250 lines
19 KiB
XML
250 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60c96364-0fcd-4ccd-84af-123d176a6a52" ID-PMC="PMC5523382" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-680-105" ID-PubMed="28769718" ID-ZBK="657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-680-105" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 680" ModsDocTitle="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species" checkinTime="1502744605313" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M. & Cerrano, Carlo" docDate="2017" docId="5040B59558A4CB3A0FB908AD3780FD1A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 680: 105-150" docOrigin="ZooKeys 680" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" docTitle="Niphates laminaris Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="4E0827B5-02C7-45D4-8456-78E0F8AE1B31" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="116" masterDocId="8A0DFFF7FFB02806FFE0A3014E580F49" masterDocTitle="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="115" updateTime="1668164543412" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Calcinai, Barbara</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bastari, Azzurra</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bavestrello, Giorgio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bertolino, Marco</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pansini, Maurizio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Makapedua, Daisy M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cerrano, Carlo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>680</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>105</mods:start>
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<mods:end>150</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-680-105</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="132649469" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4E0827B5-02C7-45D4-8456-78E0F8AE1B31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5040B59558A4CB3A0FB908AD3780FD1A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="10" pageNumber="115">
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="115" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/4E0827B5-02C7-45D4-8456-78E0F8AE1B31" authority="Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini" class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates laminaris" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="115" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laminaris">Niphates laminaris Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="10" pageNumber="115">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figure 8
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="115" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="115">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="115">Holotype: MSNG 60139, PH-47, 17/01/2005, Tiwoho (Bunaken Island), 20 m depth.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="115" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="115">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="115">Lamellate, azure-violet sponge, with differentiated inhalant and oscular faces. Skeleton is a regular reticulum of primary and secondary fibres, with superficial brushes hispidating the surface; megascleres are straight and sinuous oxeas. Microscleres are sigmas.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="10" pageNumber="115" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="115">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="115">
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The sponge is a thin, irregular, folded lamina, attached to the substrate in few points (Fig. 8A); its rim is more or less rounded, not regular (Fig. 8B). The holotype consists in alcohol-preserved fragments, collected from a bigger specimen (Fig. 8A, B). The largest observed specimen is approximately 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4 cm long and 2 mm thick. The colour in life is azure-violet in the part exposed to light and beige on the shadowed side (Fig. 8B). The sponge becomes white-bluish when dried. Consistence soft, slightly elastic. The aspect of the two sides of the laminar sponge is different: roundish vents, 700-1,300
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, most probably acting as oscula, are concentrated on the excurrent side (Fig. 8C); on the opposite side, a thin dermal membrane, pierced by numerous pores, covers several smaller apertures, not visible to the naked eye (Fig. 8D). In the dried state, spicule brushes and small ridges (made by tracts of tangential oxeas connecting the brushes) create a microconulose surface, visible also to the naked eye, in both sides of the sponge.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="115">
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Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is a reticulation of multispicular tracts (30-60
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick) forming polygonal (mostly quadrangular) meshes 340-900
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, with brushes of spicules at the nodes (Fig. 8D). The choanosomal skeleton is a not very regular reticulation, with elongated, almost rectangular meshes 400-800
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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across and empty spaces. The spicule tracts may be divided into ascending primary tracts, 55-100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, and secondary tracts, 25-35
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, with a more or less transverse arrangement. The extremities of the ascending tracts protrude through the surface, forming brushes (Fig. 8D). Very numerous pigmented (green) cells and abundant spicules, both megascleres and microscleres, are dispersed in the ectosome and choanosome.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="116" start="start">Spicules</pageBreakToken>
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. Oxeas slightly curved or sinuous, rarely straight, with acerate tips (Fig. 8E). They measure 150.8 - (163.37
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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7.0) - 176.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.5 - (3.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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1.1) - 5.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Sigmas C-shaped, sometimes with a part of the shaft almost straight (Fig. 8F). They measure 13 - (17.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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3.18) - 23.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
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Figure 8.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates laminaris" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laminaris">Niphates laminaris</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A holotype in situB, C holotype freshly collected showing the exhalant side of the sponge D sponge skeleton on the exhalant side with in evidence the choanosomal ascending tracts protruding through the surface and the vents E sinuous and straight oxeas F sigma.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="116" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="116">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="116">The name refers to the lamellate shape of the sponge.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="116" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="116">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
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The new species clearly belongs to the family
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<taxonomicName family="Niphatidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="family">Niphatidae</taxonomicName>
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for the presence of multispicular fibres in the ectosome and to the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Niphates</taxonomicName>
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for the skeletal organisation. The genus
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Niphates</taxonomicName>
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includes sponges with "Surface conulose to spiny [
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<normalizedToken originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
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] produced by primary longitudinal fibres ending on surface" (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
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and Valentine 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The ectosomal skeleton is a tangential network of secondary fibres, obscured by protruding tufts of primary fibres. Microscleres are rare sigmas (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
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and Valentine 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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). However, other species of the genus (e.g.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates nitida" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nitida">Niphates nitida</taxonomicName>
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Fromont, 1993) have a smooth surface as the new species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates laminaris" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laminaris">Niphates laminaris</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is characterised by a non-spiny, rather irregular, microconulose surface and by a choanosomal skeleton with a reticulation of primary and secondary tracts. Microscleres are numerous. In the Indo-Pacific area, only
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<taxonomicName lsidName="N. nitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="nitida">N. nitida</taxonomicName>
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has sigmas. However,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="N. nitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="nitida">N. nitida</taxonomicName>
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is a sponge with repent habit, with oscula located at the top of small erect lobes; a choanosomal fibrous reticulation with round or triangular meshes (104-146
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) and oxeas measuring 128
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Therefore, it substantially differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Niphates</taxonomicName>
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sp. n; all other
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Niphates</taxonomicName>
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in the area differ from the new species for the absence of sigmas and for other significant features listed below.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates olemda" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="olemda">Niphates olemda</taxonomicName>
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(de Laubenfelds, 1954) is a blue, or pink tubular sponge with small oxeas (92-100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2-3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), while
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<taxonomicName lsidName="N. aga" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="aga">N. aga</taxonomicName>
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(de Laubenfelds, 1954) is ramose with superficial projections, a confused ectosomal skeleton and straight and large oxeas (175-180
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates cavernosa" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cavernosa">Niphates cavernosa</taxonomicName>
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Kelly-Borges & Bergquist, 1988 is a massive, creeping and branching sponge, violet in life, with two categories of oxeas differing in thickness (oxeas I: 5-10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick; oxeas II: 2-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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);
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<taxonomicName lsidName="N. furcata" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="furcata">N. furcata</taxonomicName>
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(Keller, 1889) is green, erect, branching, with rather short oxeas (100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates hispida" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hispida">Niphates hispida</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Fáundez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
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, 1984 is a hard and incompressible sponge with very small oxeas (60-80
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
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|
|
2-4
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
), consisting of a series of coalescent, cylindrical tubes arising from a massive common base.
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates mirabilis" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mirabilis">Niphates mirabilis</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Bowerbank, 1873) is an ochre-pinkish sponge with a unispicular ectosomal reticulation, while
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. obtusispiculifera" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="obtusispiculifera">N. obtusispiculifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Dendy, 1905) is a branching, cylindrical sponge with strongyles as megascleres.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates plumosa" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plumosa">Niphates plumosa</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Bowerbank, 1876) is fawn-coloured and has a peculiar, stipitate and fan-shaped growth form with only oxeas as spicules.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates rowi" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rowi">Niphates rowi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Ilan et al., 2004 is the species most similar to the new species. Its ectosomal skeleton is a reticulation of fibres creating quadrangular meshes which are smaller than those of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates laminaris" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laminaris">Niphates laminaris</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n. (70-115
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
). In addition, the choanosomal reticulation of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. rowi" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="rowi">N. rowi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has rectangular meshes which are smaller (115-200
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
) than those of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Niphatidae" genus="Niphates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphates laminaris" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laminaris">Niphates laminaris</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n., whereas the oxea size is similar (115 - (140) - 170
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
5.5 - (6.5) - 7.5
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
). In conclusion
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. rowi" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="rowi">N. rowi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, which is an encrusting sponge, differs from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Nipahtes" lsidName="Nipahtes laminaris" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="laminaris">Nipahtes laminaris</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n. in the growth form, the absence of sigmas and sinuous oxeas and in the size of the ectosomal and choanosomal meshes.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|