177 lines
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177 lines
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<mods:titleInfo id="508AECBAC1AD8C1B3D92932E5193C8DF">
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<mods:title id="5FB06A1CEE7B8AD5549EA570AFDC1E9B">Echimyidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DE7D451E702B3DFF109921028AA348C5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E0EE1EB9BD1721EE4D86CCD460EFE404">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A75166C80F0D7126629D000D2BC16E0C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="399F8B560A4C704146E016C179FE00D4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="F4A61C27B825AD36E7942571BAD9349A">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="C6D05E20215A47559F9751991CA7D9E7" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="99720B9A78FEB291B2CADA21D85CDF8C">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="75E20FD110CF28630DFFD62131E28FBE">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="CDAE365529DFD3060E54B4E97D542061">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="83C52329DE6FC63EE0BD306BBDAE3CC6" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6623649</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C5A071FFF2FFF9FA0D547E5F74F5E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6620214" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195810033" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6620214" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5A071FFF2FFF9FA0D547E5F74F5E8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5A071FFF2FFF9FA0D547E5F74F5E8" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="584" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFF2FFC6FA0D547E5F88F331" box="[1457,1513,3191,3237]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFF2FFC6FA0D547E5F88F331" blockId="31.[1454,2628,3191,3320]" box="[1457,1513,3191,3237]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFF2FFC6FA0D547E5F88F331" box="[1457,1513,3191,3237]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<figureCitation id="13570DE2FFF2FFC6FA0D547E5F88F331" box="[1457,1513,3191,3237]" captionStart="Plate 35: Echimyidae" captionStartId="8.[107,137,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[14,2758,14,3643]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="12. Broad-headed Spiny-rat (Clyomys laticeps), 13. Guiara (Euryzygomatomys spinosus), 14. White-spined Spiny-rat (Irinomys albispinus), 15. Elias’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys eliasi), 16. Rigid-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys paratus), 17. Yonenaga’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys yonenagae), 18. Elegant-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys setosus), 19. Moojen’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys moojeni), 20. Pau Brasil Spiny-rat (Trinomys mirapitanga), 21. Rio de Janeiro Spiny-rat (Trinomys dimidiatus), 22. Sao Paulo Spiny-rat (Trinomys thering), 23. Gracile Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys gratiosus), 24. Sao Lourenco Punare (Thrichomys laurentius), 25. Jacobina Punare (Thrichomys inermis), 26. Lagoa Santa Punare (Thrichomys apereoides), 27. Pantanal Punare (Thrichomys pachyurus), 28. Foster’s Punare (Thrichomys fosteri), 29. Painted Tree-rat (Callistomys pictus), 30. Coypu (Myocastor coypus), 31. Armored Rat (Hoplomys gymnurus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6623784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6623784/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">60.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFF2FFC6FA46547E5261F331" box="[1530,2048,3191,3237]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFF2FFC6FA46547E5261F331" blockId="31.[1454,2628,3191,3320]" box="[1530,2048,3191,3237]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFF2FFC6FA46547E5261F331" box="[1530,2048,3191,3237]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFF2FFC6FA46547E5261F331" box="[1530,2048,3191,3237]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Tuft-tailed Spiny Tree-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFF2FFC6F78E548953C5F332" box="[2098,2468,3200,3238]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFF2FFC6F78E548953C5F332" blockId="31.[1454,2628,3191,3320]" box="[2098,2468,3200,3238]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFF2FFC6F78E548953C5F332" box="[2098,2468,3200,3238]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFF2FFC6F78E548953C5F332" ID-CoL="3VYDM" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[2098,2468,3200,3238]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Lonchothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emiliae">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFF2FFC6F78E548953C5F332" box="[2098,2468,3200,3238]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Lonchothrix emiliae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFF2FFC6FA0C54BE5D0AF360" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFF2FFC6FA0C54BE5023F358" blockId="31.[1454,2628,3191,3320]" box="[1456,2626,3255,3276]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFF2FFC6FA0C54BE5023F358" box="[1456,2626,3255,3276]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFF2FFC6FA0C54BE5F9AF358" bold="true" box="[1456,1531,3255,3276]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFF2FFC6F9B954BE5CB0F358" box="[1541,1745,3255,3276]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Rat-épineux d'Emilie</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFF2FFC6F95A54BE5D20F358" bold="true" box="[1766,1857,3255,3276]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFF2FFC6F8F654BE520DF358" box="[1866,2156,3255,3276]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Blischelschwanz-Stachelratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFF2FFC6F73D54BE52BCF358" bold="true" box="[2177,2269,3255,3276]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFF2FFC6F75B54BE5023F358" box="[2279,2626,3255,3276]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Rata arboricola de cola de penacho</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFF2FFC6FA1354D65D0AF360" blockId="31.[1454,2628,3191,3320]" box="[1455,1899,3295,3316]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFF2FFC6FA1354D65D0AF360" box="[1455,1899,3295,3316]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFF2FFC6FA1354D65CC7F360" bold="true" box="[1455,1702,3295,3316]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFF2FFC6F91754D65D0AF360" box="[1707,1899,3295,3316]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Tuft-tailed Spiny-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFF2FFC6FA1255205247F2D6" box="[1454,2086,3369,3394]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFF2FFC6FA1255205247F2D6" blockId="31.[1453,2658,3369,3482]" box="[1454,2086,3369,3394]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFF2FFC6FA1255205C2BF2D6" bold="true" box="[1454,1610,3369,3394]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFF2FFC6F9EB55205240F2D6" ID-CoL="3VYDM" authority="Thomas, 1920" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[1623,2081,3369,3394]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Lonchothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emiliae">Lonchothrix emiliae Thomas, 1920</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFF2FFC6F78E5520522CF2FD" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFF2FFC6F78E5520522CF2FD" blockId="31.[1453,2658,3369,3482]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">
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<materialsCitation id="3B041B3AFFF2FFC6F78E5520522CF2FD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3866001302" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">“Villa Braga, on the left bank of the Rio Tapajos, just above the first rapids,” Para, Brazil.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFF2FFC6FA1355665D79F204" box="[1455,1816,3439,3472]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFF2FFC6FA1355665D79F204" blockId="31.[1453,2658,3369,3482]" box="[1455,1816,3439,3472]" pageId="31" pageNumber="583">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FD7F59175940FE21" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF1341EFFFCDFFF9FD7F59175940FE21" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6623808" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6623808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6623808/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" startId="32.[707,879,286,319]" targetBox="[93,684,293,708]" targetPageId="32">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FD7F59175940FE21" blockId="32.[706,1302,286,713]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FD7F59175912FEAB" bold="true" box="[707,883,286,319]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Distribution.</emphasis>
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C Amazonian Brazil S of the Amazon River, from the lower reaches of the Rio Madeira, Rio Tapajos, and Rio Xingu.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FD7F59B25EFDFA4A" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FD7F59B25EFDFA4A" blockId="32.[706,1302,286,713]" lastBlockId="32.[97,1303,720,2684]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FD7F59B259B8FE48" bold="true" box="[707,985,443,476]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 155-220 mm, tail 150-230 mm; weight up to 300 g. The Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat is small and densely covered by long, flexible, and wide spiny hairs (aristiforms). Dorsum is gray-brown, head is blackish with golden tint, and rump and sides have more yellowish or pale yellowish tones. Venter is whitish, grayish, or buff and usually with buffy central midline. Throat has white-tipped hairs, and chest is pale gray-brown. Robusttail is 96-104% of head-body length and is covered with short, dark, flat, and evenly spaced scale hairs, but tail scales remain still visible. Tail has long terminal tuft of coarse red brown hairs (up to 45 mm). Hindfeet are short and broad, with each digit bearing stout claws. Dorsal surfaces of forefeet and hindfeet are whitish or pale yellowish; palmar and plantar surfaces are pinkish. Brown ears are short, naked, and hidden by spines on head. Skull of the Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat is short, robust, and broad. Rostrum is short, and nasal bones have parallel sides. Muzzle is usually broader than in species ofits sister genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFCDFFF9FF7E5C3B5B51FBC7" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[194,304,1074,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mesomys</taxonomicName>
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. The Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat has well-developed squarish interorbital region; well-developed incisive foramina, wider and longer than in species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFCDFFF9FB1E5C535F6EFBEF" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1186,1295,1114,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mesomys</taxonomicName>
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, and shortlateral process of supraoccipital located at mid-part of auditory meatus but not extending below its lower edge. Meatus itself is situated near squamosal, with its short auditory tubes oriented outward; typmpanic bullae are not inflated; mesopterygoid fossa is narrow, with its palatal bridge reaching middle of M* hamular processes of pterygoid bones are narrow, not spatulate; and maxillary vein passage is located within foramen. Upper cheekteeth are round with single, short labial flexus and four well-developed lingual ones; these become isolated as fossettes with wear, similar to species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFCDFFF9FB165D675F76FA1B" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1194,1303,1390,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mesomys</taxonomicName>
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and “eumysopine” genera (e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFCDFFF9FDA25D9C58CAFA22" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[542,683,1429,1462]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Proechimys</taxonomicName>
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). Lower dP, has single lingual fold and four oblique labial ones, and lower molars have single lingual and three labial folds.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FFDD5DED59E1F937" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FFDD5DED59E1F937" blockId="32.[97,1303,720,2684]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FFDD5DED5AB1F991" bold="true" box="[97,208,1508,1541]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Lowland Amazonian rainforest habitat and mature and secondary (or “capoeira”) forest where tree heights are 5-10 m at elevations below 100 m. Near Alter do Chao, Santarem, the Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat was collected in habitats such as white sand grasslands, gallery forest, and rainforest close to human cultivated areas;it has even been captured and observed in wooden houses.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FFDE5EA05BA0F8FC" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FFDE5EA05BA0F8FC" blockId="32.[97,1303,720,2684]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FFDE5EA05B05F95E" bold="true" box="[98,356,1705,1738]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Stomach contents of Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rats included unidentified yellowish plant mass and fruit pulp, presumably of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFCDFFF9FC2E5ED95AF1F88D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Byrsonima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Byrsonima sp. (Malpighiaceae)</taxonomicName>
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, which is a common small tree encountered at the site of collection. The Tuftedtailed Spiny Tree-rat is arboreal and appears primarily frugivorous or herbivorous, but it might eat some insects.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FFDE5F67598DF822" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FFDE5F67598DF822" blockId="32.[97,1303,720,2684]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FFDE5F675A89F81B" bold="true" box="[98,232,1902,1935]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
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|
Pregnant Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat was caught in March near Jacareacanga (Para State). Litter sizes of two young have been reported.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FFDD5FB45A96F7BA" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="activity">
|
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FFDD5FB45A96F7BA" blockId="32.[97,1303,720,2684]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
|
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|
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FFDD5FB45B31F84A" bold="true" box="[97,336,1981,2014]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
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|
|
The Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat is primarily nocturnal, although in one study, individuals moved and fed around a house during late afternoon (18:30 h and later).
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FFDE503A5BE5F6D5" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="biology_ecology">
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FFDE503A5BE5F6D5" blockId="32.[97,1303,720,2684]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
|
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|
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FFDE503A5945F7C0" bold="true" box="[98,804,2099,2132]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
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|
Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rats vocalize and feed 67 m up in trees and wooden structures. They are clearly arboreal and live in high capoeira vegetation. They were reported to build nests in tree holes and abandoned buildings. Individuals will remain motionless in the light of a flashlight for several minutes before returning to their nocturnal movements. Most observed individuals were solitary, although a pair was observed on one occasion, possibly a female with a small juvenile.
|
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</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FFDF514E58F1F5B9" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="conservation">
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FFDF514E58F1F5B9" blockId="32.[97,1303,720,2684]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FFDF514E5BDFF6FC" bold="true" box="[99,446,2375,2408]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. One might expect a rainforest species such as the Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat to be negatively affected by deforestation. Nevertheless,it occurs in various habitats and several national parks, and it seems to do well in disturbed habitats close to human habitation. Additional studies on distribution, habitat, abundance, ecology, and conservation threats to Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat are needed.
|
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|
</paragraph>
|
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|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFCDFFF9FFD852355F74F5E8" pageId="32" pageNumber="584" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFCDFFF9FFD852355F74F5E8" blockId="32.[97,1303,720,2684]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFCDFFF9FFD852355A9BF5C1" bold="true" box="[100,250,2620,2645]" pageId="32" pageNumber="584">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Aniskin (1993), Auricchio (2001), Eisenberg & Redford (1999), Emmons (1990, 1997a, 2005), Lara et al. (1996), Leite & Patton (2002), Patton et al. (2015), Thomas (1920c), Woods (1993), Woods & Kilpatrick (2005).
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
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</document>
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