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279 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60c96364-0fcd-4ccd-84af-123d176a6a52" ID-PMC="PMC5523382" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-680-105" ID-PubMed="28769718" ID-ZBK="657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-680-105" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 680" ModsDocTitle="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species" checkinTime="1502744605313" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M. & Cerrano, Carlo" docDate="2017" docId="94FEE48A126E339AF767BB331C31391A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 680: 105-150" docOrigin="ZooKeys 680" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" docTitle="Stelletta tethytimeata Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="8C01D0F2-326D-4C50-827F-706CF3D6EAF6" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="108" masterDocId="8A0DFFF7FFB02806FFE0A3014E580F49" masterDocTitle="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="108" updateTime="1668164543412" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Calcinai, Barbara</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bastari, Azzurra</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bavestrello, Giorgio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bertolino, Marco</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pansini, Maurizio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Makapedua, Daisy M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cerrano, Carlo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>680</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>105</mods:start>
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<mods:end>150</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-680-105</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="132649455" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8C01D0F2-326D-4C50-827F-706CF3D6EAF6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/94FEE48A126E339AF767BB331C31391A" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/8C01D0F2-326D-4C50-827F-706CF3D6EAF6" authority="Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta tethytimeata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">Stelletta tethytimeata Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="108">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figure 4
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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Holotype: MSNG 60136, BU-289, 17/05/2001,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Raymond’s">Raymond's</normalizedToken>
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Point (Bunaken Island), unknown depth. Paratype: MSNG 60137, BU-562, 26/06/2004, Bualo (Manado Tua Island), unknown depth.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Other material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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BU-533, 21/06/2004, Bualo (Manado Tua Island), about 8 m depth. BU-545, 23/06/2004,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Raymond’s">Raymond's</normalizedToken>
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Point (Bunaken Island), about 20 m depth. BU-98, 23/03/2000, Lekuan II (Bunaken Island), 5 m depth.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Massively rounded yellow sponge; the colour changes after fixation. Megascleres are anatriaenes with characteristic bending and a single type of oxeas; microscleres are represented by a heterogeneous set of tylasters and oxyasters.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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The sponge is light yellow-lemon in vivo (Fig. 4A); the colour changes in the preserved specimens, becoming dark-brown to blackish. It is almost totally covered by the associated epibiotic species
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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(see above), with the exception of the oscula that, protruding from the surface of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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, are clearly distinguishable for their different colour (Figs 3A, 4A). Since the external sponge
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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is thinly encrusting, most of the mass of the associated sponges is due to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. that can be as large as 10 cm across (Fig. 4A, B).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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Skeleton. The cortex is a collagenous layer 400-700
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick (Fig. 4B); the triaenes have their clades tangential to the surface and sometimes protrude from it (Fig. 4C), merging in the tissue of the epibiotic
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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. The choanosomal skeleton is formed by tracts of oxeas without a clear radial arrangement with microscleres scattered in between (Fig. 4D). Towards the sponge surface, the spicule density lowers and oxeas are more or less parallelly arranged (Figs 3C, 4B, D).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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Spicules. Megascleres are anatriaenes (Fig. 4E), with straight, sharp-pointed rhabdome of 570 - (708.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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119.3) - 800
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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10 - (15.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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3.8) - 22.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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and clads of 80 - (113.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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43.3) - 225
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7.5 - (9.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.6) - 12.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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with sharp tips and characteristic bending. Oxeas straight, fusiform, with sharp tips (Fig. 4F), sometimes modified into styles; they measure 1274 - (1514.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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145.3) - 1950
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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20 - (24.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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3.9) - 30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Microscleres encompass a heterogeneous set of tylasters and oxyasters (Fig. 4G), with 4-9 rays, with spines along the rays or grouped at the extremities 20 - (27.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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4.4) - 35
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta tethytimeata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">Stelletta tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A specimen in situ (BU-533), partially cut to put in evidence the association with
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethytimea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethytimea tylota" order="Tethyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylota">Tethytimea tylota</taxonomicName>
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. The black arrow indicates the thin layer of the external sponge (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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, orange) while the white arrow indicates
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. B paraffin-embedded section of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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(t) and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (s) co and ch indicate, respectively, the cortex and the choanosome of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. C cross section showing triaenes close to the boundary between
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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(t) and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (s) D bundles of oxeas reaching the boundary between
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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(t) and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (s) E anatriaene F oxea G micrasters H histological preparation showing the cortex (co) of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. The arrow points to the collagenous layer between
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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(t). The inset shows the layer of tylasters of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
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(arrow).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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The name refers to the association with
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethytimea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethytimea tylota" order="Tethyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylota">Tethytimea tylota</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta tethytimeata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">Stelletta tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is characterised by one type of triaenes and by a single category of oxeas. Out of the 146 species of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stelletta</taxonomicName>
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, distributed in all the oceans (
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<bibRefCitation author="van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic, New York" pageId="18" pageNumber="123" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2016">van Soest et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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), 49 are from the tropical Indo-Pacific area (
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<bibRefCitation author="van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Balkema, Rotterdam" pageId="18" pageNumber="123" pagination="213 - 223" title="Demosponge distribution patterns" volumeTitle="Sponges in Time and Space" year="1994">van Soest 1994</bibRefCitation>
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). However, they all differ from the new species in colour, skeletal organisation and especially in the spicule features. They show different categories of megascleres (oxeas of different sizes, plagio-, orto- and dico-triaenes) and microscleres. In particular, 10 species of the tropical Indo-Pacific
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stelletta</taxonomicName>
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species present a single type of triaenes:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. bocki" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="bocki">S. bocki</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Rao, 1941,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. brevioxea" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="brevioxea">S. brevioxea</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Pulitzer-Finali, 1993) and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. cavernosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="cavernosa">S. cavernosa</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Dendy, 1916) have ortotriaenes;
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. brevis" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="brevis">S. brevis</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Hentschel, 1909,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. centroradiata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="centroradiata">S. centroradiata</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, 1983,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. centrotyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="centrotyla">S. centrotyla</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Lendelfeld, 1907 and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. herdmani" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="herdmani">S. herdmani</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Dendy, 1905 have plagiotriaenes;
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName infraspecific-rank="var." lsidName="S. herdmani var. robusta" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="variety" species="herdmani" variety="robusta">S. herdmani var. robusta</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Thomas, 1979 has protriaenes, whereas
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hyperoxea" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="hyperoxea">S. hyperoxea</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, 1983,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. vaceleti" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="vaceleti">S. vaceleti</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, 1983),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. phialimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="phialimorpha">S. phialimorpha</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lévi">Levi</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, 1993 and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. digitata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="digitata">S. digitata</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Pulitzer-Finali, 1993) have dicotriaenes. Actually,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta tethytimeata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">Stelletta tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n. is the only species of the genus in this area possessing anatriaenes (peculiar for the characteristic clad bending) and a single category of oxeas. It is therefore justified, based on the five specimens in association with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethytimea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethytimea tylota" order="Tethyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylota">Tethytimea tylota</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
encountered in this region, to erect a new species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="remarks">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Remarks on the association.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
|
|||
|
|
The associated specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are flat or cushion-shaped with big, rounded lobes and wide oscular structures (Figs 3A, 4A).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
|
|||
|
|
By superficial analysis, the two associated species could appear as a single large individual sponge. The external species (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. tylota" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tylota">T. tylota</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) can be detached with difficulty from the internal one (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n.); the contact area may be observed in SEM images (Fig. 3C) and by histological preparations where the presence of a thin collagen layer of separation between the two species is detectable (Fig. 4B, H). Histological preparations clearly show the presence of the cortex of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tethytimeata" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="tethytimeata">S. tethytimeata</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n. made by a collagen layer up to 700
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
thick (Fig. 4B, H). In the cortex, collencytes are clearly visible and pigmentary cells are numerous (Fig. 4H).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">The two associated species are quite common in North Sulawesi, always in association, generally in dim-light conditions, at a maximum depth of 20 m.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|