331 lines
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331 lines
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<document id="CB0BB0AD64617B70199603C3EE78E5C9" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.205235" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58869148-c1e6-483c-9a76-0f1976cdeda9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="205235" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460124878277" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R." docDate="2010" docId="03E7237EFFF64D59FF771DDAF03DFE64" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02336p018.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2336" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Halecium" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFDE5B06FFF34D51FFE01E40F349FFB8" masterDocTitle="Notes on a small collection of thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Tristan da Cunha, south Atlantic" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698235000374" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="DB557C1EF7C1ABED4394C3BA361D492A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="445D935E690A48B8D38C086C769A14E6">
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<mods:title id="137DB04071C4C24A85AC01DD6150EE95">Notes on a small collection of thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Tristan da Cunha, south Atlantic</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="86A45CF445E8A2278143C6AFC14CBA13" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="86F4A9FF8FEFE69987F9DA826433242F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D539938F17625CC4256627E56D2F6452">Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="959C288C1DEC9897EFD01F7BAE1B981A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="FD42441EBF8761C030AEAEC4BA734914">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8748993459701CE7BB818BD7638E0A0E">
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<mods:date id="B0A9DB9562DBC7F192391BC327E1CA01">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5B5E7D61827FA78725416C934D2E2C9D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="FC42FD262D38D6340BC23B800ED1A635">2336</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BA8B5AD3CF7877E8635F58FC3F2AFE22">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="C2BD26F2D1A6D63F00B460BF0416B232">18</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="97B69202833208CF050A6B7177764EBA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CB49913B6AE360686AE19E7556835FEE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.205235</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B8F0C37C6AE4F15825865E2F9A71A7C3" type="GBIF-Dataset">58869148-c1e6-483c-9a76-0f1976cdeda9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8076CC69C1AEAEAFE52F7E9667B43BDE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="03007A429393395AA5D64F7EA94E5ACC" type="Zenodo-Dep">205235</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03E7237EFFF64D59FF771DDAF03DFE64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6209994" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124955515" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6209994" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E7237EFFF64D59FF771DDAF03DFE64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7237EFFF64D59FF771DDAF03DFE64" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C354C1E3FFF64D54FF771DDAF225FC6F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF64D54FF771DDAF011FC0C" blockId="5.[151,856,922,983]" box="[151,856,922,948]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="D0B92504FFF64D54FF771DDAF011FC0C" bold="true" box="[151,856,922,948]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF64D54FF771DDAF011FC0C" bold="true" box="[151,856,922,948]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF64D54FF771DDAF247FC0C" ID-CoL="7P55M" box="[151,270,922,948]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF64D54FF771DDAF247FC0C" bold="true" box="[151,270,922,948]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Halecium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF64D54FECB1DDAF1C4FC0C" authority="Coughtrey, 1876" authorityName="Coughtrey" authorityYear="1876" box="[299,653,922,948]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
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<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF64D54FECB1DDAF2F3FC0C" bold="true" box="[299,442,922,948]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">delicatulum</emphasis>
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Coughtrey, 1876
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</taxonomicName>
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(morphotype 2)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF64D54FF771DFDF225FC6F" blockId="5.[151,856,922,983]" box="[151,364,957,983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FF7F1DFDF395FC6F" box="[159,220,957,983]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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G–P, 4A–E)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C354C1E3FFF64D54FF771A47F2DCFBFF" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF64D54FF771A47F2DCFBFF" blockId="5.[151,1438,1031,2031]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF64D54FF771A47F2C1FB99" bold="true" box="[151,392,1031,1057]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Material examined</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF64D54FE781A47F14BFB99" bold="true" box="[408,514,1031,1057]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stn. T18</emphasis>
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,
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<date id="FFF0B4A8FFF64D54FDF41A48F1D0FB9A" box="[532,665,1032,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2005-03-06">06.iii.2005</date>
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: one colony 2.5 cm high, with numerous female gonothecae, on alga (
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<collectionCode id="ED5F0AADFFF64D54FF371A6DF254FBFF" box="[215,285,1069,1095]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14908" name="University of Nottingham" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">NHM</collectionCode>
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2009.18).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C354C1E3FFF64D57FF241A12F227FF44" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF64D57FF241A12F227FF44" blockId="5.[151,1438,1031,2031]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,252]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF64D54FF241A12F211FBD4" bold="true" box="[196,344,1106,1132]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
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. Stolon creeping on alga, adherent surface flattened (
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FC3E1A12F756FBD4" box="[990,1055,1106,1132]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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H) diameter
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<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF64D54FB581A13F79DFBD4" box="[1208,1236,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ca</emphasis>
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. 125 µm; stolon mostly linear and smooth, occasionally tortuous and branched. Colony
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<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF64D54FC361A38F0B8FB29" box="[982,1009,1144,1169]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ca</emphasis>
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. 2.5 cm high (
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FB7B1A38F790FB2A" box="[1179,1241,1144,1170]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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G); growth habit arborescent, in one plane, with sparingly branched stems. Stems straight, monosiphonic, with 1–3 basal constrictions above stolon (
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FE3A1A82F153FB64" box="[474,538,1218,1244]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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fig.
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<date id="FFF0B4A8FFF64D54FDEB1A82F153FB64" box="[523,538,1218,1244]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</date>
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</figureCitation>
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I). Auto-epizoism quite frequent, with 1–3 stolonal tubes running over basal part of primary stem, giving rise occasionally to secondary stems whose axes are (nearly) perpendicular to those of main stem. Perisarc moderately thick and pale horn basally, thinning out and becoming transparent distally. Stems divided into internodes by means of distinct oblique nodes, alternately sloping left and right (
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FF401B18F3ABFACA" box="[160,226,1368,1394]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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N); internodes with a distal apophysis supporting primary hydrophores, basally with a bulge above node. Internodes relatively long (455–560 µm), straight, collinear, though imperceptibly geniculate distally; diameter at node 80–110 µm. Primary hydrophores alternate, free from stem, generally very long (205–465 µm), perisarc wrinkled above base towards middle part (
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FC821B88F0EEFA5A" box="[866,935,1480,1506]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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O), articulated; occasionally, distalmost internodes with much shorter (95–140 µm), smooth primary hydrophores (
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FB6E1BADF790F9BF" box="[1166,1241,1517,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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O, lower left). Pseudodiaphragm variably present on adcauline side of hydrophores, from slightly marked to obvious, and reaching abcauline side. Branches in the same plane as main stem (colony coplanar), arising irregularly from primary and secondary hydrophores (
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FDAF1820F1C4F9C2" box="[591,653,1632,1658]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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K–M); colonies with up to 2nd order branches; branches with same structure and shape as stem. Hydrotheca rather deep (55–70 µm), margin widely flaring and much everted, diameter 110–125 µm at base, 160–200 µm at rim; wall slightly asymmetrical, adaxial side tilted towards internode; desmocytes numerous, visible as refringent nodules above diaphragm. Secondary and tertiary hydrophores common and of variable length, arising from diaphragm of primary hydrothecae; pseudodiaphragm slightly marked or absent. Hydranths absent, the cnidome could not be examined. Inspected colony with mature, female gonothecae. The latter borne abundantly on stolonal tubes, along basal parts of stems (
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<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FF0A1925F264F8C7" box="[234,301,1893,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,257,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[240,1365,300,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[237,1365,299,1673]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A to E: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (continued) – gonotheca replacing a hydrotheca (A) or arising from stolon (B); mature female gonotheca with eggs (C); various shapes of female gonotheca (D); cross section through gonotheca (E). F and G: Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879) – basal portion of stem (F); gonotheca (G). H to M: Sertularella sp. – basal part of stem (H); fragment of stem showing its straight shape (I) and mode of branching (J); two internodes (K); shape of hydrotheca (L); frontal views of two hydrothecal apertures showing 3 and 5 internal projections of perisarc (M). N and O: Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with basal parts of three side branches (N); various shapes of the hydrotheca (O); P and R: Aglaophenia parvula Bale, 1882 – hydrotheca and detail of its margin (P); female corbula (R). S: Antennella quadriaurita Ritchie, 1909 – detail of stem in lateral (left) and frontal (right) views. Scale bars: 100 µm (M, P); 200 µm (F, S); 300 µm (A, B, E, K, L, O); 400 µm (J); 500 µm (C, D, G); 750 µm (H); 1 mm (I, R); 1.5 mm (N)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
B), or arising from internode apophyses in replacement of a hydrotheca (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FB691925F7AAF8C7" box="[1161,1251,1893,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,257,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[240,1365,300,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[237,1365,299,1673]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A to E: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (continued) – gonotheca replacing a hydrotheca (A) or arising from stolon (B); mature female gonotheca with eggs (C); various shapes of female gonotheca (D); cross section through gonotheca (E). F and G: Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879) – basal portion of stem (F); gonotheca (G). H to M: Sertularella sp. – basal part of stem (H); fragment of stem showing its straight shape (I) and mode of branching (J); two internodes (K); shape of hydrotheca (L); frontal views of two hydrothecal apertures showing 3 and 5 internal projections of perisarc (M). N and O: Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with basal parts of three side branches (N); various shapes of the hydrotheca (O); P and R: Aglaophenia parvula Bale, 1882 – hydrotheca and detail of its margin (P); female corbula (R). S: Antennella quadriaurita Ritchie, 1909 – detail of stem in lateral (left) and frontal (right) views. Scale bars: 100 µm (M, P); 200 µm (F, S); 300 µm (A, B, E, K, L, O); 400 µm (J); 500 µm (C, D, G); 750 µm (H); 1 mm (I, R); 1.5 mm (N)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); exceptionally, gonothecae arising from middle part of primary hydrophores (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FC9019CAF0F9F81C" box="[880,944,1930,1956]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[219,1378,312,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[216,1378,309,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A and B: Filellum sp. (material from station Stn. I 10) – portion of colony (A); hydrotheca (B). C: Halecium sp. – four erect stems. D: Halecium cf. beanii (Johnston, 1838) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with origin of a side branch. E and F: Halecium cf. delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 1 – portion of stem (E); hydrotheca (F). G to P: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (part) – whole colony on piece of alga (G); cross section through the stolon (H); basal part of stem (I); portion of colony (J); various branching patterns (K – M); fragment of stem showing internodes (N); various shapes of primary hydrophores (O); gonotheca arising from primary hydrophore (P). Scale bars: 50 µm (H); 100 µm (F); 200 µm (B, F, O); 300 µm (A, E, I, P); 400 µm (D, K, L, M); 500 µm (N); 2 mm (J); 1 cm (G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205238/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
P). Gonotheca almost oval in frontal view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FF7F19F0F397F872" box="[159,222,1968,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,257,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[240,1365,300,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[237,1365,299,1673]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A to E: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (continued) – gonotheca replacing a hydrotheca (A) or arising from stolon (B); mature female gonotheca with eggs (C); various shapes of female gonotheca (D); cross section through gonotheca (E). F and G: Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879) – basal portion of stem (F); gonotheca (G). H to M: Sertularella sp. – basal part of stem (H); fragment of stem showing its straight shape (I) and mode of branching (J); two internodes (K); shape of hydrotheca (L); frontal views of two hydrothecal apertures showing 3 and 5 internal projections of perisarc (M). N and O: Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with basal parts of three side branches (N); various shapes of the hydrotheca (O); P and R: Aglaophenia parvula Bale, 1882 – hydrotheca and detail of its margin (P); female corbula (R). S: Antennella quadriaurita Ritchie, 1909 – detail of stem in lateral (left) and frontal (right) views. Scale bars: 100 µm (M, P); 200 µm (F, S); 300 µm (A, B, E, K, L, O); 400 µm (J); 500 µm (C, D, G); 750 µm (H); 1 mm (I, R); 1.5 mm (N)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
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|
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C–D), laterally flattened (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF64D54FDEA19F0F103F872" box="[522,586,1968,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,257,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[240,1365,300,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[237,1365,299,1673]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A to E: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (continued) – gonotheca replacing a hydrotheca (A) or arising from stolon (B); mature female gonotheca with eggs (C); various shapes of female gonotheca (D); cross section through gonotheca (E). F and G: Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879) – basal portion of stem (F); gonotheca (G). H to M: Sertularella sp. – basal part of stem (H); fragment of stem showing its straight shape (I) and mode of branching (J); two internodes (K); shape of hydrotheca (L); frontal views of two hydrothecal apertures showing 3 and 5 internal projections of perisarc (M). N and O: Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with basal parts of three side branches (N); various shapes of the hydrotheca (O); P and R: Aglaophenia parvula Bale, 1882 – hydrotheca and detail of its margin (P); female corbula (R). S: Antennella quadriaurita Ritchie, 1909 – detail of stem in lateral (left) and frontal (right) views. Scale bars: 100 µm (M, P); 200 µm (F, S); 300 µm (A, B, E, K, L, O); 400 µm (J); 500 µm (C, D, G); 750 µm (H); 1 mm (I, R); 1.5 mm (N)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
E), borne on smooth pedicel of variable length; 800–1000 µm long, 685– 765 µm wide in frontal view; perisarc smooth to undulate, relatively thick; aperture a shallow, circular (diameter 160–200 µm), apical depression, surrounded by thickened perisarc (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF54D57FBAB1ED8F7C6FF0A" box="[1099,1167,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,257,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[240,1365,300,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[237,1365,299,1673]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A to E: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (continued) – gonotheca replacing a hydrotheca (A) or arising from stolon (B); mature female gonotheca with eggs (C); various shapes of female gonotheca (D); cross section through gonotheca (E). F and G: Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879) – basal portion of stem (F); gonotheca (G). H to M: Sertularella sp. – basal part of stem (H); fragment of stem showing its straight shape (I) and mode of branching (J); two internodes (K); shape of hydrotheca (L); frontal views of two hydrothecal apertures showing 3 and 5 internal projections of perisarc (M). N and O: Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with basal parts of three side branches (N); various shapes of the hydrotheca (O); P and R: Aglaophenia parvula Bale, 1882 – hydrotheca and detail of its margin (P); female corbula (R). S: Antennella quadriaurita Ritchie, 1909 – detail of stem in lateral (left) and frontal (right) views. Scale bars: 100 µm (M, P); 200 µm (F, S); 300 µm (A, B, E, K, L, O); 400 µm (J); 500 µm (C, D, G); 750 µm (H); 1 mm (I, R); 1.5 mm (N)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205239/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
C). Sporosac oval, not occupying the whole lumen of gonotheca, delimited by thin perisarc layer, containing 6–10 oval eggs, each
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FF771EA2F3FAFF43" box="[151,179,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ca</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 175 × 130 µm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="DF31C2E0FFF54D57FF7718E1F740F84A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205239/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[240,1365,300,1673]" targetPageId="6">
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF54D57FF7718E1F740F84A" blockId="6.[151,1436,1697,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FF7718E1F25EF901" bold="true" box="[151,279,1697,1721]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. A to E:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF54D57FE9E18E1F2A0F900" box="[382,489,1697,1720]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FE9E18E1F2A0F900" box="[382,489,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Halecium</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
?
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF54D57FDE518E1F014F900" authority="Coughtrey, 1876" authorityName="Coughtrey" authorityYear="1876" box="[517,861,1697,1720]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FDE518E1F1C1F900" box="[517,648,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">delicatulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Coughtrey, 1876)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, morphotype 2 (continued) – gonotheca replacing a hydrotheca (A) or arising from stolon (B); mature female gonotheca with eggs (C); various shapes of female gonotheca (D); cross section through gonotheca (E). F and G:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF54D57FD2218A7F727F945" authority="Thompson, 1879" authorityName="Thompson" authorityYear="1879" box="[706,1134,1766,1790]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Amphisbetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FD2218A7F0D7F946" box="[706,926,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphisbetia minima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Thompson, 1879)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
– basal portion of stem (F); gonotheca (G). H to M:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF54D57FE421949F16DF898" box="[418,548,1801,1824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Sertularella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FE421949F16DF898" box="[418,548,1801,1824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sertularella</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. – basal part of stem (H); fragment of stem showing its straight shape (I) and mode of branching (J); two internodes (K); shape of hydrotheca (L); frontal views of two hydrothecal apertures showing 3 and 5 internal projections of perisarc (M). N and O:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF54D57FD3B190FF72FF8DD" authority="Lamouroux, 1821" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1821" box="[731,1126,1870,1894]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Sertularella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gayi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FD3B190FF0C7F8DE" box="[731,910,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sertularella gayi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Lamouroux, 1821)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
– fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with basal parts of three side branches (N); various shapes of the hydrotheca (O); P and R:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF54D57FAF11931F220F813" authority="Bale, 1882" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1882" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FAF11931F3A5F813" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Aglaophenia parvula</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Bale, 1882
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
– hydrotheca and detail of its margin (P); female corbula (R). S:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF54D57FBD719D4F385F875" authority="Ritchie, 1909" authorityName="Ritchie" authorityYear="1909" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="quadriaurita">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF54D57FBD719D4F677F813" box="[1079,1342,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Antennella quadriaurita</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Ritchie, 1909
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
– detail of stem in lateral (left) and frontal (right) views. Scale bars: 100 µm (M, P); 200 µm (F, S); 300 µm (A, B, E, K, L, O); 400 µm (J); 500 µm (C, D, G); 750 µm (H); 1 mm (I, R); 1.5 mm (N).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C354C1E3FFF44D59FF241ED7F65FFE0F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF44D56FF241ED7F07CFE2C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FF241ED7F27FFF09" bold="true" box="[196,310,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. The present material is mainly characterized by its very peculiar coplanar colony, with straight stems and branches, and much long, articulated hydrophores. Similar specimens, possessing collinear internodes, were found by Hartlaub (1905) (as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FD5D1EA2F09AFF44" authority="Allman, 1888" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[701,979,226,252]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexile">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FD5D1EA2F061FF43" box="[701,808,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. flexile</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Allman, 1888
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) in material from Punta Arenas,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F359D2F8FFF44D56FAB51EA2F6D0FF44" box="[1365,1433,226,252]" name="Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Long primary hydrophores were mentioned and/or figured by both Hartlaub (1905) (p. 613, fig. K3a) and Ralph (1958) (p. 335, fig. 11L). They were thought to belong to aberrant colonies, as stated by Vervoort & Watson (2003). Until more material is examined, it is difficult to say if these long hydrophores appear after mechanical breakage and a subsequent regeneration step.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF44D56FF241FE0F668FDCC" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
The occurrence of two sympatric morphotypes of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FCFF1FE0F0B0FE01" box="[799,1017,416,442]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FCFF1FE0F074FE01" box="[799,829,416,441]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FC8C1FE0F0B0FE01" box="[876,1017,416,441]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">delicatulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in the present collection raises the question of the morphological variability in this taxon, and its specific limitation. Coughtrey (1876) erected his new species for “very delicate”, monosiphonic, sterile specimens of a haleciid hydroid from Dunedin,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F359D2F8FFF44D56FF771C50F274FD92" box="[151,317,528,554]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
New
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="498A5C8AFFF44D56FF381C50F274FD92" box="[216,317,528,554]" country="Netherlands" name="Zeeland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zealand</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Ralph (1958) examined material from several North and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="498A5C8AFFF44D56FC1E1C50F70DFD92" box="[1022,1092,528,554]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
Island localities and always found “erect monosiphonic stems with loose irregular branching”, whose female gonothecae were “more or less oval in general outline, with two distinct peaks arising from the narrow sides at the distal end”.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF44D56FF241CC0F399FCEC" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
Schuchert (2005) gave the first accurate illustration of the female gonotheca of this species (p. 629, fig. 12B). I have had the opportunity to examine his specimen from
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="498A5C8AFFF44D56FC601CE5F74BFD07" box="[896,1026,677,703]" country="New Zealand" name="Wellington" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Wellington</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
(microslide MNHG INVE 26669). The exclusively monosiphonic stems are morphologically in agreement with the description provided by Ralph (1958), and the gonothecae clearly exhibit two prominent “ears” flanking the aperture. The gonothecae are
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFF0B4A8FFF44D56FF241D55F202FC97" box="[196,331,789,815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1335" valueMax="1360">1335–1360</date>
|
|||
|
|
µm long, 760–790 µm wide, and contain
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FCAB1D56F02EFC97" box="[843,871,790,815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ca</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 20–22 small, rounded eggs (diameter 90–120 µm).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF44D56FF241D20F678FBE2" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
Ralph (1958), upon examination of
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54F52CCAFFF44D56FD871D20F1ECFCC2" box="[615,677,864,890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">types</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FD2C1D20F082FCC2" authority="Bale, 1888" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1888" box="[716,971,864,890]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracile">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FD2C1D20F00BFCC1" box="[716,834,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. gracile</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Bale, 1888
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FC371D20F7BAFCC2" authority="Bale, 1888" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1888" box="[983,1267,864,890]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parvulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FC371D20F723FCC1" box="[983,1130,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. parvulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Bale, 1888
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FAD11D20F209FC27" authority="Allman, 1888" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexile">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FAD11D20F6D2FCC1" box="[1329,1435,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. flexile</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Allman, 1888
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, concluded that all three species were synonyms of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FC5B1DC6F727FC27" box="[955,1134,902,927]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FC5B1DC6F727FC27" box="[955,1134,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Previously, Bale (1888, 1894) himself did not exclude the possibility that his two species could be conspecific, and Billard (1908, 1910) recognized
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FE931D90F2A7FC51" box="[371,494,976,1001]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracile">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FE931D90F2A7FC51" box="[371,494,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. gracile</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as a junior synonym of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FCF71D90F0CEFC51" box="[791,903,976,1001]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexile">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FCF71D90F0CEFC51" box="[791,903,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. flexile</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, an opinion later on shared by Bale (1915). However, both Billard (1908) and Ralph (1958) based their conclusions exclusively on characters of the trophosome, since the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54F52CCAFFF44D56FE421A5AF2B7FB8C" box="[418,510,1050,1076]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of Allman’s (1888) species was devoid of female gonothecae, the latter being now recognized as essential for an accurate identification of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FCBD1A00F086FBE1" box="[861,975,1088,1113]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FCBD1A00F086FBE1" box="[861,975,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Halecium</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species (see Schuchert 2005).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF44D56FF241A25F6CAFA82" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
Additionally, the female gonothecae of both
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FD2B1A26F008FBC7" box="[715,833,1126,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracile">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FD2B1A26F008FBC7" box="[715,833,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. gracile</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FC991A26F745FBC7" box="[889,1036,1126,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parvulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FC991A26F745FBC7" box="[889,1036,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. parvulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, as figured by Bale (1888), do not possess the characteristic perisarc projections flanking their aperture, as found in specimens from
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F359D2F8FFF44D56FA831ACAF3B5FB72" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
New
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="498A5C8AFFF44D56FF771AF0F3B5FB72" box="[151,252,1200,1226]" country="Netherlands" name="Zeeland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zealand</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and Ralph (1958) did not discuss their morphological variability in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FBA21AF0F7BEFB71" box="[1090,1271,1200,1225]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FBA21AF0F7BEFB71" box="[1090,1271,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Through the courtesy of J.E. Watson, I have examined a female colony from Southeastern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F359D2F8FFF44D56FB651A95F7B6FB57" box="[1157,1279,1237,1263]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, assigned to Coughtrey’s (1876) species. All the stems were monosiphonic and the gonophores almost ripe. No apical projections could be detected, and the gonothecal aperture was situated in the middle of a slight depression.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF44D56FF241B05F748FA4C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
Since Ralph’s (1958) observations, it has been shown that the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="498A5C8AFFF44D56FC4C1B05F0B8FAE7" box="[940,1009,1349,1375]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
American [Blanco (1984b), p. 271, pl. 1
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF44D56FF311B2AF25BFA3C" box="[209,274,1386,1412]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,257,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[240,1365,300,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[237,1365,299,1673]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A to E: Halecium? delicatulum (Coughtrey, 1876), morphotype 2 (continued) – gonotheca replacing a hydrotheca (A) or arising from stolon (B); mature female gonotheca with eggs (C); various shapes of female gonotheca (D); cross section through gonotheca (E). F and G: Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879) – basal portion of stem (F); gonotheca (G). H to M: Sertularella sp. – basal part of stem (H); fragment of stem showing its straight shape (I) and mode of branching (J); two internodes (K); shape of hydrotheca (L); frontal views of two hydrothecal apertures showing 3 and 5 internal projections of perisarc (M). N and O: Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) – fragment of monosiphonic part of stem with basal parts of three side branches (N); various shapes of the hydrotheca (O); P and R: Aglaophenia parvula Bale, 1882 – hydrotheca and detail of its margin (P); female corbula (R). S: Antennella quadriaurita Ritchie, 1909 – detail of stem in lateral (left) and frontal (right) views. Scale bars: 100 µm (M, P); 200 µm (F, S); 300 µm (A, B, E, K, L, O); 400 µm (J); 500 µm (C, D, G); 750 µm (H); 1 mm (I, R); 1.5 mm (N)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205239/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="498A5C8AFFF44D56FEC71B2AF222FA3C" box="[295,363,1386,1412]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
African [Millard (1975), p. 145, fig. 47K, L], sub-Antarctic [Millard (1977a), p. 7,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF44D56FAD81B2AF63BFA3C" box="[1336,1394,1386,1412]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,754,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,754,1880]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, with the location of stations yielding hydroid material." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205236/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
D], and Antarctic [Blanco (1984a), p. 7, pl. 5 fig. 12, as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FCCF1BD0F78EFA12" authority="Vanhoffen, 1910" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1910" box="[815,1223,1424,1450]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FCCF1BD0F0A2FA11" box="[815,1003,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Vanhöffen, 1910
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; Peña Cantero & Vervoort (2009), p. 85,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13758EEDFFF44D56FE5F1BF5F2B4FA77" box="[447,509,1461,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,754,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,754,1880]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, with the location of stations yielding hydroid material." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205236/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
D–E] specimens had female gonothecae of a different shape and size, and contained a lesser number of eggs than observed in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F359D2F8FFF44D56FD151B9AF0D8FA4C" box="[757,913,1498,1524]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
New
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="498A5C8AFFF44D56FCD31B9AF0D8FA4C" box="[819,913,1498,1524]" country="Netherlands" name="Zeeland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zealand</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
material.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF44D56FF241840F106F8A7" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
I have also examined fertile specimens referable to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FCC61840F09DF9A1" box="[806,980,1536,1561]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FCC61840F09DF9A1" box="[806,980,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, recently brought from southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F359D2F8FFF44D56FABC1840F6D5F9A2" box="[1372,1436,1536,1562]" name="Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(Galea, unpublished results), and found pear-shaped female gonothecae (760–835 µm long, 560–650 µm wide) with rounded apex and the aperture situated in middle of a slight depression. Four to six large eggs (diameter 180–195 µm) were present inside each gonotheca. Their size and shape are similar to those from
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F359D2F8FFF44D56FF7718D5F258F917" box="[151,273,1685,1711]" name="Antarctica" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
[Blanco (1984a); Peña Cantero & Vervoort (2009) found gonothecae 650–1000 µm long and 750– 870 µm wide, Peña Cantero, pers. comm.], though all are smaller than Blanco’s (1984b) specimens from Mar del Plata,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F359D2F8FFF44D56FEED18A0F2CCF942" box="[269,389,1760,1786]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. On the other hand, the number of eggs in the Chilean material is in agreement with that (up to 6) reported by Blanco (1984b).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFF44D59FF24196AF3BAFF6F" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2010]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,476]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|||
|
|
As seen from above and the available data from the literature,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFF44D56FC24196BF730F8FC" box="[964,1145,1835,1860]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FC24196BF730F8FC" box="[964,1145,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
appear as an extremely polymorphic species, with stems either mono- or polysiphonic (though both bear gonothecae), internodes of variable length and shape (straight to geniculate), a hydrothecal rim more or less everted (in mono-
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFF44D56FA9B1936F6DCF837" box="[1403,1429,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">vs</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. polysiphonic colonies), and female gonothecae variable in size, shape, and number of eggs. The characters of the trophosome share, however, much more in common than the female gonothecae in the various populations from around the world. All in all, it seems likely that that we are dealing with several closely-related, cryptic species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFFB4D59FF241EA2F2F2FED4" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
It is therefore imperative to accumulate more material from various localities around the world, and undertake a wide morphological study integrated with molecular data, in order to solve this problem. Meanwhile, it seems most prudent to assign some of the southern hemisphere records of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFFB4D59FB2A1F6DF635FEFE" box="[1226,1404,301,326]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFFB4D59FB2A1F6DF635FEFE" box="[1226,1404,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to Allman’s (1888) species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFFB4D59FF241F38F65FFE0F" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRef id="52EE069EFFFB4D59FF241F38F65FFE0F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="journal article">
|
|||
|
|
<author id="53F37A8DFFFB4D59FF241F38F2C3FE29" box="[196,394,376,402]" fns="I" npo="LF" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
Additionally,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFFB4D59FE8C1F38F2C3FE29" box="[364,394,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</author>
|
|||
|
|
antarcticum Vanhöffen,
|
|||
|
|
<year id="FFE6D33BFFFB4D59FD5C1F38F1B5FE2A" box="[700,764,376,402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1910</year>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<title id="F94A795EFFFB4D59FCE91F38F0E8FE2A" box="[777,929,376,402]" jopScore="0.012911972" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="_" typeScore="129">occasionally</title>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFFB4D59FC541F38F0A8FE29" box="[948,993,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">e.g.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<journalOrPublisher id="518F98A4FFFB4D59FC091F38F7C4FE2A" box="[1001,1165,376,402]" jopScore="0.019367957" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Peña Cantero</journalOrPublisher>
|
|||
|
|
<part id="FFEA38F5FFFB4D59FB761F38F79DFE2A" box="[1174,1236,376,402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="volume">2006</part>
|
|||
|
|
) included in the synonymy of Coughtrey’s (1876) species, was recently regarded as a valid species (Watson
|
|||
|
|
<pagination id="B2876C9CFFFB4D59FB291FDDF640FE0F" box="[1225,1289,413,439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="pagination">2008</pagination>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</bibRef>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C354C1E3FFFB4D59FF241F82F03DFE64" box="[196,884,450,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF19268FFFB4D59FF241F82F03DFE64" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,476]" box="[196,884,450,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFFB4D59FF241F82F214FE64" bold="true" box="[196,349,450,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. See under
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4EE9EBFFFB4D59FE071F82F1F3FE63" box="[487,698,450,476]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFFB4D59FE071F82F14DFE63" box="[487,516,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
cf.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B93A4E7AFFFB4D59FDD01F82F1F3FE63" box="[560,698,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">delicatulum</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, morphotype 1.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|