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<mods:title id="177A0DEF7C2144AD6C65C937BAB20570">Growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival rate of Clarias gariepinus fed varied inclusion of processed Moringa oleifera diets</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="44A991E6D0D7A401EDB158A6AB065C21">Am, Suleiman</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2B3C7BAF1EAA48420417B126B5FFE26F">Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="28F2CAAE90B9F6A583593BB62A85BBE9">Am, Orire</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="46864FAD74869F476DEEEC58BEA8F5A1">Department of Water Recourses Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F1C59CE84170040AFC630F59B322E098">Soe, Sadiku</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4043A2A03945B1CAAC06837B53874F4A">Department of Water Recourses Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="97A5C3AD64CEF5140A7DA8E5483AF1BD">Gg, Bake</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6B8F0F5EEEC4DEDA9F88A630530D6220">Department of Water Recourses Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="84206776B175B30B1B9D0A8714C7C820">International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B0F550B63049F8E1682C71EFF4B1656C">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DCDE26FFBBFFC7FFA1FACDB5F4FF54" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516782" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233743468" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12516782" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DCDE26FFBBFFC7FFA1FACDB5F4FF54" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCDE26FFBBFFC7FFA1FACDB5F4FF54" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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<subSubSection id="C36F3CBBFFBBFFC4FFA1FACDB093FABC" box="[96,440,1308,1332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCA6F30FFBBFFC4FFA1FACDB093FABC" blockId="1.[96,440,1308,1332]" box="[96,440,1308,1332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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<heading id="D082D85CFFBBFFC4FFA1FACDB093FABC" bold="true" box="[96,440,1308,1332]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FFA1FACDB093FABC" bold="true" box="[96,440,1308,1332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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Processing of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7514B3FFBBFFC4FF3CFACDB093FABC" ID-CoL="44DPL" authority="Lam." box="[253,440,1308,1332]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleifera">
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FF3CFACDB093FABC" bold="true" box="[253,440,1308,1332]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Moringa oleifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F3CBBFFBBFFC7FFA1FAEAB5F4FF54" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCA6F30FFBBFFC4FFA1FAEAB31EF8B4" blockId="1.[96,763,1338,1853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7514B3FFBBFFC4FFA1FAEAB1F7FADA" authority="Lam." box="[96,220,1338,1362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleifera">
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FFA1FAEAB1F7FADA" box="[96,220,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">M. oleifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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fresh leaves were procured from Kure Market, Along Dutsen Kura Road, Minna,
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<collectingCountry id="F3622FA0FFBBFFC4FDC4FA89B372FAF8" box="[517,601,1368,1392]" name="Nigeria" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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. Sellers were targeted early in the morning prior to their arrival at the market to ensure fresh leaves were obtained. They were taken to the Laboratory of the Department of Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology (
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<collectionCode id="ED64F7F5FFBBFFC4FDFAFA02B3A7FA63" box="[571,652,1491,1515]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">WAFT</collectionCode>
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), Federal University of Technology, Minna,
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<collectingCountry id="F3622FA0FFBBFFC4FE23FA23B334F982" box="[482,543,1522,1546]" name="Niger" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Niger</collectingCountry>
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State,
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<collectingCountry id="F3622FA0FFBBFFC4FDB1FA23B3EFF982" box="[624,708,1522,1546]" name="Nigeria" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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. The leaves were then detached manually from the branches, thoroughly washed to remove the dirt and prevent deterioration of phytochemicals as observed by Ochang
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FD7FF99EB3DFF9EE" box="[702,756,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2015; Sahira Banu & Cathrine, 2015
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<superScript id="7C00C278FFBBFFC4FE32F9BAB308F9F1" attach="right" box="[499,547,1643,1657]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFBBFFC4FE38F9BAB328F9F1" author="Ochang SN & Peter BM & Ugbor ON" box="[505,515,1643,1657]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" pagination="397 - 401" refId="ref4059" refString="9. Ochang SN, Peter BM, Ugbor ON, EA. Effect of Diets With Moringa Leaf Meal on Growth, Carcass Composition and Haematology of Clarias gariepinus. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2015; 3 (2): 397 - 401." type="journal article" year="2015">9</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFBBFFC4FDCDF9BAB336F9F1" author="Sahira Banu KCL" box="[524,541,1643,1657]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" pagination="25 - 32" refId="ref4109" refString="10. Sahira Banu KCL. General Techniques Involved in Phytochemical Analysis. International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science (IJARCS). 2015; 2 (4): 25 - 32." type="journal article" year="2015">10</bibRefCitation>
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]
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</superScript>
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. They were drained properly and air dried at room temperature to prevent nutrient loss for seven (7) days (Suleiman
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FE2AF97AB30DF94A" box="[491,550,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2018)
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<superScript id="7C00C278FFBBFFC4FD43F979B394F93E" attach="right" box="[642,703,1704,1718]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFBBFFC4FD46F979B3B1F93E" author="Suleiman AM & Orire AM & Sadiku SOE" box="[647,666,1704,1718]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" refId="ref4145" refString="11. Suleiman AM, Orire AM, Sadiku SOE. Impacts of Moringa oleifera leaves and Lannea barteri bark as growth promoting additives and survival rates in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Journal of Fisheries Research. 2018; 2 (2). https: // doi. org / 10.35841 / fisheriesresearch. 2.2.12 - 16" type="journal volume" year="2018">11</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFBBFFC4FD66F979B391F93E" author="Suleiman AM & Orire AM & Sadiku SOE" box="[679,698,1704,1718]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" refId="ref4206" refString="12. Suleiman AM, Orire AM, Sadiku SOE. Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaves, Bark Stem of Lannea barteri and Antibiotic (Oxytetracycline) on Haematological Parameters of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal. 2018; 902). https: // doi. org / 10.4172 / 2150 - 3508.1000246" type="journal volume" year="2018">12</bibRefCitation>
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]
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</superScript>
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. The leaves were reduced to smaller quantities using pistle and mortar and further fed into electrical motorised hammer mill, milled into fine powder, package in polythene and stored at -4 °C prior to usage (Suleman
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FE48F8F7B094F8B5" box="[393,447,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2018)
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<superScript id="7C00C278FFBBFFC4FDD0F8F2B305F8B9" attach="right" box="[529,558,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFBBFFC4FDD6F8F2B303F8B9" author="Suleman M & Yasmin S & Rasul M & Yahya M & Atta BM & Mirza MS" box="[535,552,1827,1841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" refId="ref4345" refString="15. Suleman M, Yasmin S, Rasul M, Yahya M, Atta BM, Mirza MS. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria with glucose dehydrogenase gene for phosphorus uptake and beneficial effects on wheat. PloS one. 2018 Sep 21; 13 (9): e 0204408." type="journal volume" year="2018">15</bibRefCitation>
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]
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</superScript>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCA6F30FFBBFFC4FFA1F8B2B0FFF8F3" blockId="1.[96,468,1891,1915]" box="[96,468,1891,1915]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FFA1F8B2B0FFF8F3" bold="true" box="[96,468,1891,1915]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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Processing of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7514B3FFBBFFC4FF3CF8B2B05DF8F3" ID-CoL="44DPL" authority="Lam." box="[253,374,1891,1915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleifera">
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FF3CF8B2B05DF8F3" bold="true" box="[253,374,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">M. oleifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Powder
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCA6F30FFBBFFC4FFA1F851B2BDF90C" blockId="1.[96,763,1920,2098]" lastBlockId="1.[824,1491,1307,1668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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The milled moringa was processed using aqueous, ethanol and hexane solvent.
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<quantity id="4C8DC2D5FFBBFFC4FE9DF84EB08FF830" box="[348,420,1951,1976]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" unit="g" value="250.0">250 g</quantity>
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was measured using Ohaus sensitive weighing balance (
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<collectionCode id="ED64F7F5FFBBFFC4FE59F86FB096F85E" box="[408,445,1982,2006]" country="Brazil" name="Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" type="Herbarium">PA</collectionCode>
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313) and mixed with 500 ml volume of each solvents in a 1000 ml bottle. The bottles were tightly closed to prevent evaporation of the solvents and were placed on the laboratory table. They were agitated within an interval of 8 hours to enable effective dissolution of soluble matters into the solvents (Ezearigo
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<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FB03FAEAB5D0FADA" box="[1218,1275,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2014)
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<superScript id="7C00C278FFBBFFC4FA90FAE9B44DFACE" attach="right" box="[1361,1382,1336,1350]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFBBFFC4FA96FAE9B44BFACE" author="Ezearigo O & Adeniji P & Ayoade F." box="[1367,1376,1336,1350]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" refId="ref3869" refString="5. Ezearigo O, Adeniji P, Ayoade F. Screening of natural spices for improving the microbiological, nutritional and organoleptic qualities of the Zobo drink. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 2014; 76 (1): 6397. https: // doi. org / 10.4314 / jab. v 76 i 1.10" type="journal volume" year="2014">5</bibRefCitation>
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]
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</superScript>
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. After 72 hours, muslin cloths were laid in triple layers, labelled according to each treatment in a different containers while the contents were poured, filtered and macerated. Solvent of each treatment was added to rinse the concentrated liquid from the residues. The filtrates were evaporated to dryness under pressure at 45 ºC using a rotary evaporator (
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<collectionCode id="ED64F7F5FFBBFFC4FA80FA23B44DF982" box="[1345,1382,1522,1546]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13500" name="Liaoning Reed Science Institute" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" type="Herbarium">RE</collectionCode>
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300). The extracts were labelled as Moringa Aqueous (
|
||
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|
<collectionCode id="ED64F7F5FFBBFFC4FAF1F9C1B44BF9A0" box="[1328,1376,1552,1576]" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
|
||
|
|
), Moringa Ethanol (
|
||
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED64F7F5FFBBFFC4FC5AF9FEB2EDF9CF" box="[923,966,1583,1607]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">ME</collectionCode>
|
||
|
|
) and Moringa Hexane (
|
||
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED64F7F5FFBBFFC4FB0DF9FEB5D7F9CF" box="[1228,1276,1583,1607]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">MH</collectionCode>
|
||
|
|
). The extracts were preserved at -4 °C until further usage (Chakraborty
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FA50F99EB4E6F9EE" box="[1425,1485,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
, 2018)
|
||
|
|
<superScript id="7C00C278FFBBFFC4FCBAF9BAB2A4F9F1" attach="right" box="[891,911,1643,1657]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
|
||
|
|
[
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFBBFFC4FC41F9BAB2A2F9F1" author="Chakraborty SB & Hancz C & Chosal I & Deborsee M." box="[896,905,1643,1657]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" pagination="267 - 275" refId="ref3814" refString="4. Chakraborty SB, Hancz C, Chosal I, Deborsee M. Dietary Administration os Plant Extracts for Production of Monosex Tilapia: Searching a Suitable Alternative to Synthetic Steroid in Tilapia Culture. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2018; 18 (2): 267 - 275." type="journal article" year="2018">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
</superScript>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BCA6F30FFBBFFC4FCF9F97BB2D5F94A" blockId="1.[824,1022,1706,1730]" box="[824,1022,1706,1730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
|
||
|
|
<heading id="D082D85CFFBBFFC4FCF9F97BB2D5F94A" bold="true" box="[824,1022,1706,1730]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" reason="3">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B901B322FFBBFFC4FCF9F97BB2D5F94A" bold="true" box="[824,1022,1706,1730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">Diet Formulation</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</heading>
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BCA6F30FFBBFFC7FCF9F919B5F4FF54" blockId="1.[824,1491,1736,2098]" lastBlockId="2.[824,1491,134,220]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="1" pageNumber="37">
|
||
|
|
Seven (7) iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated for the experiment to contain 40% Crude protein each with a Commercial Reference Diet (CRD) for the experiment. The CRD and Zero Supplement Diet (ZSD) serve as the control diet while Diets such as Moringa Aqueous Diet (MAD), Moringa Ethanol Diet (MED) and Moringa Hexane (MHD) were the tested diets formulated at 3% and 5% inclusion levels respectively (
|
||
|
|
<tableCitation id="C6F75A8BFFBBFFC4FBE7F84EB5AEF83F" box="[1062,1157,1951,1975]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[306,365,287,308]" captionTargetId="graphics-152@2.[100,1487,325,876]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1: Feed Formulation Showing Inclusion Levels and Proximate Compositions of Moringa Diets" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0A3FB8FFB8FFC7FEF3FECEB42AFEBD" pageId="1" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="DF0A3FB8FFB8FFC7FEF3FECEB42AFEBD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
|
|
). Prior to formulation and compounding of the experimental diets, major ingredient were milled to a fine particles and sample were taken for proximate analysis before inclusion level of each ingredient was determined. Each ingredient was weighed in accordance with the calculation (
|
||
|
|
<tableCitation id="C6F75A8BFFB8FFC7FED1FF57B077FF16" box="[272,348,134,158]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[306,365,287,308]" captionTargetId="graphics-152@2.[100,1487,325,876]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1: Feed Formulation Showing Inclusion Levels and Proximate Compositions of Moringa Diets" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0A3FB8FFB8FFC7FEF3FECEB42AFEBD" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF0A3FB8FFB8FFC7FEF3FECEB42AFEBD">Table1</tableCitation>
|
||
|
|
) and were thoroughly mixed together to ensure homogeneity (Suleiman
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B901B322FFB8FFC7FE27FF77B309FF35" box="[486,546,165,189]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
, 2018)
|
||
|
|
<superScript id="7C00C278FFB8FFC7FD40FF75B395FF3A" attach="right" box="[641,702,164,178]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
|
||
|
|
[
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFB8FFC7FD46FF75B3B2FF3A" author="Suleiman AM & Orire AM & Sadiku SOE" box="[647,665,164,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refId="ref4145" refString="11. Suleiman AM, Orire AM, Sadiku SOE. Impacts of Moringa oleifera leaves and Lannea barteri bark as growth promoting additives and survival rates in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Journal of Fisheries Research. 2018; 2 (2). https: // doi. org / 10.35841 / fisheriesresearch. 2.2.12 - 16" type="journal volume" year="2018">11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFB8FFC7FD66FF75B393FF3A" author="Suleiman AM & Orire AM & Sadiku SOE" box="[679,696,164,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refId="ref4206" refString="12. Suleiman AM, Orire AM, Sadiku SOE. Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaves, Bark Stem of Lannea barteri and Antibiotic (Oxytetracycline) on Haematological Parameters of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal. 2018; 902). https: // doi. org / 10.4172 / 2150 - 3508.1000246" type="journal volume" year="2018">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
</superScript>
|
||
|
|
. The extract were dissolved in 350 ml of warm water which was used to form a kilogram of dough. The feeds were pelleted to
|
||
|
|
<quantity id="4C8DC2D5FFB8FFC7FCF9FF57B256FF16" box="[824,893,134,158]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
|
|
size and dried at 26 °
|
||
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED64F7F5FFB8FFC7FB50FF57B58FFF16" box="[1169,1188,134,158]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
|
|
for 72 hours. They were packaged in a labelled airtight containers, stored at -4 °
|
||
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED64F7F5FFB8FFC7FA44FF74B4B3FF35" box="[1413,1432,165,189]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
|
|
prior to feeding trial (Ochang
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B901B322FFB8FFC7FBFFFF14B55FFF54" box="[1086,1140,196,220]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
, 2015)
|
||
|
|
<superScript id="7C00C278FFB8FFC7FB02FF12B5F3FF59" attach="right" box="[1219,1240,194,209]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
|
||
|
|
[
|
||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE412C1FFB8FFC7FB08FF13B5F9FF58" author="Ochang SN & Peter BM & Ugbor ON" box="[1225,1234,194,208]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" pagination="397 - 401" refId="ref4059" refString="9. Ochang SN, Peter BM, Ugbor ON, EA. Effect of Diets With Moringa Leaf Meal on Growth, Carcass Composition and Haematology of Clarias gariepinus. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2015; 3 (2): 397 - 401." type="journal article" year="2015">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
</superScript>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
</treatment>
|
||
|
|
</document>
|