treatments-xml/data/03/AE/67/03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0.xml

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<mods:title id="4A3A4C444CB17492AF51832BE08DDA09">Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species’ gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2CFB1E540D5410DCD4C74727CBDC66A0">Williams, Paul H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CF897D21F2E90DE516758580AD75611B">Huang, Jiaxing</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BDCEAA9419AA0570A8E24F416B866523">Rasmont, Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="530E163C91EA4E4B5D91504583F82375">An, Jiandong</mods:namePart>
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6. 
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<emphasis id="B9730A507C453324B0B3A29EA286F970" bold="true" box="[180,432,1722,1748]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Bombus avinoviellus</emphasis>
(Skorikov)
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(
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C453324B098A2F9A3D1F952" box="[159,231,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 ‒ 6" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[168,1389,193,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1412,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 ‒ 6. Views of perching males of species of the subgenus Mendacibombus, showing the anteriorly extended antennae and laterally extended wings that are characteristic of their form of male mate-searching behaviour: 1, B. waltoni at Diebu ca 3910 m, Minshan mountains, Gansu, China, 29. viii. 2009; 2, B. convexus at Diebu ca 3340 m, Minshan mountains, Gansu, China, 29. viii. 2009; 3, B. avinoviellus at Gulmarg ca 2700 m, Pir Panjal mountains, Kashmir, India, 16. viii. 1985; 4, B. himalayanus at Apharwat ca 4100 m, Pir Panjal mountains, Kashmir, India, 30. viii. 1986; 5 ‒ 6, B. margreiteri near Dulan ca 3520 m, Burhan Budai mountains, Qinghai, China, 31. viii. 2010. Photos by PW (Figs 3 – 4 are the best available for these species)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192303/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Figs 3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C453324B0F4A2F9A227F952" box="[243,273,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 ‒ 23" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[186,1380,193,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[186,1380,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 15 ‒ 23. Morphology of the female (queen) head from the ventral aspect (labrum and mandibles): 15, B. marussinus queen, Pakistan MD # 482; 16, B. avinoviellus queen, India MD # 598; 17, B. turkestanicus queen, Tajikistan MD # 320; 18, B. defector queen, Kyrgyzstan MD # 1080; 19, B. margreiteri queen, Mongolia MD # 319; 20, B. himalayanus queen, India MD # 453. Morphology of the female (queen) left hindleg tibia from the left lateral aspect, dorsal at the top of the image, anterior to the left: 21, B. defector, China MD # 1251; 22, B. margreiteri, Mongolia MD # 319; 23, B. turkestanicus, Kyrgyzstan MD # 324." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192311/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">16</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C453324B11AA2FAA20DF952" box="[285,315,1758,1782]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 ‒ 35" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1867,1889]" captionTargetBox="[233,1387,193,1789]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[233,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 24 ‒ 35. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Mendacibombus from the dorsal aspect, anterior to the left of the image, posterior to the right: 24, B. superbus, China MD # 339; 25, B. waltoni, China MD # 216; 26, B. convexus, China MD # 215; 27, B. makarjini, Kazakhstan MD # 1240; 28, B. marussinus, Pakistan MD # 408; 29, B. avinoviellus, India MD # 404; 30, B. himalayanus, India MD # 426; 31, B. turkestanicus, China MD # 351; 32, B. defector, Kyrgyzstan MD # 367; 33, B. margreiteri, China MD # 294; 34, B. handlirschianus, Russia MD # 835; 35, B. mendax, Spain MD # 689." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192312/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C453324B140A2F9A253F952" box="[327,357,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 ‒ 55" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,299,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1853]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 36 ‒ 55. Morphology of parts of the male genitalia from the dorsal aspect of the left side, anterior to the left of the image, posterior to the right, white bars indicating morphological characters referred to in the key to males: 36, B. waltoni; 37, B. mendax; 38, B. superbus; 39, B. convexus; 40, B. waltoni; 41, B. convexus; 42, B. defector; 43, B. mendax; 44, B. mendax; 45, B. turkestanicus; 46, B. avinoviellus; 47, B. mendax; 48, B. mendax; 49, B. makarjini; 50, B. handlirschianus; 51, B. himalayanus; 52, B. turkestanicus; 53, B. himalayanus; 54, B. himalayanus; 55, B. marussinus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192314/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">46</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C453324B176A2F9A2B8F952" box="[369,398,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 ‒ 67" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[320,1245,193,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[320,1245,193,1843]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 56 ‒ 67. Maps of the global distributions of species of the subgenus Mendacibombus from the material examined, with grey spots for specimen records and black spots for the samples with COI sequences (each species is unknown from regions outside the map boundaries shown); grey crosses for records of all species of Mendacibombus combined. Relief map with hill shading, Cartesian orthonormal projection, grey lines show borders to national administration according to UN maps, north at the top of the map. Image created in ArcGIS using World _ Shaded _ Relief basemap © 2014 Esri." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192315/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">61</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B9730A507C453324B090A301A2F7F89F" box="[151,449,1829,1851]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Mendacibombus avinoviellus</emphasis>
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:126
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, type-locality citation (Cyrillic) ‘[along the river 
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above Sonamarg, … Baltal … pass Zodji-La]’. 
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queen by present designation 
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examined, (
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) ‘[along the river 
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upstream of 
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]’ (
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, 
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, 
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). 
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1.
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[
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<emphasis id="B9730A507C453324B098A3A5A2F1F833" box="[159,455,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Mendacibombus avinoviellus</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C453324B1FEA3A5A1B0F833" box="[505,646,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">eriophoroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
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var. 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C453324B2B9A3A6A024F833" box="[702,786,1922,1943]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">cremeus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C453324B31FA3A5A0EBF833" author="Skorikov" box="[792,989,1921,1943]" page="126" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1914">
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:126
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, infrasubspecific.] 
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<emphasis id="B9730A507C453324B090A384A273F812" box="[151,325,1952,1974]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Bombus niveatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&lt;subsp.&gt; 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C453324B1B3A384A106F812" box="[436,560,1952,1974]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">callophenax</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C453324B23FA384A032F812" author="Cockerell" box="[568,772,1952,1974]" page="122" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1917">
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:122
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, type-locality citation ‘Kashmir’. 
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queen by monotypy 
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examined (
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, 1991
</bibRefCitation>
), ‘ 
<location id="8ED880997C453324B244A39AA19EF870" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C453324B244A39AA19EF870" box="[579,680,1982,2004]" country="India" county="Williams" municipality="Synonymised" name="Kashmir'" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kashmir’</location>
(
<location id="8ED880997C453324B2B0A39AA027F870" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C453324B2B0A39AA027F870" box="[695,785,1982,2004]" country="India" county="Williams" municipality="Synonymised" name="Kashmir" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kashmir</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C453324B319A39AA061F870" box="[798,855,1982,2004]" name="India" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">India</collectingCountry>
). 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDC4C387C453324B36EA39AA0C5F870" box="[873,1011,1982,2004]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Synonymised</collectingMunicipality>
with 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C453324B437A39AA64CF870" ID-CoL="68NQ8" authority="Skorikov" authorityName="Skorikov" box="[1072,1402,1982,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C453324B437A39AA633F870" box="[1072,1285,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Bombus avinoviellus</emphasis>
(Skorikov)
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C453324B0C0A3F9A246F857" author="Williams" box="[199,368,2013,2035]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Williams, P. H. (1991) The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 60, 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1991">
<collectingCounty id="62D9AECE7C453324B0C0A3F9A215F857" box="[199,291,2013,2035]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Williams</collectingCounty>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B090A4BCA086FF0A" blockId="41.[151,1436,152,389]" box="[151,944,152,174]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB17F16C7C443325B090A4BCA086FF0A" box="[151,944,152,174]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B090A4BCA1C3FF0A" author="Skorikov" box="[151,757,152,174]" page="149" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1923">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B090A4BCA1FFFF0A" ID-CoL="3ZPKV" authority="Skorikov" authorityName="Skorikov" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,713,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mendacibombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B090A4BCA288FF0A" box="[151,446,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Mendacibombus avinoviellus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B1C2A4BCA1FFFF0A" author="Skorikov" box="[453,713,152,174]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Skorikov, A. S. (1923) [Palaearctic bumblebees. Part I. General biology (including zoogeography)]. Izvestiya Severnoi oblastnoi stantsii zashchity rastenii ot vreditelei, 4 (1922), 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1923">Skorikov; Skorikov 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:149
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B2F8A4BCA09AFF0A" author="Skorikov" box="[767,940,152,174]" page="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B2F8A4BCA0ADFF0A" author="Skorikov" box="[767,923,152,174]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Skorikov, A. S. (1933) Zur Fauna und Zoogeographie der Hummeln des Himalaya. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1933, 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="1933">Skorikov 1933</bibRefCitation>
:2
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B090A492A2CFFEAE" blockId="41.[151,1436,152,389]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB17F16C7C443325B090A492A2CFFEAE" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B090A492A19FFF68" ID-CoL="68NQ8" authority="Skorikov" authorityName="Skorikov" box="[151,681,182,204]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus" subGenus="Mendacibombus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B090A492A118FF68" box="[151,558,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bombus (Mendacibombus) avinoviellus</emphasis>
(Skorikov)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B2B0A492A04BFF68" author="Richards" box="[695,893,182,204]" page="635" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B2B0A492A066FF68" author="Richards" box="[695,848,182,204]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Richards, O. W. (1930) The humble - bees captured on the expeditions to Mt. Everest (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10), 5, 633 - 658." type="journal article" year="1930">Richards 1930</bibRefCitation>
:635
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B38CA493A74CFF68" author="Williams" box="[907,1146,182,204]" page="39" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B38CA493A76DFF68" author="Williams" box="[907,1115,182,204]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Williams, P. H. (1991) The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 60, 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1991">P.H. Williams 1991</bibRefCitation>
:39
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B48FA493A21CFF4F" author="Williams" page="126" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B48FA493A3C8FF4F" author="Williams" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Williams, P. H. &amp; Cameron, S. A. (1993) Bumble bee (Bombus Latr.) records from the Valley of Flowers, Uttar Pradesh. Bulletin of Entomology, 31, 125 - 127." type="journal article" year="1993">P.H. Williams &amp; Cameron 1993</bibRefCitation>
:126
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B132A4F2A117FF4F" author="Williams" box="[309,545,213,235]" page="99" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B132A4F2A134FF4F" author="Williams" box="[309,514,213,235]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Williams, P. H. (1998) An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of The Natural History Museum (Entomology), 67, 79 - 152. [updated at www. nhm. ac. uk / bombus / accessed 2015]." type="journal article" year="1998">P.H. Williams 1998</bibRefCitation>
:99
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B22AA4F2A1CDFF4F" author="Williams" box="[557,763,213,235]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Williams, P. H. (2004) Genus Bombus Latreille. In: R. K. Gupta (Ed), An annotated catalogue of the bee species of the Indian Region. Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, p. Web page providing a list of bumblebees of India and adjacent countries with common synonyms and a summary of their distributions within the region." type="book" year="2004">P.H. Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
:no. 25; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B34BA4F1A779FF4F" author="Cameron" box="[844,1103,213,235]" page="165" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B34BA4F1A713FF4F" author="Cameron" box="[844,1061,213,235]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cameron, S. A., Hines, H. M. &amp; Williams, P. H. (2007) A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 91, 161 - 188. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2007.00784. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
Cameron 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B3B6A4F2A0D0FF4F" box="[945,998,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
:165
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B45BA4F1A611FF4F" author="Suhail" box="[1116,1319,213,235]" page="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B45BA4F1A62FFF4F" author="Suhail" box="[1116,1305,213,235]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Suhail, A., Sabir, A. M., Asghar, M., Rafi, M. A. &amp; Qadir, A. (2009) Geographic distributional patterns of the genus Bombus (Bombini, Apidae: Hymenoptera) in northern Pakistan. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 2, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2009">
Suhail 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B4A3A4F2A7EFFF4F" box="[1188,1241,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
:3
</treatmentCitation>
[not seen]; P.H. Williams 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B15EA4D1A2BBFEAE" box="[345,397,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
2010:124.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B090A537A796FE8C" blockId="41.[151,1436,152,389]" box="[151,1184,274,296]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB17F16C7C443325B090A537A796FE8C" box="[151,1184,274,296]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
[
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B098A536A156FE8C" ID-CoL="68NQ8" authority="Var." authorityName="Var." box="[159,608,274,296]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus" subGenus="Mendacibombus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B098A536A106FE8C" box="[159,560,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bombus (Mendacibombus) avinoviellus</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240B72B7C443325B231A537A156FE8C" box="[566,608,275,296]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" rank="variety">Var.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</taxonomicName>
nov. 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B292A536A023FE8C" box="[661,789,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">subtunicatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B31BA536A0D3FE8C" author="Richards" box="[796,997,274,296]" page="635" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B31BA536A08FFE8C" author="Richards" box="[796,953,274,296]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Richards, O. W. (1930) The humble - bees captured on the expeditions to Mt. Everest (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10), 5, 633 - 658." type="journal article" year="1930">Richards, 1930</bibRefCitation>
:635
</treatmentCitation>
, infrasubspecific.]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D85C97C443325B090A516A1E3FC3A" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B090A516A0C3FEE3" blockId="41.[151,1436,152,389]" box="[151,1013,305,327]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB17F16C7C443325B090A516A0C3FEE3" box="[151,1013,305,327]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
[
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B098A515A131FEE3" authority="Reinig" authorityName="Reinig" box="[159,519,305,327]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mendacibombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghanus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B098A515A29FFEE3" box="[159,425,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Mendacibombus afghanus</emphasis>
(Reinig)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B215A515A1F6FEE3" author="Tkalcu" box="[530,704,305,327]" page="193" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B215A515A1A3FEE3" author="Tkalcu" box="[530,661,305,327]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Tkalcu, B. (1969) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna Afghanistans (Sammelergebnisse von O. Jakes 1963 - 64, D. Povolny 1965, D. Povolny &amp; Fr. Tenora 1966, J. Simek 1965 - 66, D. Povolny, J. Geisler, Z. Sebek &amp; Fr. Tenora 1967). Bombinae, Apoidea, Hym. Casopis Moravskeho musea v Brne, 53 (1968), 189 - 210." type="journal article" year="1969">Tkalců 1969</bibRefCitation>
:193
</treatmentCitation>
, misidentification: see below.]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B090A574A76FFEC2" blockId="41.[151,1436,152,389]" box="[151,1113,336,358]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB17F16C7C443325B090A574A76FFEC2" box="[151,1113,336,358]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B090A574A129FEC2" ID-CoL="68NQ8" box="[151,543,336,358]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus" subGenus="Sibiricobombus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B090A574A129FEC2" box="[151,543,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bombus (Sibiricobombus) avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Skorikov [cited as Cockerell]); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B36AA575A763FEC2" author="Burger" box="[877,1109,336,358]" page="457" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B36AA575A71FFEC2" author="Burger" box="[877,1065,336,358]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Burger, F., Creutzburg, F., Hartmann, J. &amp; Hartmann, M. (2009) Die Hummeln von Nepal (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus). In: M. Hartmann &amp; J. Weipert (Eds), Biodiversitat und Naturausstattung im Himalaya III. Verein der Freunde und Forderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt e. V., Erfurt, pp. 455 - 462." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Burger 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B3BEA575A0DAFEC2" box="[953,1004,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
:457
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B090A54AA006FE20" blockId="41.[151,1436,152,389]" box="[151,816,366,389]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB17F16C7C443325B090A54AA006FE20" box="[151,816,366,389]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B090A54AA2D6FE20" ID-CoL="68NQ8" authority="Skorikov" authorityName="Skorikov" box="[151,480,366,388]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B090A54AA25FFE20" box="[151,361,366,388]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bombus avinoviellus</emphasis>
(Skorikov)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6F0537C443325B1EDA54AA188FE20" author="Sabir" box="[490,702,366,389]" page="160" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B1EDA54AA1A2FE20" author="Sabir" box="[490,660,366,389]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Sabir, A. M., Suhail, A., Ahmed, S. &amp; Khalid, S. (2011) Diversity of bumblebees (Bombini, Apidae: Hymenoptera) in northern Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture &amp; Biology, 13, 159 - 166." type="journal article" year="2011">
Sabir 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B221A554A16CFE20" box="[550,602,366,389]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
:160
</treatmentCitation>
[not seen].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B090A596A1CBFC95" blockId="41.[151,1437,433,2006]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<materialsCitation id="3B6FDC1F7C443325B090A596A0BEFD4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1413110407" collectingDate="2012-06-09" collectingDateMax="2012-06-10" collectingDateMin="2012-06-09" collectionCode="ZISP" collectorName="G. Jakobson &amp; Cyrillic &amp; Skorikova &amp; Skorikov &amp; Podbolotsk. &amp; M. Podbolotskaya" county="Sonomarga" determinerName="PH Williams" location="Note" municipality="river Sindu" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Sind" typeStatus="holotype">
<location id="8ED880997C443325B090A596A3FBFE6D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C443325B090A596A3FBFE6D" box="[151,205,434,457]" county="Sonomarga" municipality="river Sindu" name="Note" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="Sind">Note</location>
1 (
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B0FFA595A249FE6E" box="[248,383,433,458]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B0FFA595A249FE6E" box="[248,383,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<location id="8ED880997C443325B19EA595A124FE6E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C443325B19EA595A124FE6E" box="[409,530,433,458]" county="Sonomarga" municipality="river Sindu" name="Skorikov's" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="Sind">Skorikov’s</location>
original description of several females of the taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B475A595A7CFFE6E" box="[1138,1273,433,458]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B475A595A7CFFE6E" box="[1138,1273,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cites the 
<typeStatus id="54BC68E07C443325B56BA596A6AAFE6E" box="[1388,1436,434,458]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
locality as the 
<collectingRegion id="49C318A07C443325B144A5F1A240FE4A" box="[323,374,469,494]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Sind</collectingRegion>
valley above 
<location id="8ED880997C443325B21CA5F2A1BAFE4A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C443325B21CA5F2A1BAFE4A" box="[539,652,470,494]" county="Sonomarga" municipality="river Sindu" name="Sonamarg" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="Sind">Sonamarg</location>
up to the Zoji-La pass in the Great Himalaya. The 
<collectionCode id="ED164E877C443325B4EDA5F2A612FE4A" box="[1258,1316,470,494]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ZISP</collectionCode>
collection studied by 
<location id="8ED880997C443325B110A5DDA248FDB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C443325B110A5DDA248FDB6" box="[279,382,505,530]" county="Sonomarga" municipality="river Sindu" name="Skorikov" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="Sind">Skorikov</location>
contains a queen that agrees with the original description and carries the labels: (1) white, handwritten (
<location id="8ED880997C443325B134A639A2A3FD92" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C443325B134A639A2A3FD92" box="[307,405,541,566]" county="Sonomarga" municipality="river Sindu" name="Cryrillic" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="Sind">Cryrillic</location>
) ‘[[ 
<location id="8ED880997C443325B1C6A639A13BFD92" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C443325B1C6A639A13BFD92" box="[449,525,541,566]" county="Sonomarga" municipality="river Sindu" name="Along" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="Sind">Along</location>
the 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDC4C387C443325B24BA639A1E5FD92" box="[588,723,541,566]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">river Sindu</collectingMunicipality>
, upstream of] / 
<collectingCounty id="62D9AECE7C443325B3A6A63AA715FD92" box="[929,1059,542,566]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Sonomarga</collectingCounty>
, 2400‒3000 mt / 
<collectorName id="26F2B3947C443325B503A63AA6A3FD92" box="[1284,1429,541,566]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">G. Jakobson</collectorName>
] 
<date id="FFB9F0827C443325B090A665A220FDFD" box="[151,278,577,601]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="2012-06-09" valueMax="2012-06-10" valueMin="2012-06-09">
<collectingDate id="EFFD096A7C443325B090A665A220FDFD" box="[151,278,577,601]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="2012-06-09" valueMax="2012-06-10" valueMin="2012-06-09">9‒10.VI.12</collectingDate>
</date>
’; (2) white, printed (
<collectorName id="26F2B3947C443325B20AA665A150FDFE" box="[525,614,577,602]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cyrillic</collectorName>
) ‘[
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B28BA665A02AFDFE" box="[652,796,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
k. 
<collectorName id="26F2B3947C443325B2ABA665A02AFDFE" box="[684,796,577,602]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Skorikova</collectorName>
</emphasis>
]’; (3) red, printed ‘ 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B40EA665A74AFDFE" box="[1033,1148,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<typeStatus id="54BC68E07C443325B40EA665A74AFDFE" box="[1033,1148,577,602]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">Holotypus</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
’; (4) white, handwritten ‘avinoviellus’; (5) red, handwritten ‘ 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B237A642A797FDDA" box="[560,1185,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<typeStatus id="54BC68E07C443325B237A642A19FFDD9" box="[560,681,614,637]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="lectotype">Lectotypus</typeStatus>
Mendaci- / 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B336A641A0BDFDDA" box="[817,907,613,638]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bombus</taxonomicName>
avinoviel- / lus 
<collectorName id="26F2B3947C443325B438A641A797FDDA" box="[1087,1185,613,638]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Skorikov</collectorName>
</emphasis>
/ design. 
<collectorName id="26F2B3947C443325B50AA641A6A5FDDA" box="[1293,1427,613,638]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B50AA641A6BDFDDA" box="[1293,1419,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Podbolotsk</emphasis>
.
</collectorName>
’ (
<collectorName id="26F2B3947C443325B098A6AEA244FD06" box="[159,370,649,674]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">M. Podbolotskaya</collectorName>
, unpublished); (6) green, printed ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B305A6ADA08DFD06" box="[770,955,649,674]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mendacibombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B305A6ADA08DFD06" box="[770,955,649,674]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Mendacibombus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ MD# 3528 det. PHW’; (7) red, printed ‘ 
<typeStatus id="54BC68E07C443325B09CA68AA276FD62" box="[155,320,686,710]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
[female] / 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B1C2A689A148FD62" box="[453,638,685,710]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mendacibombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B1C2A689A148FD62" box="[453,638,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Mendacibombus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B29DA689A017FD62" box="[666,801,685,710]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B29DA689A017FD62" box="[666,801,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B33AA689A0DAFD62" author="Skorikov" box="[829,1004,685,710]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Skorikov, A. S. (1914) Les formes nouvelles des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). VI. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 14, 119 - 129." type="journal article" year="1914">
<collectorName id="26F2B3947C443325B33AA689A093FD62" box="[829,933,685,710]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Skorikov</collectorName>
, 1914
</bibRefCitation>
/ det. 
<determinerName id="7E643A867C443325B43CA68AA7F8FD62" box="[1083,1230,685,710]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">PH Williams</determinerName>
2012’; (6) white, printed ‘[female] 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B165A6F5A28BFD4E" box="[354,445,721,746]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B165A6F5A28BFD4E" box="[354,445,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bombus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ (
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B1E6A6F5A1ACFD4E" box="[481,666,721,746]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mendacibombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B1E6A6F5A1ACFD4E" box="[481,666,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Mendacibombus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) / 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B2B8A6F5A070FD4E" box="[703,838,721,746]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B2B8A6F5A070FD4E" box="[703,838,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ det
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="3B6FDC1F7C443325B392A6F6A1CBFC95" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1413110397" country="Philippines" location="This" municipality="Skorikov's" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="syntype">
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C443325B392A6F6A08FFD4D" box="[917,953,722,745]" name="Philippines" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">PH</collectingCountry>
Williams 2012’. 
<location id="8ED880997C443325B482A6F5A781FD4E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C443325B482A6F5A781FD4E" box="[1157,1207,721,746]" country="Philippines" municipality="Skorikov's" name="This" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">This</location>
specimen, which is complete, is regarded as one of 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDC4C387C443325B208A6D1A1BEFCAA" box="[527,648,757,782]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Skorikov’s</collectingMunicipality>
<typeStatus id="54BC68E07C443325B294A6D2A1C3FCAA" box="[659,757,758,782]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
and is designated here as the 
<typeStatus id="54BC68E07C443325B45DA6D1A7F7FCAA" box="[1114,1217,757,782]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
in order to reduce uncertainty in the identity and application of the name.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B0C0A71AA1E3FC3A" blockId="41.[151,1437,433,2006]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<materialsCitation id="3B6FDC1F7C443325B0C0A71AA1E3FC3A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1413110403" collectionCode="NHM" location="Jakobson" municipality="Baltal" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sind" typeStatus="paralectotype">
A second queen collected at 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDC4C387C443325B21FA719A16DFCF2" box="[536,603,829,854]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Baltal</collectingMunicipality>
on the upper 
<collectingRegion id="49C318A07C443325B307A719A005FCF2" box="[768,819,829,854]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Sind</collectingRegion>
river by 
<location id="8ED880997C443325B3A4A719A73DFCF2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE67547C453326B090A29FA08FF9D0:8ED880997C443325B3A4A719A73DFCF2" box="[931,1035,829,854]" municipality="Baltal" name="Jakobson" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" stateProvince="Sind">Jakobson</location>
in 1912 (MD#598, 
<collectionCode id="ED164E877C443325B4F0A71AA60DFCF1" box="[1271,1339,830,853]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14908" name="University of Nottingham" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">NHM</collectionCode>
, sent by Skorikov as part of an exchange with the 
<collectionCode id="ED164E877C443325B264A746A192FCDD" box="[611,676,866,889]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14908" name="University of Nottingham" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">NHM</collectionCode>
in 1934), which is closely similar in morphology, is designated here as a 
<typeStatus id="54BC68E07C443325B0CEA7A1A256FC3A" box="[201,352,901,926]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
and is interpreted as conspecific.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D85C97C443326B0C0A78DA2DEFB4C" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B0C0A78DA25BFBAD" blockId="41.[151,1437,433,2006]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B0C0A78DA278FC66" bold="true" box="[199,334,937,962]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named after A. Avinoff, a Russian entomologist who prior to 1914 had been collecting in Central Asia. After the Russian revolution he emigrated to the 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C443325B3EEA7EAA717FC42" box="[1001,1057,974,998]" name="United States of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">USA</collectingCountry>
and later became Director of The Carnegie Museum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B0C0A031A09FFB3E" blockId="41.[151,1437,433,2006]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B0C0A031A2C0FB8A" bold="true" box="[199,502,1045,1070]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Taxonomy and variation.</emphasis>
The interpretation of this species is based here on the form of the female clypeus and labrum and of the male genitalia (and between species on DNA). This disagrees with earlier concepts (
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B541A01DA3E5FBD2" author="Tkalcu" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Tkalcu, B. (1969) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna Afghanistans (Sammelergebnisse von O. Jakes 1963 - 64, D. Povolny 1965, D. Povolny &amp; Fr. Tenora 1966, J. Simek 1965 - 66, D. Povolny, J. Geisler, Z. Sebek &amp; Fr. Tenora 1967). Bombinae, Apoidea, Hym. Casopis Moravskeho musea v Brne, 53 (1968), 189 - 210." type="journal article" year="1969">Tkalců, 1969</bibRefCitation>
), diagnosed originally in terms of the hair colour pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B350A079A720FBD2" author="Skorikov" box="[855,1046,1117,1142]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Skorikov, A. S. (1910 b) [Intraspecific forms of Bombus mendax Gerst.] (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 9 (1909), 328 - 330." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="b">Skorikov, 1910b</bibRefCitation>
), because the species appears to be much more variable in colour pattern than was previously understood.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B0C0A081A097FAEA" blockId="41.[151,1437,433,2006]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B0C0A081A248FB1A" author="Skorikov" box="[199,382,1189,1214]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Skorikov, A. S. (1914) Les formes nouvelles des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). VI. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 14, 119 - 129." type="journal article" year="1914">Skorikov (1914)</bibRefCitation>
described females of the taxon 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B2D8A081A097FB19" box="[735,929,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B2D8A081A051FB1A" box="[735,871,1189,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="avinoviellus">avinoviellus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240B72B7C443325B36BA082A097FB19" box="[876,929,1190,1213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" sensu="stricto">s. str</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. from the Kashmir Great Himalaya as having all of the pale bands grey-white, with an indistinctly-delimited black band between the wing bases (MD#3528). The taxon 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B108A0C9A2AEFAA2" box="[271,408,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">callophenax</emphasis>
has a similar colour pattern with only a slightly more distinct black band between the wing bases. In the mountains around the 
<collectingRegion id="49C318A07C443325B230A135A15FFA8E" box="[567,617,1297,1322]" country="Switzerland" name="Valais" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Vale</collectingRegion>
of Kashmir, the black band between the wings varies from broad and distinct (MD#405) to almost absent, as a small black spot (MD#397).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443325B0C0A17EA731F912" blockId="41.[151,1437,433,2006]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Our COI tree shows that specimens from further east in the Himalaya (
<collectingRegion id="49C318A07C443325B41CA17DA79EFAD6" box="[1051,1192,1369,1394]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
MD#286 and 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C443325B55EA17DA6AAFAD6" box="[1369,1436,1369,1394]" name="Nepal" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Nepal</collectingCountry>
MD#265, 266) have a similar but undescribed colour pattern in which the pale bands are brownish yellow. These have very short branch lengths between them and specimens of the taxon 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B3D8A185A79DFA1D" box="[991,1195,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B3D8A185A750FA1E" box="[991,1126,1441,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="avinoviellus">avinoviellus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240B72B7C443325B469A186A79DFA1D" box="[1134,1195,1442,1465]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C443325B4BCA185A626FA1E" box="[1211,1296,1441,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1733,1755]" captionTargetBox="[314,1260,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[314,1261,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Assigning names to species from an estimate of phylogeny for 130 COI sequences of the subgenus Mendacibombus. Based on a BEAST analysis of the 30 unique haplotypes (Fig. 11), with the remaining sequences interpolated back into the tree with 0 branch lengths from their matching samples (where a sequence matches more than one longer sequence within a species in the Collapse results, it is added after the first matching sequence, with the addition of the two short-sequence yellow unbanded specimens from Pakistan, MD # 4058, 4059). The sequence labels follow the format used in Figs 11, 12. Lineages accepted as species from the GMYC models (Fig. 11) are shown as thick branches, the most recent common ancestors of each species are shown with a black spot, and branches within species are shown as thin branches. Asterisks mark samples used as informal proxies for the type specimens of each of the taxon names (Table 1). The proxy sample for the type specimen for the oldest available name (the valid name) for each species (from Fig. 11) is marked in bold. The interpretations of the species with their valid names are shown in grey to the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192309/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
: the yellowbanded taxon ‘yellowbanded’ MD#265, 266, 286 and the white-banded taxon 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B416A1E1A7EBFA79" box="[1041,1245,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B416A1E1A7AEFA7A" box="[1041,1176,1477,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="avinoviellus">avinoviellus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240B72B7C443325B4A6A1E2A7EBFA79" box="[1185,1245,1478,1501]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
MD#3863). The yellow-banded individuals are interpreted here as conspecific, as parts of 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B3EAA1CEA7F3F9A6" box="[1005,1221,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B3EAA1CEA7A1F9A6" box="[1005,1175,1513,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="avinoviellus">B. avinoviellus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240B72B7C443325B4A6A1CEA7F3F9A6" box="[1185,1221,1513,1538]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" sensu="lato">s. l</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
.. Individuals from north-western Kashmir, in 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C443325B1CFA229A11CF982" box="[456,554,1549,1574]" name="Pakistan" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, are also yellow-banded. Some individuals from Gulmarg and similar sites in the outer Pir Panjal range appear to be intermediate, with white hair on the thorax but yellow hair on T1‒2. Grouping of specimens with these three colour patterns is supported by the associated males, which match in being yellow- or white-banded and in sharing the same diagnostic form of the male genitalia. For this COI group 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B583A25EA27BF912" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B583A25EA228F912" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="avinoviellus">B. avinoviellus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240B72B7C443325B122A2BAA27BF912" box="[293,333,1693,1718]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, the form of the female labrum and clypeus is also diagnostic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C443326B0C0A2E5A2F3FE08" blockId="41.[151,1437,433,2006]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1437,151,1653]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B0C0A2E5A2B6F97E" author="Williams" box="[199,384,1729,1754]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Williams, P. H. (1991) The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 60, 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1991">Williams (1991)</bibRefCitation>
reports a specimen (MD#732) from Banidas, 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C443325B390A2E5A0C0F97E" box="[919,1014,1729,1754]" name="Pakistan" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(in the Karakorum mountains at the north-western end of the range), that is morphologically closely similar to 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B3E3A2C2A7A4F95A" box="[996,1170,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B3E3A2C2A7B8F95A" box="[996,1166,1765,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">B. avinoviellus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but which has a colour pattern of the hair similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B1EEA32EA1BDF885" box="[489,651,1802,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marussinus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B1EEA32EA1BDF885" box="[489,651,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B. marussinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This, and two further specimens from the same site with a similar colour pattern (MD#4058, 4059), were in Tkalců’s collection (recently transferred to OLL) have now been examined. The darker wings, predominantly black hair of T6, and colour pattern of these specimens match the description of a series of specimens from the Karakorum by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C443325B349A351A0C4F82A" author="Tkalcu" box="[846,1010,1909,1934]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Tkalcu, B. (1969) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna Afghanistans (Sammelergebnisse von O. Jakes 1963 - 64, D. Povolny 1965, D. Povolny &amp; Fr. Tenora 1966, J. Simek 1965 - 66, D. Povolny, J. Geisler, Z. Sebek &amp; Fr. Tenora 1967). Bombinae, Apoidea, Hym. Casopis Moravskeho musea v Brne, 53 (1968), 189 - 210." type="journal article" year="1969">Tkalců (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, misidentified (we believe) under the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B0DAA3BDA13EF816" box="[221,520,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mendacibombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghanus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B0DAA3BDA13EF816" box="[221,520,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Mendacibombus afghanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see the comments on 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C443325B31EA3BEA08CF815" box="[793,954,1946,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marussinus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C443325B31EA3BEA08CF815" box="[793,954,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B. marussinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). No male specimens with this unbanded yellow colour pattern are known from this region from which to check their distinctive genital morphology. The samples MD#4058, 4059 were sequenced, but yielded fragments with only the first 96 bp. Of the six uniquely diagnostic nucleotides for 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B1C8A499A14DFF71" box="[463,635,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B1C8A499A14DFF71" box="[463,635,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C685E3F97C473326B289A498A1DCFF71" box="[654,746,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="17.[125,201,751,771]" captionText="TABLE 5. Fixed nucleotide changes from COI sequences that are diagnostic within the subgenus Mendacibombus for each species in Figs 11, 12." pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Table 5</tableCitation>
), only those at positions 34(A) and 79(A) are within this fragment, but both of these samples match 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B28BA4C5A003FF5C" box="[652,821,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B28BA4C5A003FF5C" box="[652,821,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at both positions. In contrast, diagnostic nucleotides within this range for the other nine species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B2A7A520A06FFEB9" box="[672,857,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mendacibombus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B2A7A520A06FFEB9" box="[672,857,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Mendacibombus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show no other complete matches, with only partial matches (1/2 diagnostic nucleotides) for two species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B2F3A50DA05EFEE4" box="[756,872,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waltoni">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B2F3A50DA05EFEE4" box="[756,872,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. waltoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(position 22A) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B44BA50DA7DFFEE4" box="[1100,1257,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="margreiteri">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B44BA50DA7DFFEE4" box="[1100,1257,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. margreiteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(position 59C). Both species are morphologically distinctly different from 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B367A569A738FEC1" box="[864,1038,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B367A569A738FEC1" box="[864,1038,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Consequently, these results are consistent with the yellow unbanded bees being parts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B32EA555A0E4FE2C" box="[809,978,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B32EA555A0E4FE2C" box="[809,978,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly as an ancestral colour pattern shared with 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B127A5B1A288FE08" box="[288,446,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marussinus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B127A5B1A288FE08" box="[288,446,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. marussinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C473326B0C0A593A2DEFB4C" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B0C0A593A2EDFE74" bold="true" box="[199,475,439,464]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Diagnostic description.</emphasis>
Wings lightly clouded with brown (
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B386A59CA631FE74" box="[897,1287,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B3A2A59DA76FFE74" box="[933,1113,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="himalayanus">B. himalayanus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B460A59DA631FE74" box="[1127,1287,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marussinus">B. marussinus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). Hair short, even and dense. 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B166A5F8A19BFE50" box="[353,685,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Female hair colour pattern:</emphasis>
generally black, but with pale hair (yellow and/or grey-white) intermixed especially as short hairs on the face, in a transverse band anteriorly on the thoracic dorsum and extending laterally and ventrally as white hair to the midleg base, in a transverse band posteriorly on the thoracic dorsum (scutellum; so the thoracic dorsum between the wing bases may have the hair entirely black, but usually has black and many pale hairs strongly intermixed, 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B2E3A648A080FD21" box="[740,950,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B300A649A080FD21" box="[775,950,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="himalayanus">B. himalayanus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B3F7A649A7A6FD20" box="[1008,1168,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marussinus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B3F7A649A7A6FD20" box="[1008,1168,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. marussinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or sometimes with the pale hairs predominant), on T1, on T2 anteriorly and medially (T1 is more often yellow than T2 and the thoracic bands, so that individuals often have both yellow and white) or more rarely all of T2 pale except for a few black hairs intermixed medially along the posterior margin, T3 varying from orange only as a narrow posterior fringe to orange except for some black hairs anteriorly, and T4‒6 orange, T6 medially with black hair and often entirely black. Hindleg tibia with the corbicular fringes black, often a few hairs with orange tips. 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B4AAA73BA6AAFC9C" box="[1197,1436,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Female morphology:</emphasis>
labrum with the basal depression very broad, the transverse ridge narrower medially than the basal depression, in the median third consistently convex throughout, not subsiding or interrupted and with few scattered punctures, slightly angled between the lateral ends, the lateral tubercles with few punctures (
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C473326B431A7A8A7BEFC01" box="[1078,1160,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 ‒ 23" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[186,1380,193,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[186,1380,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 15 ‒ 23. Morphology of the female (queen) head from the ventral aspect (labrum and mandibles): 15, B. marussinus queen, Pakistan MD # 482; 16, B. avinoviellus queen, India MD # 598; 17, B. turkestanicus queen, Tajikistan MD # 320; 18, B. defector queen, Kyrgyzstan MD # 1080; 19, B. margreiteri queen, Mongolia MD # 319; 20, B. himalayanus queen, India MD # 453. Morphology of the female (queen) left hindleg tibia from the left lateral aspect, dorsal at the top of the image, anterior to the left: 21, B. defector, China MD # 1251; 22, B. margreiteri, Mongolia MD # 319; 23, B. turkestanicus, Kyrgyzstan MD # 324." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192311/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
) (
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B4A5A7A8A221FC6C" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B4C2A7A9A641FC01" box="[1221,1399,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="himalayanus">B. himalayanus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B583A7A9A221FC6C" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marussinus">B. marussinus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). Clypeus in its central half with few scattered punctures, many more small than large punctures (
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B566A794A221FC48" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B583A795A221FC48" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marussinus">B. marussinus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), the small punctures spaced by about their own widths (
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B3A3A7F0A741FC49" box="[932,1143,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B3C0A7F1A741FC49" box="[967,1143,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="himalayanus">B. himalayanus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), the anterior depressions with a broad band of dense punctures that are many punctures in breadth (
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B3E6A7DCA785FBB4" box="[993,1203,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B403A7DDA785FBB4" box="[1028,1203,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="himalayanus">B. himalayanus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B4CCA7D3A6A2FBB4" box="[1227,1428,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Male morphology</emphasis>
: genitalia (
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C473326B10EA038A26AFB90" box="[265,348,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 ‒ 35" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1867,1889]" captionTargetBox="[233,1387,193,1789]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[233,1390,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 24 ‒ 35. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Mendacibombus from the dorsal aspect, anterior to the left of the image, posterior to the right: 24, B. superbus, China MD # 339; 25, B. waltoni, China MD # 216; 26, B. convexus, China MD # 215; 27, B. makarjini, Kazakhstan MD # 1240; 28, B. marussinus, Pakistan MD # 408; 29, B. avinoviellus, India MD # 404; 30, B. himalayanus, India MD # 426; 31, B. turkestanicus, China MD # 351; 32, B. defector, Kyrgyzstan MD # 367; 33, B. margreiteri, China MD # 294; 34, B. handlirschianus, Russia MD # 835; 35, B. mendax, Spain MD # 689." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192312/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
) with the volsella distally rounded (finger-shaped) and curled back dorsally but not anteriorly; volsella at its broadest near the midpoint of its length, the dorsal surface just distal to this point without a raised curved ridge just inside the inner margin. Gonostylus distally strongly dorso-ventrally flattened and plate-like. Penis-valve inner shoulder located at Ĺ 0.5× the length of the penis valve from the distal end to the broadest point of the spatha; penis valve proximal to the outer shoulder&gt; 2× as broad as the penis-valve head; penis-valve head strongly laterally compressed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D85C97C473326B0C0A0D0A112F988" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C473326B0C0A0D0A7D2FA94" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B0C0A0D0A287FAA9" bold="true" box="[199,433,1268,1293]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Material examined.</emphasis>
31 queens 
<specimenCount id="9D011DCB7C473326B234A0D0A187FAA9" box="[563,689,1268,1293]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="worker">74 workers</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D011DCB7C473326B2BEA0D0A017FAA9" box="[697,801,1268,1293]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="male">70 males</specimenCount>
, from 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C473326B36BA0D0A09EFAA9" box="[876,936,1268,1293]" name="India" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">India</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C473326B3B3A0D0A0CCFAA9" box="[948,1018,1268,1293]" name="Nepal" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C473326B431A0D0A7A3FAA9" box="[1078,1173,1268,1293]" name="Pakistan" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C473326B4A1A0D0A7CDFAA9" box="[1190,1275,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 ‒ 67" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[320,1245,193,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[320,1245,193,1843]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 56 ‒ 67. Maps of the global distributions of species of the subgenus Mendacibombus from the material examined, with grey spots for specimen records and black spots for the samples with COI sequences (each species is unknown from regions outside the map boundaries shown); grey crosses for records of all species of Mendacibombus combined. Relief map with hill shading, Cartesian orthonormal projection, grey lines show borders to national administration according to UN maps, north at the top of the map. Image created in ArcGIS using World _ Shaded _ Relief basemap © 2014 Esri." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192315/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
: 
<collectionCode id="ED164E877C473326B500A0D1A67DFAA8" box="[1287,1355,1269,1292]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14908" name="University of Nottingham" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">NHM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED164E877C473326B550A0D1A6AEFAA8" box="[1367,1432,1269,1292]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/87iw-xebj" name="Sammlung des Naturkundemseum Erfurt" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">NME</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED164E877C473326B090A13CA3E6FA94" box="[151,208,1304,1328]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">OLL</collectionCode>
, PW, RR, 
<collectionCode id="ED164E877C473326B143A13CA2B4FA94" box="[324,386,1304,1328]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ZISP</collectionCode>
), with 
<specimenCount id="9D011DCB7C473326B1C9A13CA16EFA94" box="[462,600,1303,1328]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="generic">8 specimens</specimenCount>
sequenced (interpretable sequences listed in 
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C473326B456A133A7E1FA94" box="[1105,1239,1303,1328]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 11 ‒ 12" captionStart-1="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="15.[151,264,1630,1652]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1733,1755]" captionTargetBox-0="[300,1121,202,1610]" captionTargetBox-1="[314,1260,194,1721]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[292,1266,193,1625]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[314,1261,193,1722]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="FIGURES 11 ‒ 12. Recognising species from an estimate of phylogeny for 30 unique COI haplotypes of the subgenus Mendacibombus by BEAST, using GMYC models and the PTP procedure. From the GMYC models (11), the single threshold T is shown by the vertical grey bar so that the intersecting lineages are interpreted as indicating 12 separate species (black spots at coalescent nodes; outgroups not shown). Values below the nodes of the maximum clade-credibility tree are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support (groups with values &lt;0.8 are considered unreliable) from the BEAST analysis with two billion MCMC generations and a 1 % burn-in. The x - scale axis is calibrated in substitutions per nucleotide site. From the PTP procedure (12), the Bayesian PTP solution with highest support also indicates 12 species. Values above the nodes are PTP Bayesian support values that all daughter haplotypes are parts of a single species; values below the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support. The scale bar is calibrated in substitutions per nucleotide site. Each unique haplotype is represented by one of the longest available sample sequences, labelled with: the sequence length in number of base pairs, a taxon name or name for an unpublished colour pattern (light / dark / yellow / white / pale), and then a code that consists of a specimen identifier (MD #) from the project database and (after the hyphen) a sample identifier from BOLD or from GenBank, followed with its geographic origin." captionText-1="FIGURE 13. Assigning names to species from an estimate of phylogeny for 130 COI sequences of the subgenus Mendacibombus. Based on a BEAST analysis of the 30 unique haplotypes (Fig. 11), with the remaining sequences interpolated back into the tree with 0 branch lengths from their matching samples (where a sequence matches more than one longer sequence within a species in the Collapse results, it is added after the first matching sequence, with the addition of the two short-sequence yellow unbanded specimens from Pakistan, MD # 4058, 4059). The sequence labels follow the format used in Figs 11, 12. Lineages accepted as species from the GMYC models (Fig. 11) are shown as thick branches, the most recent common ancestors of each species are shown with a black spot, and branches within species are shown as thin branches. Asterisks mark samples used as informal proxies for the type specimens of each of the taxon names (Table 1). The proxy sample for the type specimen for the oldest available name (the valid name) for each species (from Fig. 11) is marked in bold. The interpretations of the species with their valid names are shown in grey to the right." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/192308/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/192309/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figs. 11–13</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C473326B0C0A118A112F988" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B0C0A118A2CCFAF1" bold="true" box="[199,506,1340,1365]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Habitat and distribution.</emphasis>
Flower-rich alpine and subalpine grassland, at elevations 1881‒(2796)‒ 
<quantity id="4CFF7BA77C473326B546A118A6AAFAF0" box="[1345,1436,1340,1365]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.08" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="4080.0">4080 m</quantity>
a.s.l.. A species of the Karakorum and west Himalayan mountains. Compared to 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B41EA145A7F1FADC" box="[1049,1223,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B41EA145A7F1FADC" box="[1049,1223,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. himalayanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B090A1A1A209FA39" box="[151,319,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B090A1A1A209FA39" box="[151,319,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
extends slightly less far to the north but further to the east and it tends to occur at lower elevation (the two species rarely occur together). 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B25BA183A070FA64" box="[604,838,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avinoviellus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B25BA183A070FA64" box="[604,838,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Bombus avinoviellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
replaces the eastern 
<taxonomicName id="4C07ADC17C473326B431A18DA788FA64" box="[1078,1214,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B431A18DA788FA64" box="[1078,1214,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">B. convexus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the lower alpine zone and wetter upper forest meadows of the western Himalaya. Regional distribution maps are available for Kashmir (
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C473326B10BA1D4A2C5F9AC" author="Williams" box="[268,499,1519,1544]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Williams, P. H. (1991) The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 60, 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1991">P.H. Williams 1991</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="F31096D27C473326B23AA1CBA1B6F9AC" box="[573,640,1519,1544]" name="Nepal" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(P.H. Williams 
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B344A1D5A0B7F9AC" box="[835,897,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2010). The unbanded yellow taxon from the Karakorum appears to be very rare.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D85C97C473326B0C0A213A08FF9D0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C473326B0C0A213A116F9F4" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,1653]" box="[199,544,1591,1616]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B0C0A213A26DF9F4" bold="true" box="[199,347,1591,1616]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Food plants.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C473326B165A213A12AF9F4" author="Williams" box="[354,540,1591,1616]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Williams, P. H. (1991) The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 60, 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1991">Williams (1991)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8D6427C473326B0C0A278A08FF9D0" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,1653]" box="[199,953,1628,1653]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B9730A507C473326B0C0A278A27EF9D1" bold="true" box="[199,328,1628,1653]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Behaviour.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF96ABB37C473326B148A278A13FF9D0" author="Williams" box="[335,521,1628,1653]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Williams, P. H. (1991) The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 60, 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1991">Williams (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, mate-searching male shown in 
<figureCitation id="133CCAC77C473326B377A278A08FF9D0" box="[880,953,1628,1653]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 ‒ 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="5.[151,264,1819,1841]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1076,1098]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1389,193,1768]" captionTargetBox-1="[351,1242,393,1045]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[168,1412,193,1784]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[340,1247,375,1054]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 ‒ 6. Views of perching males of species of the subgenus Mendacibombus, showing the anteriorly extended antennae and laterally extended wings that are characteristic of their form of male mate-searching behaviour: 1, B. waltoni at Diebu ca 3910 m, Minshan mountains, Gansu, China, 29. viii. 2009; 2, B. convexus at Diebu ca 3340 m, Minshan mountains, Gansu, China, 29. viii. 2009; 3, B. avinoviellus at Gulmarg ca 2700 m, Pir Panjal mountains, Kashmir, India, 16. viii. 1985; 4, B. himalayanus at Apharwat ca 4100 m, Pir Panjal mountains, Kashmir, India, 30. viii. 1986; 5 ‒ 6, B. margreiteri near Dulan ca 3520 m, Burhan Budai mountains, Qinghai, China, 31. viii. 2010. Photos by PW (Figs 3 – 4 are the best available for these species)." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Frequency of specimen collection by decade among specimens examined for species of the subgenus Mendacibombus excluding B. mendax and B. handlirschianus." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/192303/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/192304/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>