500 lines
38 KiB
XML
500 lines
38 KiB
XML
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<document ID-DOI="10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c366b4ba-4062-44fa-83e1-1a9c617a024c" ID-ISSN="1938-5099" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716435" checkinTime="1678362747126" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Smart, Utpal, Sarker, Goutam C., Arifin, Umilaela, Harvey, Michael B., Sidik, Irvan, Hamidy, Amir, Kurniawan, Nia & Smith, Eric N." docDate="2017" docId="D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3" docLanguage="en" docName="Herpetologica.73.1.63-75.pdf" docOrigin="Herpetologica 73 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7157CB4A8C4DC19627D49B44D928F812.1:Herpetologica.2015-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="7157CB4A8C4DC19627D49B44D928F812" docStyleName="Herpetologica.2015-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sigalegalephrnnus mandailinguensis Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="75" masterDocId="2D047D0092739245FFB6DC75FFFCFFBD" masterDocTitle="A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1678454382212" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smart, Utpal</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sarker, Goutam C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Arifin, Umilaela</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harvey, Michael B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sidik, Irvan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hamidy, Amir</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kurniawan, Nia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Herpetologica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-03-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>73</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>63</mods:start>
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<mods:end>75</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">c366b4ba-4062-44fa-83e1-1a9c617a024c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1938-5099</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7716435</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716443" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716443" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3" lastPageId="7" pageId="5">
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<subSubSection box="[220,735,1435,1459]" pageId="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[220,735,1435,1459]" box="[220,735,1435,1459]" pageId="5">
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<heading box="[220,735,1435,1459]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith, 2017" authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[220,639,1435,1459]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[220,639,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5">
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Sigalegalephrŋnus
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[430,639,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5">mandailinguensis</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[648,735,1435,1458]" pageId="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,1480,2002]" pageId="5">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2014-01-25" collectionCode="MZB" collectorName="U. Smart; I. Sidik & E. N. Smith" country="Indonesia" county="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Amphibian Collection" elevation="1383" latitude="0.70164" location="Gunung Sorikmarapi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.55262" municipality="Sibanggor Tonga" pageId="5" specimenCode="25736" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,289,1480,1504]" pageId="5">
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<typeStatus box="[169,284,1480,1504]" pageId="5">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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—Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Amphibian Collection,
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<collectionCode box="[273,331,1510,1533]" pageId="5">MZB</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode box="[341,408,1509,1533]" pageId="5">25736</specimenCode>
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(field number ENS 15697;
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<figureCitation box="[730,797,1509,1533]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[142,156,1548,1567]" captionTargetBox="[144,1464,191,1522]" captionTargetId="figure-233@6.[144,1464,191,1522]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3.—(A) Lateral, (B) dorsal, and (C) ventral view of the adult male holotype of Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis from Gunung Sorikmarapi, Sumatera Utara Province, Sumatra (MZB 25736). A color version of this figure is available online." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716445/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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), an
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<specimenCount box="[177,294,1539,1563]" pageId="5" type="adult">adult male</specimenCount>
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from above the village of
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<collectingMunicipality box="[588,776,1539,1563]" pageId="5">Sibanggor Tonga</collectingMunicipality>
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on the northeast slope of
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3:5C4BE2B592769240FE1FDA55FD61F985" box="[425,669,1568,1592]" country="Indonesia" county="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Amphibian Collection" latitude="0.70164" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.55262" municipality="Sibanggor Tonga" name="Gunung Sorikmarapi" pageId="5" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">Gunung Sorikmarapi</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3:5C4BE2B592769240FD06DA55FE80F9E8" country="Indonesia" county="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Amphibian Collection" latitude="0.70164" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.55262" municipality="Sibanggor Tonga" name="Kecamatan Panyabungan Selatan" pageId="5" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">Kecamatan Panyabungan Selatan</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3:5C4BE2B592769240FE31DA48FD34F9E8" box="[391,712,1597,1621]" country="Indonesia" county="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Amphibian Collection" latitude="0.70164" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.55262" municipality="Sibanggor Tonga" name="Kabupaten Mandailing Natal" pageId="5" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">Kabupaten Mandailing Natal</location>
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, Provinsi
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<collectingRegion box="[142,321,1627,1651]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="5">Sumatera Utara</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[333,444,1626,1650]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[456,575,1626,1650]" degrees="0.70164" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" precision="1" value="0.70164">0.70164°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[587,717,1626,1650]" degrees="99.55262" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" precision="1" value="99.55262">99.55262°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity box="[729,813,1627,1651]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.383" pageId="5" unit="m" value="1383.0">
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<elevation box="[729,813,1627,1651]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.383" pageId="5" unit="m" value="1383.0">1383 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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(in all cases, datum ¼ WGS84), collected by
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<collectorName box="[672,780,1656,1680]" pageId="5">U. Smart</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName pageId="5">I. Sidik</collectorName>
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, and
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<collectorName box="[263,391,1685,1709]" pageId="5">E.N. Smith</collectorName>
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on
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<date box="[436,622,1685,1709]" pageId="5" value="2014-01-25">
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<collectingDate box="[436,622,1685,1709]" pageId="5" value="2014-01-25">25 January 2014</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,1480,2002]" pageId="5">
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="UTA" country="Indonesia" elevation="1299" latitude="0.70845" location="Tano Bato" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.51899" municipality="Kabupaten Mandailing Natal" pageId="5" specimenCode="63561" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara" typeStatus="paratype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,338,1714,1738]" pageId="5">
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<typeStatus box="[169,289,1714,1738]" pageId="5">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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(3).
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</emphasis>
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—
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<collectionCode box="[365,419,1714,1738]" collectionName="UTA" pageId="5">UTA</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode box="[428,494,1714,1738]" pageId="5">63561</specimenCode>
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(field number ENS 16709),
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<specimenCount box="[142,260,1743,1767]" pageId="5" type="adult">adult male</specimenCount>
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from trail between the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3:5C4BE2B592769240FDB9DAA5FD7EF95A" box="[527,642,1744,1767]" country="Indonesia" county="Provinsi" latitude="0.70845" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.51899" municipality="Kabupaten Mandailing Natal" name="Tano Bato" pageId="5" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">Tano Bato</location>
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to
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3:5C4BE2B592769240FD1EDABAFCD0F95A" box="[680,812,1743,1767]" country="Indonesia" county="Provinsi" latitude="0.70845" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.51899" municipality="Kabupaten Mandailing Natal" name="Sapo Tinjak" pageId="5" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">Sapo Tinjak</location>
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road and
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3:5C4BE2B592769240FEB0DA98FE36F8B8" box="[262,458,1773,1797]" country="Indonesia" county="Provinsi" latitude="0.70845" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.51899" municipality="Kabupaten Mandailing Natal" name="Lake Saba Begu" pageId="5" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">Lake Saba Begu</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3:5C4BE2B592769240FE6BDA98FCD4F8B8" box="[477,808,1773,1797]" country="Indonesia" county="Provinsi" latitude="0.70845" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.51899" municipality="Kabupaten Mandailing Natal" name="Batang Gadis National Park" pageId="5" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">Batang Gadis National Park</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892769242FF6AD9EEFA24FDA3:5C4BE2B592769240FF38DB7FFE45F89F" box="[142,441,1802,1826]" country="Indonesia" county="Provinsi" latitude="0.70845" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.51899" municipality="Kabupaten Mandailing Natal" name="Kecamatan Batang Natal" pageId="5" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">Kecamatan Batang Natal</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality box="[463,808,1802,1826]" pageId="5">Kabupaten Mandailing Natal</collectingMunicipality>
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, Provinsi Sumatera Utara,
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<collectingRegion box="[451,546,1831,1855]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="5">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[566,674,1831,1855]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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<geoCoordinate box="[689,808,1831,1855]" degrees="0.70845" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" precision="1" value="0.70845">0.70845°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[142,270,1860,1884]" degrees="99.51899" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" precision="1" value="99.51899">99.51899°E</geoCoordinate>
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at
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<quantity box="[320,414,1860,1884]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.299" pageId="5" unit="m" value="1299.0">
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<elevation box="[320,414,1860,1884]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.299" pageId="5" unit="m" value="1299.0">1299 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="UTA" country="Indonesia" pageId="5" specimenCode="63562" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara" typeStatus="paratype">
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<collectionCode box="[432,486,1860,1884]" collectionName="UTA" pageId="5">UTA</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode box="[501,567,1860,1884]" pageId="5">63562</specimenCode>
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(field number ENS 16936) and
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2014-01-26" collectionCode="MZB" collectorName="U. Smart; S. Handayani & I. Sidik" country="Indonesia" elevation="1297" latitude="0.70866" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="99.51953" pageId="5" specimenCode="25737" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara" typeStatus="paratype">
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<collectionCode box="[281,339,1890,1913]" collectionName="MZB" pageId="5">MZB</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode box="[351,417,1889,1913]" pageId="5">25737</specimenCode>
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(field number ENS 16937),
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<specimenCount pageId="5" type="adult">adult males</specimenCount>
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from the same locality as previous paratype but at
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<quantity box="[142,229,1948,1972]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.297" pageId="5" unit="m" value="1297.0">
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|
|
<elevation box="[142,229,1948,1972]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.297" pageId="5" unit="m" value="1297.0">1297 m</elevation>
|
|||
|
|
</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate box="[239,357,1948,1972]" degrees="0.70866" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" precision="1" value="0.70866">0.70866°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate box="[373,502,1948,1972]" degrees="99.51953" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" precision="1" value="99.51953">99.51953°E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
. All paratypes collected by
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName box="[142,247,1977,2001]" pageId="5">U. Smart</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName box="[260,412,1977,2001]" pageId="5">S. Handayani</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName box="[475,555,1977,2001]" pageId="5">I. Sidik</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
on
|
|||
|
|
<date box="[601,787,1977,2002]" pageId="5" value="2014-01-26">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingDate box="[601,787,1977,2002]" pageId="5" value="2014-01-26">26 January 2014</collectingDate>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="5" type="diagnosis">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[844,1514,1279,2002]" pageId="5">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[871,997,1279,1303]" pageId="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
—The following combination of characters is unique to
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[979,1399,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[979,1393,1310,1334]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis">Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(1) This medium-sized (males 30.6–38.0 mm SVL) slender toad lacks parotoid glands. (2) The tympanum is visible. (3) The nares are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eye. (4) The fingertips are truncated and expanded. (5) The toe tips are truncated but not expanded. (6) The webbing is rudimentary in the hands and moderate in the feet. (7) The dorsal coloration consists of white and brown with a thin stripe extending from the tip of the snout to the vent at midline. (8) A dark band above orbits is joined medially, and extends as an interrupted medial track to the sacrum. (9) Alternate black–dark brown and white marks on the upper lip. (10) The flanks have a stroke of brown extending from the orbit to the inguinal area. (11) The dorsal surface is moderately tuberculate. (12) The surface of the abdomen is uniformly tuberculate, with small, smooth, and round tubercles.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" pageId="5" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[844,1514,1279,2002]" lastBlockId="6.[820,1490,1636,2002]" lastPageId="6" pageId="5">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[871,1383,1795,1820]" pageId="5">
|
|||
|
|
Description of
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus box="[1077,1184,1796,1820]" pageId="5">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
and variation.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
—
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus box="[1412,1514,1795,1819]" pageId="5">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
(adult male) followed by variation of
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount box="[1312,1443,1826,1850]" pageId="5" type="adult">three adult</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
male
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus box="[844,950,1857,1881]" pageId="5">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
in parentheses (
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[1148,1204,1856,1880]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="5">UTA</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
63561;
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[1303,1357,1856,1880]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="5">UTA</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
63562; MZB 25737). The specimen has SVL of 38.0 mm (30.6, 32.29, 32.75); head length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[1067,1179,1917,1941]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.134" pageId="5" unit="mm" value="11.34">11.34 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(9.5, 9.73, 10.19); head width
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[844,942,1947,1971]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="5" unit="mm" value="11.3">11.3 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(9.65, 10.27, 10.22); snout length 5.0 mm (4.0, 3.6, 3.5); internarial distance 3.0 mm (2.5, 2.68, 2.75); eye length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[118,201,1636,1660]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(2.8, 3.1, 3); interocular distance
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[568,631,1636,1660]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(3.5, 3.5, 3.7); intercanthal distance
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[354,437,1669,1693]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(4.4, 5.0, 5.5); tympanum width
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[118,204,1704,1728]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(1.5, 1.8, 1.8); hand length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[523,622,1704,1728]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="11.2">11.2 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(9.4, 9.1, 9.8); forearm length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[294,392,1738,1762]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(10, 9.6, 10.3); femur length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.585" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="15.85">15.85 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(13.46, 12.88, 13.38); tibia length 17.0 mm (13.86, 13.1, 14.02); tarsus length 9.0 mm (7.3, 7.2, 7.5); foot length
|
|||
|
|
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.637" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="16.37">16.37 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(13.58, 13.04, 13.68); width of fingertip pads for Finger I
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[118,218,1875,1899]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.09, 0.08, 0.09), Finger II
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[552,652,1875,1899]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.13">0.13 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.11, 0.10, 0.11), Finger III
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[311,410,1909,1933]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.11, 0.11, 0.13), Finger IV
|
|||
|
|
<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.10, 0.11, 0.13); width of toe pads for Toe I
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[689,788,1943,1967]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.07, 0.07, 0.07), Toe II
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[399,497,1977,2001]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.08, 0.08, 0.08), Toe III
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[820,922,1636,1660]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.08, 0.08, 0.09), Toe IV
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[1246,1348,1636,1660]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.09, 0.09, 0.10), Toe V
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[968,1066,1667,1691]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(0.09, 0.09, 0.11).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716445" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716445/files/figure.png" pageId="6" startId="6.[142,156,1548,1567]" targetBox="[144,1464,191,1522]" targetPageId="6">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[118,1490,1548,1591]" pageId="6">
|
|||
|
|
FIG. 3.—(A) Lateral, (B) dorsal, and (C) ventral view of the adult male holotype of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[915,1237,1548,1567]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[915,1237,1548,1567]" italics="true" pageId="6">Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Gunung Sorikmarapi,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[118,430,1571,1591]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="6">Sumatera Utara Province, Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
(MZB 25736). A color version of this figure is available online.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[820,1490,1636,2002]" lastBlockId="7.[142,813,188,2002]" lastPageId="7" pageId="6">
|
|||
|
|
Body slender; head almost as long as wide; head length 30% (31%, 30%, 31%) of SVL; head width 30.0% (32%, 32%, 31%) of SVL; snout length 13% (13%, 11%, 11%) of SVL;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis box="[820,1002,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="6">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
concave; loreal area slightly tuberculate and concave; eye length 8.7% of SVL; pupil horizontal; snout slightly sloping back toward mouth; snout mucronate and with prominent median keel, in dorsal view; tympanum distinct, with moderately developed supratympanic fold; interorbital space flat; cranial crests absent; no teeth in jaws; tongue tip oval-shaped and longer than wide; skin of dorsal surfaces rough to finely shagreen with few large, scattered tubercles; tubercles small, rounded, and almost without keratinization; no dorsolateral, paravertebral, or occipital folds; skin on venter smooth with very fine warts; forearm length 30.3% (32.7%, 29.7%, 31.5%) of SVL; hand length 29.5% (30.7%, 28.2%, 29.9%) of SVL; relative length of Finger I <II <IV <III; fingers bearing large, expanded pads; webbing formula for hand: I1
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="right" box="[558,568,390,407]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[575,585,407,424]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–2II1
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="right" box="[646,656,390,407]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[663,673,407,424]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[700,710,390,407]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[717,727,407,424]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
III2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[771,781,390,407]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[789,799,407,424]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
– 2IV (I[2–2], [2–2], [
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[377,400,420,451]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">13</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[407,417,437,454]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–2] II[
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[497,518,420,451]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">13</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[526,536,437,454]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[550,572,420,451]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">21</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[580,590,437,454]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
], [
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[627,650,420,451]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">13</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[657,667,437,454]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[681,704,420,451]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">21</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[711,721,437,454]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
], [
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[759,781,420,451]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">13</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[789,799,437,454]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
– 2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="right" box="[156,166,450,467]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[173,183,466,483]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
]III[2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[245,255,450,467]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[262,272,466,483]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">5</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[299,309,450,467]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[316,326,466,483]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">5</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
], [2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[378,388,450,467]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[396,406,466,483]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–2], [2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[484,494,450,467]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[501,511,466,483]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[538,548,450,467]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[555,565,466,483]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
]IV); skin of forearm with tubercles; Finger I with elongate inner metacarpal tubercle, as large as outer metacarpal tubercle; each finger with one poorly developed round subarticular tubercle; nuptial excrescence brownish-dark, glandular, and dorsomedially extended with keratinized spicules present at the base of Finger I; femur length 41.7% (44%, 39.9%, 40.9%) of SVL; tibia length 44.8% (45.3%, 40.6%, 42.8%) of SVL; tarsal length 23.7% (23.9%, 22.3%, 22.9%) of SVL; foot length 43.1% (44.4%, 40.4%, 41.8%) of SVL; relative lengths of toes I <II <III <V <IV; toes bearing large pads; feet with moderate webbing, webbing formula for the feet: I0– 1
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[156,166,808,825]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[175,185,824,841]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
II0–1
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[250,260,808,825]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[269,279,824,841]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
III2–2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[355,365,808,825]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[374,384,824,841]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">5</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
IV2
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[427,437,808,825]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[446,456,824,841]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">5</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
–1
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[485,495,808,825]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[504,514,824,841]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
V (I[0–1], [1–1
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="none" box="[710,720,808,825]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="none" box="[729,739,824,841]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
], [0– 1
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="right" box="[157,167,837,854]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[177,187,854,871]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
]II[1–2], [1–2], [1–2]III[1
|
|||
|
|
<superScript attach="right" box="[525,535,837,854]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
|
|||
|
|
/
|
|||
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[545,555,854,871]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
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–3], [1
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<superScript attach="none" box="[646,656,837,854]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
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/
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<subScript attach="right" box="[666,676,854,871]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</subScript>
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–2
|
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<superScript attach="none" box="[706,716,837,854]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">1</superScript>
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/
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<subScript attach="none" box="[726,736,854,871]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
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], [1– 2
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<superScript attach="none" box="[156,166,867,884]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</superScript>
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/
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<subScript attach="right" box="[175,185,883,900]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
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]IV[2
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<superScript attach="none" box="[245,255,867,884]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</superScript>
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/
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<subScript attach="right" box="[264,274,883,900]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
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–2], [2
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<superScript attach="none" box="[359,369,867,884]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</superScript>
|
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/
|
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<subScript attach="none" box="[377,387,883,900]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
|
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–1
|
|||
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<superScript attach="right" box="[416,426,867,884]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</superScript>
|
|||
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/
|
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<subScript attach="right" box="[434,444,883,900]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
|
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], [2
|
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<superScript attach="none" box="[502,512,867,884]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">2</superScript>
|
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/
|
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<subScript attach="none" box="[520,530,883,900]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</subScript>
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–1
|
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<superScript attach="none" box="[558,568,867,884]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">3</superScript>
|
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/
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<subScript attach="right" box="[577,587,883,900]" fontSize="7" pageId="7">4</subScript>
|
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|
]V); heels without tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle moderately developed and elongate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; one moderate subarticular tubercle present at the base of first phalanx on each toe; toes without toe pads.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[142,813,188,2002]" pageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,326,1022,1046]" pageId="7">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
—Distinct light brown spot on each side of lore and distinct whitish spot on upper jaw just below posterior end of orbit; dorsum brown with light chamoisbrown-colored hourglass marking; distinct darker spots dorsolateral of sacral and iliac joint; alternate black and brown bands on dorsal side of limbs; in lateral flanks, skin with distinct blackish stripe extending from posterior end of eyes through top of humeral–ulnar joint to inguinal area; short, black dorsal stripe on each side of pubic junction; venter yellowish-white maculated with black blotches; chest and ventral surface of limbs light tea-rose orange with few sparsely located yellowish dots; tips of fingers and toes tearose orange-colored without dots; iris bright gold with black reticulations.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[142,813,188,2002]" pageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,437,1440,1464]" pageId="7">Color in preservative.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
—In preservative the color of the animal differs slightly from that in life. The dorsum has a very light hourglass marking. The venter is whitish grey maculated with dark brown blotches.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" type="etymology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[142,813,188,2002]" pageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,307,1560,1584]" pageId="7">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
—The specific epithet is an adjective referring to the Mandailing Batak ethnic region and Kabupaten (regency) where the new species was found.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[142,813,188,2002]" box="[169,687,1649,1673]" pageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,364,1649,1673]" pageId="7">Common name.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
—Mandailing Puppet Toads.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[142,813,188,2002]" pageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,584,1679,1703]" pageId="7">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
—
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7">Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is known only from rainforests on the slopes of Gunung Sorikmarapi in southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[634,812,1739,1763]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="7">Sumatera Utara</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
from
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[206,291,1769,1793]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.297" pageId="7" unit="m" value="1297.0">1297 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
to
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[332,418,1769,1793]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.383" pageId="7" unit="m" value="1383.0">1383 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[435,513,1769,1793]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[142,156,1409,1428]" captionTargetBox="[207,1402,191,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-288@8.[207,1402,191,1383]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4.—Map of Sumatra with topographical relief showing localities where members of the new genus of toad (Sigalegalephrŋnus) were found." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716449/files/figure.png" pageId="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[574,589,1768,1792]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[166,180,1522,1541]" captionTargetBox="[142,812,191,1496]" captionTargetId="figure-209@9.[142,812,191,1496]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.—Habitat of Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis—a view of the rainforest at the edge of an inactive solphatara field on the northeastern slope of Gunung Sorikmarapi where the holotype was found (upper); and first author at the entrance of the subterranean hollow where the holotype was collected (lower)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716458/files/figure.png" pageId="7">5</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus box="[667,762,1769,1793]" pageId="7">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
was found at 1830 h inactive on a cave wall,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[631,651,1801,1822]" pageId="7">~</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[651,699,1799,1823]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
from the entrance and below ground level. The
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus box="[573,679,1829,1853]" pageId="7">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
were active on vegetation
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[298,363,1858,1882]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[375,420,1858,1882]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[480,522,1858,1882]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(on a liana) above ground between 1930 and 2115 h. The two individuals higher above the ground were vocalizing using a series of high-pitched ticks. The
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus box="[256,351,1947,1971]" pageId="7">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
weighed
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[457,512,1947,1972]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" unit="g" value="2.5">2.5 g</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, and the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus box="[613,719,1948,1972]" pageId="7">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
1.4, 1.7, and
|
|||
|
|
<quantity box="[192,249,1977,2002]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" pageId="7" unit="g" value="1.8">1.8 g</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[844,1514,188,543]" pageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[871,927,188,212]" pageId="7">Call.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
—The advertisement call of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart, Sarker, Arifin, Harvey, Sidik, Hamidy, Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis">Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is best described as a rapid succession of regularly placed, shrill ticks. A single call
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate box="[1322,1403,249,273]" degrees="17.27" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" precision="555" value="-17.27">17.27 s</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
in length was recorded at 2156 h. The call begins with infrequent, lowamplitude ticks, which progressively get louder and attain a uniform pulse rate during the main calling period that, in our recording, lasted
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1042,1062,372,393]" pageId="7">~</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
15 s. During this time, the tonal pulses were organized in a discreet series repeated at a moderately high rate of 6 times/s. Each individual pulse lasted about 29 ± 4 ms (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation box="[954,1023,459,483]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[868,882,1410,1429]" captionTargetBox="[844,1513,195,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-260@9.[844,1516,191,1384]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6.—Advertisement call of Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis. (A) oscillogram (relative amplitude vs. time) and (B) spectrograms (energy in each frequency vs. time) of a single pulse; (C) power spectra. A color version of this figure is available online." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716455/files/figure.png" pageId="7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) intersected by pauses
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1300,1320,462,483]" pageId="7">~</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
12 ± 9 ms long. These pulses were relatively narrow band (<500 Hz). The average dominant frequency of pulses was 3.4 ± 0.04 Hz.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|