. P. S. de" box="[359,571,1707,1731]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref105806" refString="Grateloup, J. P. S. de (1836) Memoire de geo-zoologie sur les Oursins fossiles (Echinides) qui se rencontrent dans les terrains calcaires des environs de Dax. Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 8, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1836">Grateloup 1836: 279</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1, figs. 29-30.
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<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF928FE20729F" authority="Grat." authorityName="Grateloup" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,410,1737,1761]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Pileopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF928FEDB729F" box="[151,353,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Pileopsis granulosa</emphasis>
Grat.
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—Grateloup 1847: 1, figs. 29-30.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611A42C340963FF1DF908FDDF737E" box="[151,613,1768,1792]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF908FE1B737E" ID-CoL="CL2W7" authority="Borson" authorityName="Borson" box="[151,417,1768,1792]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF908FEE9737E" box="[151,339,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hipponyx sulcatus</emphasis>
Borson
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C340963FE36F909FDDA737E" author="Mayer, K." box="[444,608,1768,1792]" page="54" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="1864">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C340963FE36F909FDDA737E" author="Mayer, K." box="[444,608,1768,1792]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864: 54</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C340963FF1DF8E6FCFF7361" blockId="38.[151,1173,1645,2037]" box="[151,837,1798,1823]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF8E6FE227361" authority="(Borson)" baseAuthorityName="Borson" box="[151,408,1799,1823]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trimusculidae" genus="Gadinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ellobiida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF8E6FE807361" box="[151,314,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Gadinia sulcata</emphasis>
(Borson)
</taxonomicName>
—Cossmann 1895: 145, pl. 6, figs. 20-22.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C340963FF1DF8C4FD5D7343" blockId="38.[151,1173,1645,2037]" box="[151,743,1829,1853]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF8C4FE277343" authority="(Bors.)" authorityName="D'Archino &amp; W. A. Nelson" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Bors." box="[151,413,1829,1853]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Amalthea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF8C4FEEE7343" box="[151,340,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Amalthea? sulcata</emphasis>
(Bors.)
</taxonomicName>
—Sacco 1895: 44, pl. 5, fig. 24.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C340963FF1DF8A5FC977322" blockId="38.[151,1173,1645,2037]" box="[151,813,1860,1884]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF8A5FD1A7322" authority="Sacco 1895: 45" authorityName="D'Archino &amp; W. A. Nelson" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,672,1860,1884]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Amalthea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF8A5FEEE7322" box="[151,340,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Amalthea? sulcata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FE0CF8A5FE417322" box="[390,507,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">pyramidata</emphasis>
Sacco 1895: 45
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 5, fig. 25.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C340963FF1DF882FC867305" blockId="38.[151,1173,1645,2037]" box="[151,828,1890,1915]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF882FD157304" authority="Sacco 1895: 45" authorityName="D'Archino &amp; W. A. Nelson" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,687,1890,1915]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Amalthea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF882FEEE7305" box="[151,340,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Amalthea? sulcata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FE0CF882FDB37305" box="[390,521,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">subcrenulata</emphasis>
Sacco 1895: 45
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 5, fig. 26.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C340963FF1DF860FCA173E7" blockId="38.[151,1173,1645,2037]" box="[151,795,1921,1945]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF860FD3473E7" authority="Sacco 1895: 45" authorityName="D'Archino &amp; W. A. Nelson" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,654,1921,1945]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Amalthea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF860FEEE73E7" box="[151,340,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Amalthea? sulcata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FE0CF860FE5373E7" box="[390,489,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">plioparva</emphasis>
Sacco 1895: 45
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 5, fig. 27.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C340963FF1DF841FCF873C6" blockId="38.[151,1173,1645,2037]" box="[151,834,1952,1976]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF841FD0C73C6" authority="Sacco 1895: 45" authorityName="D'Archino &amp; W. A. Nelson" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,694,1952,1976]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Amalthea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF841FEEE73C6" box="[151,340,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Amalthea? sulcata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FE0CF841FDAA73C6" box="[390,528,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">dertonatulina</emphasis>
Sacco 1895: 45
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 5, fig. 28.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C340963FF1DF85EFB2F73A8" blockId="38.[151,1173,1645,2037]" box="[151,1173,1982,2007]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF85EFE5E73A9" authority="(Borson)" baseAuthorityName="Borson" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[151,484,1983,2007]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF85EFF4373A8" box="[151,249,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hipponyx</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FE82F85EFE9E73A8" box="[264,292,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">sic</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FEB9F85EFE3C73A9" box="[307,390,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">sulcatus</emphasis>
(Borson)
</taxonomicName>
—Cossmann &amp; Peyrot 1919: 522, pl. 14, fig. 64, pl. 15, figs. 12-15.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C340963FF1DF83FFCC0738B" blockId="38.[151,1173,1645,2037]" box="[151,890,2013,2037]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611A42C340963FF1DF83FFCC0738B" box="[151,890,2013,2037]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C340963FF1DF83FFE5E738B" ID-CoL="CL2W7" authority="(Borson)" baseAuthorityName="Borson" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[151,484,2013,2037]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FF1DF83FFF43738B" box="[151,249,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hipponyx</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FE82F83FFE9E738B" box="[264,292,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">sic</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FEB9F83CFE3C738B" box="[307,390,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">sulcatus</emphasis>
(Borson)
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C340963FE74F83CFD54738B" author="Lozouet, P. &amp; Lesport, J. F. &amp; Renard, P." box="[510,750,2013,2037]" page="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C340963FE74F83CFD54738B" author="Lozouet, P. &amp; Lesport, J. F. &amp; Renard, P." box="[510,750,2013,2037]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref113138" refString="Lozouet, P., Lesport, J. F. &amp; Renard, P. (2001) Revision des Gastropoda (Mollusca) du stratotype de l'Aquitanien (Miocene inf.): site de Saucats ' Lariey', Gironde, France. Cossmanniana, 3, 1 - 189." type="journal article" year="2001">
Lozouet 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C340963FDD3F83FFD37738B" box="[601,653,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
2001: 40
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 15, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF1DFF57FADD74B3" blockId="39.[151,1385,181,236]" box="[151,1383,181,206]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF1DFF57FF0774B3" box="[151,189,182,205]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FF4EFF54FDBB74B3" authority="Borson, 1820" authorityName="Borson" authorityYear="1820" box="[196,513,181,205]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Amalthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF4EFF54FECE74B3" box="[196,372,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Amalthea sulcata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FEF0FF57FDBB74B3" author="Borson, S." box="[378,513,181,205]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="180 - 299" refId="ref95300" refString="Borson, S. (1820) Saggio di orittografia piemontese. Memorie della Reale Academia di Scienze di Torino, 25, 180 - 299." type="journal article" year="1820">Borson, 1820</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FD91FF54FD7C74B3" author="Glibert, M." box="[539,710,181,205]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 240" refId="ref104902" refString="Glibert, M. (1949) Gastropodes du Miocene moyen du Bassin de la Loire. 1. Memoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 2 (30), 1 - 240." type="journal article" year="1949">Glibert 1949: 20</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 12, fig. 13 (= 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FCF6FF57FAE674B3" authority="Cossmann &amp; Peyrot, 1919" authorityName="Cossmann &amp; Peyrot" authorityYear="1919" box="[892,1372,181,206]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="helveticus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FCF6FF57FBFC74B3" box="[892,1094,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix helveticus</emphasis>
Cossmann &amp; Peyrot, 1919
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF1DFF34FAD37492" blockId="39.[151,1385,181,236]" box="[151,1385,212,236]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF1DFF34FF077492" box="[151,189,213,236]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FF4EFF34FDA27492" ID-CoL="8ZHH8" authority="(Borson, 1820)" baseAuthorityName="Borson" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[196,536,212,236]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF4EFF34FEC17492" box="[196,379,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix sulcatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FE03FF35FDA87492" author="Borson, S." box="[393,530,212,236]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="180 - 299" refId="ref95300" refString="Borson, S. (1820) Saggio di orittografia piemontese. Memorie della Reale Academia di Scienze di Torino, 25, 180 - 299." type="journal article" year="1820">Borson, 1820</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FDB9FF35FC927492" author="Chirli, C. &amp; Linse, U." box="[563,808,212,236]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref98351" refString="Chirli, C. &amp; Linse, U. (2011) The Pleistocene marine Gastropods of Rhodes Island (Greece). Grafiche PDB, Tavarnelle V. P., Firenze, 262 pp., 90 pls." type="book" year="2011">Chirli &amp; Linse 2011: 93</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 27, fig. 3. [= 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FC53FF34FAE47492" ID-CoL="bf316810-d55e-4ac0-9214-2401440a8183" authority="(Grateloup, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Grateloup" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[985,1374,212,236]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bistriatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FC53FF34FB247492" box="[985,1182,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix bistriatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FB21FF35FAEC7492" author="Grateloup, J. P. S. de" box="[1195,1366,212,236]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="3 - 27" refId="ref105658" refString="Grateloup, J. P. S. de (1827) Description de plusieurs espeIces de coquilles fossiles des environs de Dax (Landes). Bulletin d'Histoire naturelle de la SSocie´te´Linne´enne de Bordeaux, 2, 3 - 27." type="journal article" year="1827">Grateloup, 1827</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C350962FF1DFEFBFBDA7526" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF1DFEFBFBDA7526" blockId="39.[151,1437,282,1605]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF1DFEFBFDAC754A" bold="true" box="[151,534,282,308]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Santa Maria material examined.</emphasis>
Maximum height 5.3 mm, diameter 14.0 mm. 
<collectionCode id="ED77AE4F2C350962FB93FEFBFB3B754A" box="[1049,1153,282,308]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">DBUA-F</collectionCode>
937-1 (1), 
<collectionCode id="ED77AE4F2C350962FB71FEFBFAD9754A" box="[1275,1379,282,308]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">DBUA-F</collectionCode>
469- B (1), Ponta do Castelo, Santa Maria Island, 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C350962FD01FEDFFD677526" box="[651,733,318,344]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Azores</collectingRegion>
, Touril Complex, Lower Pliocene.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C350962FF4DFE83FD747597" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF4DFE83FD747597" blockId="39.[151,1437,282,1605]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF4DFE83FEE37502" bold="true" box="[199,345,354,380]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Description.</emphasis>
Shell medium sized, solid, relatively depressed, patelliform, with an elliptical profile. Protoconch eroded in all specimens. Apex placed just posterior to center. Dorsal sculpture of rounded ribs (
<quantity id="4C9E9B6F2C350962FB7CFE67FA8E75DE" box="[1270,1332,390,416]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8796" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="in" value="74.0">74 in</quantity>
Azorean specimen) of equal strength, cut by numerous concentric growth lines, making ribs tuberculose. Ventral aspect smooth, except for horse-shoe shaped muscle scar.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C350962FF4DFE13FB9B71CA" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF4DFE13FB4377C2" blockId="39.[151,1437,282,1605]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF4DFE13FEF67672" bold="true" box="[199,332,498,524]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Discussion.</emphasis>
A single well-preserved 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FDE9FE12FD717672" authorityName="Defrance" authorityYear="1819" box="[611,715,499,524]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FDE9FE12FD717672" box="[611,715,499,524]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen from the Azores is identical to specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FABEFE12FE11764E" authority="(Borson, 1820)" baseAuthorityName="Borson" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FABEFE12FF49764E" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix sulcatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FE8EFDF7FE19764E" author="Borson, S." box="[260,419,534,560]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="180 - 299" refId="ref95300" refString="Borson, S. (1820) Saggio di orittografia piemontese. Memorie della Reale Academia di Scienze di Torino, 25, 180 - 299." type="journal article" year="1820">Borson, 1820</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which was originally described from the Lower-Middle Miocene of the Colli Torinesi, 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C350962FF1DFDDBFF70762A" box="[151,202,570,596]" name="Italy" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Italy</collectingCountry>
(NHMW collection). Cossmann &amp; Peyrot (1919: 524) correctly noted that the Atlantic Lower-Middle Miocene Aquitanian-Langhian specimens from the 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C350962FDE7FDBFFD617606" box="[621,731,606,632]" country="France" name="Aquitaine" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Aquitaine</collectingRegion>
Basin of 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C350962FCCDFDBEFC297607" box="[839,915,607,633]" name="France" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">France</collectingCountry>
were identical to those from the Colli Torinesi (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FE8EFD62FDAF76E2" author="Lozouet, P. &amp; Lesport, J. F. &amp; Renard, P." box="[260,533,642,669]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref113138" refString="Lozouet, P., Lesport, J. F. &amp; Renard, P. (2001) Revision des Gastropoda (Mollusca) du stratotype de l'Aquitanien (Miocene inf.): site de Saucats ' Lariey', Gironde, France. Cossmanniana, 3, 1 - 189." type="journal article" year="2001">
Lozouet 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FEE3FD62FE2776E2" box="[361,413,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. 2001: 40
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 15, fig. 3). These specimens are characterised by having coarse radial ribs strengthening toward the periphery and an apex placed on the dorsum just posterior to center. Glibert (1959: 201), considered the Atlantic Middle Miocene Langhian specimens from the 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C350962FC14FD2BFC61769A" box="[926,987,714,740]" country="France" name="Pays de la Loire" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Loire</collectingRegion>
Basin conspecific.Numerous specimens at hand from several localities in the 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C350962FDD1FD0FFD227776" box="[603,664,750,776]" country="France" name="Pays de la Loire" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Loire</collectingRegion>
Basin (Ferrière-Larçon, Pauvrelay, Mathelan: NHMW collection) suggests this is not correct. Apart from being smaller, as noted by Cossmann &amp; Peyrot (1919) and Glibert (1959), the radial sculpture is finer, and the apex is more pointed and placed far more posteriorly, and in fully adult specimen, overhangs the posterior margin. These differences were already noted by Cossmann &amp; Peyrot (1919: 324), who erected the 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FE92FC9FFE6877E6" box="[280,466,894,920]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="variety" variety="helvetica">
variety 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FEE7FC9FFE6877E6" box="[365,466,894,920]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">helvetica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C350962FDA3FC9FFDDC77E6" box="[553,614,894,920]" country="France" name="Pays de la Loire" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Loire</collectingRegion>
Basin form. We agree with 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FC15FC9EFBDD77E6" author="Peyrot, A." box="[927,1127,894,921]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="5 - 361" refId="ref119879" refString="Peyrot, A. (1938) Les mollusques testaces univalves des depots Helvetiens du Bassin Ligerien. Catalogue critique, descriptive et illustre. Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 89, 5 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 147213" type="journal article" year="1938">Peyrot (1938: 88)</bibRefCitation>
, in separating these smaller specimens, and elevate the name to full-species rank: 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FD78FC42FB4E77C2" authority="Cossman &amp; Peyrot, 1919" authorityName="Cossmann &amp; Peyrot" authorityYear="1919" box="[754,1268,930,957]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="helveticus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FD78FC42FC6B77C2" box="[754,977,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix helveticus</emphasis>
Cossman &amp; Peyrot, 1919
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF4DFC27FCCD70A3" blockId="39.[151,1437,282,1605]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Although a predominantly Lower and Middle Miocene Atlantic species, Sacco (1895), reported it from the Upper Miocene of 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C350962FEE0FC0BFE27707A" box="[362,413,1002,1028]" name="Italy" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Italy</collectingCountry>
and the single Lower Pliocene Italian locality of Bussana Vecchia, Imperia, 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C350962FB65FC0BFAFF707A" box="[1263,1349,1002,1028]" country="Italy" name="Liguria" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Liguria</collectingRegion>
. We are not aware of any subsequent Pliocene references to the species, and it is not present in the Pliocene of the Estepona Basin. 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FF6EFBD2FD377032" authority="(Grateloup, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Grateloup" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[228,653,1074,1100]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bistriatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF6EFBD2FE077032" box="[228,445,1074,1100]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix bistriatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FE40FBD3FD3F7032" author="Grateloup, J. P. S. de" box="[458,645,1074,1100]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="3 - 27" refId="ref105658" refString="Grateloup, J. P. S. de (1827) Description de plusieurs espeIces de coquilles fossiles des environs de Dax (Landes). Bulletin d'Histoire naturelle de la SSocie´te´Linne´enne de Bordeaux, 2, 3 - 27." type="journal article" year="1827">Grateloup, 1827</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which does occur in the Estepona Basin deposit (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FB3DFBD3FF0F700E" author="Landau, B. &amp; Marquet, R. &amp; Grigis, M." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref111673" refString="Landau, B. M, Marquet, R. &amp; Grigis, M. (2004 a) The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. 2. Orthogastropoda, Neotaenioglossa. Palaeontos, 4, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2004">
Landau 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FA99FBD2FAF07032" box="[1299,1354,1074,1100]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
2004a: 69
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 18, fig. 2), differs in being less depressed, in having the apex overhanging the posterior margin, and finer axial sculpture consisting of ribs of alternating strength. 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FC8FFB9AFADF70EA" authority="Landau, Marquet &amp; Grigis, 2004 a" authorityName="Landau, Marquet &amp; Grigis" authorityYear="2004" box="[773,1381,1146,1173]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="explicatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FC8FFB9AFC5F70EA" box="[773,997,1146,1172]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix explicatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FC60FB9BFADF70EA" author="Landau, B. &amp; Marquet, R. &amp; Grigis, M." box="[1002,1381,1146,1173]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref111673" refString="Landau, B. M, Marquet, R. &amp; Grigis, M. (2004 a) The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. 2. Orthogastropoda, Neotaenioglossa. Palaeontos, 4, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2004">Landau, Marquet &amp; Grigis, 2004a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, also from the Estepona assemblages, is characterised by a peculiar shell without axial sculpture and a strongly disjunct last whorl, quiet unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FE2AFB22FDA570A2" baseAuthorityName="Borson" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[416,543,1218,1244]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FE2AFB22FDA570A2" box="[416,543,1218,1244]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">H. sulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FDA6FB22FD0370A2" baseAuthorityName="Grateloup" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[556,697,1218,1244]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bistriatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FDA6FB22FD0370A2" box="[556,697,1218,1244]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">H. bistriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FD54FB22FCCA70A2" authorityName="Cossmann &amp; Peyrot" authorityYear="1919" box="[734,880,1218,1244]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="helveticus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FD54FB22FCCA70A2" box="[734,880,1218,1244]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">H. helveticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF4DFB07FB037137" blockId="39.[151,1437,282,1605]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FF4DFB07FE51717E" author="Chirli, C. &amp; Linse, U." box="[199,491,1254,1280]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref98351" refString="Chirli, C. &amp; Linse, U. (2011) The Pleistocene marine Gastropods of Rhodes Island (Greece). Grafiche PDB, Tavarnelle V. P., Firenze, 262 pp., 90 pls." type="book" year="2011">Chirli &amp; Linse (2011: 93</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 27, fig.3) illustrated a specimen from the Pleistocene of Rhodes Island as 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FA0BFB06FF49715A" baseAuthorityName="Borson" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FA0BFB06FF49715A" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">H. sulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The specimen illustrated is far less depressed than usual for the species, the apex is placed at the posterior margin and there is a secondary rib between each primary. It probably represents 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FBACFACEFB087136" baseAuthorityName="Grateloup" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1062,1202,1326,1352]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bistriatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FBACFACEFB087136" box="[1062,1202,1326,1352]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">H. bistriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF4DFAB2FB9B71CA" blockId="39.[151,1437,282,1605]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C350962FF4DFAB2FE2F7112" baseAuthorityName="Borson" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[199,405,1362,1388]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF4DFAB2FE2F7112" box="[199,405,1362,1388]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hipponix sulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to have survived into the early Pliocene in the Mediterranean, now known from a single locality in 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C350962FEDCFA97FE3371EE" box="[342,393,1398,1424]" name="Italy" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Italy</collectingCountry>
(Sacco 1895), and in the Atlantic, in the Azores (this paper). These records probably represent relict populations that did not survive the cooling events at the end of MPPMU1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C350962FF4DFA5FFA27723B" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C350962FF4DFA5FFA27723B" blockId="39.[151,1437,282,1605]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FF4DFA5FFEDB71A6" bold="true" box="[199,353,1470,1496]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Distribution.</emphasis>
Lower Miocene: Atlantic (Aquitanian and Burdigalian), 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C350962FC78FA5FFBDA71A6" box="[1010,1120,1470,1496]" country="France" name="Aquitaine" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Aquitaine</collectingRegion>
Basin, 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C350962FB31FA5EFABD71A7" box="[1211,1287,1471,1497]" name="France" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">France</collectingCountry>
(de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FAB5FA5EFF687183" author="Basterot, B. de" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref93076" refString="Basterot, B. de (1825) Meimoire geiologique sur les environs de Bordeaux. PremieIre partie, comprenant les observations geineirales sur les mollusques fossiles, et la description particulieIre de ceux qu'on rencontre dans ce bassin. Tastu, J., Paris, 100 pp. [reprinted from Meimoires de la Socieitei d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 2, 1 - 100]" type="book chapter" year="1825">Basterot 1825</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FF6AFA03FE297182" author="Grateloup, J. P. S. de" box="[224,403,1506,1532]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref105806" refString="Grateloup, J. P. S. de (1836) Memoire de geo-zoologie sur les Oursins fossiles (Echinides) qui se rencontrent dans les terrains calcaires des environs de Dax. Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 8, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1836">Grateloup 1836</bibRefCitation>
, 1847; Cossmann &amp; Peyrot 1919; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FC94FA02FBBB7182" author="Lozouet, P. &amp; Lesport, J. F. &amp; Renard, P." box="[798,1025,1506,1533]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref113138" refString="Lozouet, P., Lesport, J. F. &amp; Renard, P. (2001) Revision des Gastropoda (Mollusca) du stratotype de l'Aquitanien (Miocene inf.): site de Saucats ' Lariey', Gironde, France. Cossmanniana, 3, 1 - 189." type="journal article" year="2001">
Lozouet 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C350962FC09FA02FC067182" box="[899,956,1506,1532]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
); central Proto-Mediterranean, Colli Torinesi, 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C350962FE8CF9E7FE83725E" box="[262,313,1542,1568]" name="Italy" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FEC7F9E7FE5C725E" author="Borson, S." box="[333,486,1542,1568]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="180 - 299" refId="ref95300" refString="Borson, S. (1820) Saggio di orittografia piemontese. Memorie della Reale Academia di Scienze di Torino, 25, 180 - 299." type="journal article" year="1820">Borson 1820</bibRefCitation>
; Sacco 1895). Upper Miocene: central Proto-Mediterannean, 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C350962FB36F9E7FB55725E" box="[1212,1263,1542,1568]" name="Italy" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Italy</collectingCountry>
(Sacco 1895). Lower Pliocene: Atlantic, Santa Maria Island, Azores (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C350962FC85F9CBFC1A723A" author="Mayer, K." box="[783,928,1578,1604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864</bibRefCitation>
); central Mediterranean, 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C350962FB4BF9CBFB4E723A" box="[1217,1268,1578,1604]" name="Italy" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Italy</collectingCountry>
(Sacco 1895).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>