treatments-xml/data/3B/92/1B/3B921BA510F1F4E113318B2802903585.xml

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<mods:title id="2E8A4B32D98D5D547821A904C7CD5648">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="43ECAB89001267D9C34B62D8602C23E5">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="204D0D3E7BE3A6F80449E7849007BAAF">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2BF16A2D9D54C67EDF046A61ACEDA2B0">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6CFF71B0349424D53ACADFD04EF62A8F">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="28F3E74F1313F7BBCC719C803BD240CB">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="3B921BA510F1F4E113318B2802903585" ID-GBIF-Taxon="213623368" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B921BA510F1F4E113318B2802903585" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B921BA510F1F4E113318B2802903585" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" scope_family="Boidae" scope_infraOrder="Alethinophidia" scope_superFamily="Booidea">
<subSubSection id="B42FDA86DB85C94BAFC6619FF12E3059" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F2FAA9672E0BEB55518DE1B394D827D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<taxonomicName id="BAAD9C7488C4E4D3C3358F0185D51DC5" ID-CoL="4D22" ID-ENA="8575" authority="Wagler, 1830" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="genus">Epicrates Wagler, 1830</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0C5EF52198145EFE2292475799BE10AB" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AE2879DCEA5F02F5043277DD7DDE73AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="57E27134DC41008B21AF90BABD4D17A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<taxonomicName id="E2D8A872D2EC731F3A732CACECB97CF9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="874E3D619EF34A34B3B0165D993B27BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758) (ISEZ R/437; ISEZ R/458 [juvenile]; ISEZ R/459; SMF 
<collectingCountry id="BF41A8319FFC30A4BB7AE3859C510E72" name="Philippines">PH</collectingCountry>
25; SMF 
<collectingCountry id="66C74634B173834A80CDDFF892162766" name="Philippines">PH</collectingCountry>
26).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ABE82C1093A2EF76AB37494E90A87C87" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="description">
<paragraph id="A15CC4233362A1E81BDA6599D8B6B677" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Description (Figs 89-91).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E750DA00336BC38341DDB1B9705C7E18" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="BE761FD085A068350A49B3806A274610" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="578D614AC79EAAE18545AF983B8A16EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trunk vertebrae</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Centrum much shorter than wide; cotyle and condyle orbicular; neural arch moderately vaulted; posterior median notch of the neural arch deep (but not as deep as in 
<taxonomicName id="508094E80C8758AF6D18B8DD0452978C" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" family="Boidae" genus="Corallus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corallus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A15EA11190A79DBE3CE4852673523C13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Corallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="3459B494659BEF7BA46E50E0057291E1" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1956" class="Reptilia" family="Sanziniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sanziniidae</taxonomicName>
); neural spine distinctly taller than long in lateral view and rather thick in dorsal view, occasionally with a distinct bifurcation in its anterior and/or posterior edges; prezygapophyseal accessory processes vestigial; hypapophyses disappearing between around the 50th and 60th vertebrae; haemal keel well developed, ridge-like; subcentral grooves deep; paracotylar foramina absent.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BFCCF4D7F1B0A805B29AB49EC3E07A7D" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure89" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912979" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 89" startId="F89">
<paragraph id="4D36110F4E87336E7D026F17636F35B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="8AF3928E6D97E53E55D94631D0591E46" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 89.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BAE480674584922E0E001AB230FFA706" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="0992B837BBF7CB20BEEDA75C135AB40B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="8AA9888BED1F1453EFC14489746B0F60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ISEZ R/437), trunk vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D808B72CA59ECA30E7F4D15CDE6EC46B" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure90" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912980" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 90" startId="F90">
<paragraph id="7138F0CE29E1B552F34AEC80A558629C" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="64E47CCBB9659D2C2F441B3A9009D939" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 90.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B844C2FA5D7E243DA351CB59D3AC8364" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="49B114628B32AC534E9F7D3ECF7E7A95" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="78CFC2E8A909B99E63CD85B74322ED18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ISEZ R/437), trunk and cloacal vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1744D60AF9058B74DBC637432BE485D4" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure91" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912981" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 91" startId="F91">
<paragraph id="F710470DB46653D5149062E0A2552C73" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="409EFDA5D5F6797A04DCC2738FACF690" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 91.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F214794E7BAE29E9CAEC1CEBC18AE223" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="C8A21144EDED764BDE98C8BD44CEF762" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="BC9D2D4234AE77742E892BF4D4D906C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ISEZ R/437), caudal vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="658ED5A8F13644033579662EE075F606" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="7A784B3BFE04396BEAE9AF1C298CCFCD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="BF0AEF28C896CCD35D8B90B00B2A01E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trunk</emphasis>
/ 
<emphasis id="476C73A9EBA672022BB4AD9C79897078" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">caudal transition</emphasis>
</emphasis>
. The last trunk vertebrae possess a moderately developed hypapophysis; the cloacal vertebrae are provided with a prominent haemal keel produced caudally into a distinct spur. Paired haemapophyses first appear on the second caudal vertebra (two specimens examined) or the first caudal vertebra (one specimen examined), or the haemapophyses even appear on the last cloacal vertebra (two specimens examined).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66FDF27C313413E79CD3E6A16547E45D" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="48F1ABDEB99CACE307A01D3361A67503" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Number of vertebrae</emphasis>
(all for 
<taxonomicName id="18350F204A27A256B26AEA74194B4741" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="7C4EF3744C33B943F0F28E68761AE283" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): SMF PH 25: 310 (254+5+51); SMF PH 26: 295 (243+4+48); ISEZ R/437: 289 (235+4+50, including a final fusion); ISEZ R/458: 285 (235+3+47, including a final fusion); ISEZ R/459: 291 (234+4+53).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2225D0DA3AACC713CB4C6D8C35A375FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Data from literature: 
<taxonomicName id="2841848B6D89719E9D30D121E6F7F3EF" authorityName="Abalos, Baez &amp; Nader" authorityYear="1964" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates alvarezi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="alvarezi">
<emphasis id="192D889C9CD59D4186902AE4F5E8E642" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates alvarezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Abalos, Baez &amp; Nader, 1964: 249 trunk vertebrae plus 5 cloacal vertebrae plus 49 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="85D3E021829E90ABCA0295E860E5E97C" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho 2020</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="8C4C67970AC4E038E65F12B6B2A08F0D" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates assissi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="assissi">
<emphasis id="DD91AF9E0B2D24469ECE16E768602F70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates assissi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Machado, 1944: 270 trunk vertebrae plus 5 cloacal vertebrae plus 54 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="2A87B1EFF121023681B3D30B670091B9" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho 2020</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="0F4B573A74E81458FB531BEAF6E6607A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="04A8F2A01B1B3BA89DA9E66C56DEA9C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 235-283 trunk vertebrae plus 4-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 41-60 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="7F7C6E4167100D52D121674AE0A94671" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho 2020</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="CD9E85B8FA0EE2A25DDB9A4934415125" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="06D0B954C3D31BB6E77F5BDF580C6514" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 272 trunk vertebrae plus 6 cloacal vertebrae plus unknown number of caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="48D05B50CD5A1D5FE45C734BE97A5AF5" author="Gasc, JP" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 182" refId="B190" refString="Gasc, JP, 1974. L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A) 83: 1 - 182" title="L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia)." volume="83" year="1974">Gasc 1974</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="64F39DF92A1E5960B2233BA367EBC1BB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="8A9F741421B46D937D15CFF2FC7B32E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 265 trunk vertebrae plus 64 cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="537FE27C1DE88234EA77410CA1F8E930" author="Polly, PD" editor="Zelditch, ML" journalOrPublisher="Wiley-Liss, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="305 - 335" refId="B465" refString="Polly, PD, Head, JJ, Cohn, MJ, 2001. Testing modularity and dissociation: The evolution of regional proportions in snakes. In: Zelditch, ML, Ed., Beyond Heterochrony: The Evolution of Development. Wiley-Liss, New York: 305 - 335" title="Testing modularity and dissociation: The evolution of regional proportions in snakes." volumeTitle="Beyond Heterochrony: The Evolution of Development." year="2001">Polly et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="B7A4CADE1905F58721F2DBFBF7357603" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates cenchria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="cenchria">
<emphasis id="2D78113A932B61B08D76C4F242876F62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates cenchria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 261 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="D7D3D0300CAA5D7D1E88EFC99890F2A8" author="Teixeira, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Bachelor thesis, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B622" refString="Teixeira, GJ, 2013. Anatomia comparada dos Boinae (Serpentes, Boidae) sul-americanos: Una abordagem osteologica para fins aplicativos na paleontologia de vertebrados. Bachelor thesis, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Sao Paulo" title="Anatomia comparada dos Boinae (Serpentes, Boidae) sul-americanos: Una abordagem osteologica para fins aplicativos na paleontologia de vertebrados." year="2013">Teixeira 2013</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4180D365DF29A0E3B16A285E6D1200F0" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1862" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates crassus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="crassus">
<emphasis id="AB8CD62583193B1FFFA07EE22B4252B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates crassus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cope, 1862: 231-236 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 40-49+ caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="1B20BD49445EF3FFBED87EE1743DE138" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho 2020</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="435014C25426F9299C98B777752C41C0" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1862" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates crassus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="crassus">
<emphasis id="8E2A03EBF4AC6C1149066BCFAF500379" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates crassus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 230 trunk vertebrae plus unknown number of cloacal and caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="20C2FEE89BEAFC0B804E484380CAED9A" author="Teixeira, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Bachelor thesis, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B622" refString="Teixeira, GJ, 2013. Anatomia comparada dos Boinae (Serpentes, Boidae) sul-americanos: Una abordagem osteologica para fins aplicativos na paleontologia de vertebrados. Bachelor thesis, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Sao Paulo" title="Anatomia comparada dos Boinae (Serpentes, Boidae) sul-americanos: Una abordagem osteologica para fins aplicativos na paleontologia de vertebrados." year="2013">Teixeira 2013</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="9999A1B34137A7C8188FBABD94E70EA0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates maurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="species" species="maurus">
<emphasis id="6EB9A5B33DAAE04B015C421CFFE3E7AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates maurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gray, 1849: 235 trunk vertebrae plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 52 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="C1A08FB8A24D22EBC793351909E25602" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>