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161 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" ID-PMC="PMC6033956" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-102-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" ID-PubMed="30002597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1306325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-102-1" checkinTime="1530324112772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="DeFilipps, Robert A. & Krupnick, Gary A." docDate="2018" docId="688EDDC8C0C158F29ACC7677D472EA19" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 102: 1-341" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 102" docPubDate="2018-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" docTitle="Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" masterDocTitle="The medicinal plants of Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="341" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1668138950833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The medicinal plants of Myanmar</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>DeFilipps, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Deceased</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Krupnick, Gary A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4826</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC- 166, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">krupnick@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-06-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>102</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>341</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-102-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1306325</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182396363" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:688EDDC8C0C158F29ACC7677D472EA19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/688EDDC8C0C158F29ACC7677D472EA19" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName LSID="688EDDC8-C0C1-58F2-9ACC-7677D472EA19" authority="(L.) Benth. ex Kurz" authorityName="Benth. ex Kurz" authorityYear="1877" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Rauvolfia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rauvolfia serpentina" order="Gentianales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serpentina">Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="names">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Myanmar</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">bommayazar</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">bomma-yaza</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">English</emphasis>
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: Indian snakeroot, serpent wood.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="range">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Range.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">India to Java. In Myanmar, found in Bago, Chin, Kayin, Mandalay, Mon, and Yangon.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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This astringent, sharp, and bitter plant is used to improve digestion, relieve gas, and stimulate taste buds, as well as to alleviate paralysis, trembling, male-related disorders leading to excessive semen, and gonorrhea. It is also used for other venereal diseases, hypertension, anemia, heart palpitations, impotence, and lack of semen.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Leaf</emphasis>
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: Fresh juice used in medicines for eye conditions.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Leaf</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Root</emphasis>
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: Used as sedative.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Root</emphasis>
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: Remedies made from the root are well known for reducing blood pressure, especially in young people with anxiety-related palpitations and hypertension. Root remedies are also used as a tranquilizer to calm aggression, restlessness, and excitability in patients with mental disorders. In addition, the root is used in tonics, sleeping aids, carminatives, fever reducers, and poison neutralizers. Pulverized root, in equal amounts with
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">shein-kho</emphasis>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Gardenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gardenia resinifera" order="Dipsacales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="resinifera">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gardenia resinifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">eikthara-muli</emphasis>
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(
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Prain" authorityYear="1904" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus kachinensis" order="Celastrales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kachinensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Euonymus kachinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">hsay-dan</emphasis>
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(
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1832" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hygrophila phlomoides" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phlomoides">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hygrophila phlomoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), is either crushed with one betel (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Piper betle" order="Piperales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="betle">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Piper betle</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) leaf or mixed with sesame oil and applied all over an
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<normalizedToken originalValue="infant’s">infant's</normalizedToken>
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body (with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet) as an inhaled therapy to relieve bronchitis and vomiting. Alternatively, the powder on a
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<normalizedToken originalValue="person’s">person's</normalizedToken>
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warmed hands is applied as a chest rub for children. It is noted that following use of medicine made from this plant, the patient should eat foods with heating properties and bathe regularly.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Jain, SK" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B50" refString="Jain, SK, DeFilipps, RA, 1991. Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." year="1991">Jain and DeFilipps (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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. The species has been used for centuries in Indian Ayurveda medicine to treat snakebite and insanity. Ayurveda uses of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="R. serpentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="serpentina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R. serpentina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“sarpagandha”">"sarpagandha"</normalizedToken>
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) are discussed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Kapoor, LD" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B51" refString="Kapoor, LD, 1990. CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton." title="CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton." year="1990">Kapoor (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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. Indigenous medicinal uses of this species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) are described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Dagar, JC" journalOrPublisher="Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B27" refString="Dagar, JC, Singh, NT, 1999. Plant Resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Enumeration and Utilisation of Vascular Plants). Vol. II. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 281-987." title="Plant Resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Enumeration and Utilisation of Vascular Plants). Vol. II. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 281 - 987." year="1999">Dagar and Singh (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benth. ex Kurz" authorityYear="1877" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Rauvolfia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rauvolfia serpentina" order="Gentianales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serpentina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Rauvolfia serpentina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the source of the first modern plant-derived antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug, reserpine, used in psychiatry and for lowering blood pressure (
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<bibRefCitation author="Shah, NC" journalOrPublisher="Ethnobotany" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" pagination="109 - 112" refId="B102" refString="Shah, NC, 1995. Rauvolfia serpentina: From folk-medicine to modern medicine - some unknown aspects. Ethnobotany 7: 109 - 112" title="Rauvolfia serpentina: From folk-medicine to modern medicine - some unknown aspects." volume="7" year="1995">Shah 1995</bibRefCitation>
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). Details of the active chemical compounds, effects, herbal usage and pharmacological literature of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="R. serpentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="serpentina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R. serpentina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are given in
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<bibRefCitation author="Fleming, T" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B36" refString="Fleming, T, 2000. PDR for Herbal Medicines (2nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." title="PDR for Herbal Medicines (2 nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." year="2000">Fleming (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Lipid / Fett" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B32" refString="Duke, JA, 1986. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." title="CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." year="1986">Duke (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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. Medicinal properties of this species are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Blackwell, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bioscience" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B13" refString="Blackwell, WH, 1990. Poisonous and Medicinal Plants. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs." title="Poisonous and Medicinal Plants. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs." year="1990">Blackwell (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="references">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">References.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<bibRefCitation author="Nordal, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B85" refString="Nordal, A, 1963. The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." title="The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." year="1963">Nordal (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Agricultural Corporation" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B3" refString="Agricultural Corporation, 1980. Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" title="Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" year="1980">Agricultural Corporation (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Forest Department" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B37" refString="Forest Department, 1999. Medicinal Plants of Popa Mountain Park. Ministry of Forestry, Yangon, Myanmar." title="Medicinal Plants of Popa Mountain Park. Ministry of Forestry, Yangon, Myanmar." year="1999">Forest Department (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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