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<mods:title id="F2024AFED77949B3DB3C09A5D3CFA7C9">Free-living marine nematodes of the family Sphaerolaimidae (Chromadoria, Monhysterida) from the mangroves of the Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C4ACC99F2248DB2269D7C97C7DB19585">Tchesunov, Alexei V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="74EFBCF30AAD1BCFEEDE4B670D330824">Eskandari, Ali</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3CE7E3FC1AFA413227FC216F5DC51DE6">Hosseinvand, Manouchehr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B044A8A3E0CAC1FEF619C80726062143">Hajializadeh, Parima</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1CF3941F6BFACB821F1F1A800E94313F">Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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(
<figureCitation id="13752A7EFFB1FF9FFF3E99EFF35A19F0" box="[159,293,691,717]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[228,1361,211,1889]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1411,207,1919]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@7.[197,1391,181,1919]" captionTargetId-1="figure-26@8.[162,1425,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Sphaerolaimus pumilus sp. n., entire and anterior body. A: holotype male, entire; B: paratype female n3, entire; C: paratype female n2, anterior body. Scale bars: 50 μm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Sphaerolaimus pumilus sp. n., anterior ends and male posterior body. A: anterior end of the holotype male; B‒D: anterior ends of paratype females; E: posterior body of the holotype male. Scale bars: 10 μm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12189215" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12189219" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/12189215/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/12189219/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">Figures 3–4</figureCitation>
and 
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)
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<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB1FF9FFF3699A7F33B1829" bold="true" box="[151,324,762,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">Type material.</emphasis>
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male (slide 50/18),
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<specimenCount id="9D48FD72FFB1FF9FFD2F99A7F1151828" box="[654,874,763,789]" count="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="529" type="male" typeStatus="paratype">four paratype males</specimenCount>
(slide 50/19)
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and 
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specimens (slides 50/20 and 50/21) are deposited in the nematode collection of the 
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Center of 
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, A.N. 
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and 
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of the 
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type specimens are kept in the nematode collection of 
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, 
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Faculty of 
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, M. 
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. 
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, 
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. 
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the type specimens are mounted in permanent glycerin slides.
</paragraph>
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locality and habitat.
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sediment under the crowns of 
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<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB1FF9FFC0298F3F61418F5" box="[931,1131,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">Avicennia marina</emphasis>
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tree, salinity of interstitial water: 35.5 ppt, temperature on the sediment surface: 27.0 °C, north coast of Qeshm Island, 
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of Hormuz, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE7A503CFFB1FF9FFCE098AAF19F1F2C" box="[833,992,1014,1041]" degrees="55" direction="east" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="529" precision="1" seconds="18.1" value="55.721695">55°43’18.1”E</geoCoordinate>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3546570FFB1FF90FF669F47F1B31A58" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="532" pageId="6" pageNumber="529" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFB1FF9FFF669F47F77F1F08" blockId="6.[151,1437,762,2013]" box="[199,1280,1051,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB1FF9FFF669F47F3311F08" bold="true" box="[199,334,1051,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species epithet means “pigmy” and reflects the minute body size of the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFB1FF9FFF669F62F31B1F65" blockId="6.[151,1437,762,2013]" box="[199,356,1086,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB1FF9FFF669F62F31B1F65" bold="true" box="[199,356,1086,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">Descriptions.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFB1FF9FFF669F3FF33B1DDC" blockId="6.[151,1437,762,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB1FF9FFF669F3FF3691F40" bold="true" box="[199,278,1123,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">Males.</emphasis>
Very minute nematodes. Body cuticle thin and smooth, transversal striations not discernible. No lateral alae along the body. Anterior end rounded. Six small lips closed around the mouth opening. Inner labial papillae scarcely discernible. In most specimens, six setae (two lateral, two subdorsal and two subventral) visible at the level of fine-striated portion of the cheilostoma. Six groups of a little longer subcephalic setae at the level of shagreen band. They are arranged in two subdorsal and two subventral pairs, and two lateral tetrads. All setae disposed at the same level horizontally in all subcephalic groups. In the latero-median pairs, some longer setae located in a more lateral position. Cervical setae up to 5 μm long arranged in eight sparse irregular longitudinal rows which become inconspicuous shortly posterior to the amphideal fovea. Somatic setae short and sparse along the body. Amphideal fovea circular, with distinct cuticular rim, situated well posterior to the stegostoma level. Buccal cavity conspicuous and relatively voluminous. Cheilostoma, major portion of the buccal cavity, consists of three parts. Anterior cheilostoma part truncate cone-shaped and smooth-shaped. Middle cheilostoma part also truncated cone-shaped, its walls complex with fine longitudinal striations (ribbing). Posterior cheilostoma part is spacy barrel-shaped with walls forming a sclerotized shagreen band. Anterior and posterior edges of the shagreen band are even, without lobes and inlets. Gymnostoma narrow. Stegostoma thick-walled, asymmetrical. Pharynx almost cylindrical, gradually widening to the cardia, strongly muscular along its entire length. Cardia low, enveloped by intestinal tissue. Nerve ring approximately at the middle of the pharynx. Pore and ampulla of the ventral secretory-excretory gland located at a distance posterior to the nerve ring. Ventral gland cell body situated posterior to the cardia, lateral to the intestine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFB1FF90FF669DB7F3541BE8" blockId="6.[151,1437,762,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="532" pageId="6" pageNumber="529">
Males reproductive system is diorchic, anterior testis outstretched, situated to the left of the intestine. Posterior testis is reflected, situated to the right of the intestine. In 
<specimenCount id="9D48FD72FFB1FF9FFC859C53F1BA1C14" box="[804,965,1807,1833]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="529" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">two paratypes</specimenCount>
, on the contrary, anterior testis located to the right and posterior to the left of the intestine. The testes look different. Anterior outstretched testis is filled with small spheric to ovoid cells, evidently at stage of spermatids or spermatozoa. Posterior reflected testis contains a row of large cells increasing gradually in size from the tip to the junction with the vas deferens (spermaduct); no small spermatid or spermatozoa were observed there. Spicules very short, slightly curved, distally rounded, proximally non-knobbed. Gubernaculum absent. No supplementary organs, except a tiny precloacal pore with a canal. Tail conico-cylindrical, terminally slightly clavated, with three long terminal setae and a few latero-dorsal and latero-ventral setae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF316673FFB0FF9EFF369CCBF0C91CE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12189215" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12189215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12189215/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="530" startId="7.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[228,1361,211,1889]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFB0FF9EFF369CCBF0C91CE9" blockId="7.[151,1437,1943,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="530">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB0FF9EFF369CCBF36D1C92" bold="true" box="[151,274,1943,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="530">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFB0FF9EFEB99CCBF07A1C92" authority="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh, 2024" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[280,517,1943,1967]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="7" pageNumber="530" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB0FF9EFEB99CCBF07A1C92" box="[280,517,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="530">Sphaerolaimus pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB0FF9EFDAA9CCBF03B1C92" bold="true" box="[523,580,1943,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="530">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2095792FFB0FF9EFDAA9CCBF03B1C92" box="[523,580,1943,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="530" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, entire and anterior body. 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB0FF9EFCED9CCBF1191C92" bold="true" box="[844,870,1943,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="530">A:</emphasis>
holotype male, entire; 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB0FF9EFBEE9CCBF6171C92" bold="true" box="[1103,1128,1943,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="530">B:</emphasis>
paratype female n3, entire; 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFB0FF9EFA209CCBF7E21C92" bold="true" box="[1409,1437,1943,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="530">C:</emphasis>
paratype female n2, anterior body. Scale bars: 50 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF316673FFBFFF91FF369CCBF6351CE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12189219" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12189219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12189219/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="531" startId="8.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[162,1411,207,1919]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFBFFF91FF369CCBF6351CE9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="8" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBFFF91FF369CCBF36C1C92" bold="true" box="[151,275,1943,1967]" pageId="8" pageNumber="531">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBFFF91FEBB9CCBF0771C92" authority="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh, 2024" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[282,520,1943,1967]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="8" pageNumber="531" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBFFF91FEBB9CCBF0771C92" box="[282,520,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="531">Sphaerolaimus pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBFFF91FDAE9CC4F0371C8D" bold="true" box="[527,584,1944,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="531">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2095792FFBFFF91FDAE9CC4F0371C8D" box="[527,584,1944,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="531" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, anterior ends and male posterior body. 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBFFF91FC439CCBF1831C92" bold="true" box="[994,1020,1943,1967]" pageId="8" pageNumber="531">A:</emphasis>
anterior end of the holotype male; 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBFFF91FAC59CC4F7E31C8D" bold="true" box="[1380,1436,1944,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="531">B‒D:</emphasis>
anterior ends of paratype females; 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBFFF91FE579CE0F0701CE9" bold="true" box="[502,527,1980,2004]" pageId="8" pageNumber="531">E:</emphasis>
posterior body of the holotype male. Scale bars: 10 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFBEFF90FF669B83F1B31A58" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FF669B83F34F1BC4" bold="true" box="[199,304,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Females.</emphasis>
In a sole specimen (female), the latero-median setae on the head are distinctly paired, therefore, the actual number of setae in this circle may be ten (6 ols+4 cs). Amphideal fovea of females are smaller than that of males. Female reproductive system monodelphic, prodelphic, an outstretched ovary situated to the left of the intestine. Uterus filled with small spherical spermatozoa. Vagina oblique.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3546570FFBEFF93FF669A32F6B71900" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="9" pageNumber="532" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFBEFF90FF669A32F072195C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FF669A32F33D1AB5" bold="true" box="[199,322,366,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Body length 564–634 μm; a = 20–30, b = 4.1–4.5, c = 6.5–7.5, c’ = 3.4–5.3, V% = 62–65%. Outer labial and cephalic setae of the anterior crown 1–1.5 μm long, located at the level of the striated part of the cheilostoma. Subcephalic setae 2–6 μm long, arranged in eight pairs (four sublateral and four submedian) or in two lateral tetrads and four submedian pairs, situated at the level of shagreen band. Amphideal fovea located well posterior to the stegostoma. Ventral excretory/secretory pore located at a distance of 27–37 μm posterior to the nerve ring. Spicules short and almost straight, 14–15 μm long. Gubernaculum absent. Tail conico-cylindrical, cylindrical portion 35–44% of the entire tail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFBEFF90FF669936F62A19F0" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FF669936F3B319B9" bold="true" box="[199,460,618,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
A notable feature of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBEFF90FD119937F15C19B8" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[688,803,619,645]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="9" pageNumber="532" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FD119937F15C19B8" box="[688,803,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">S. pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the close distance of sublateral pairs of the subcephalic setae that forms an unusual pattern of two lateral tetrads and four submedian pairs. In some individuals, the tetrads look as having a small space separating latero-dorsal and latero-ventral pairs of setae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF316673FFBEFF90FF3699A0F6531828" ID-Table-UUID="DF316673FFBEFF90FF3699A0F6531828" box="[151,1068,764,789]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF316673FFBEFF90FF3699A0F6531828" pageId="9" pageNumber="532" startId="9.[151,239,764,788]" targetBox="[163,1411,804,2024]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFBEFF90FF3699A0F6531828" blockId="9.[151,1068,764,789]" box="[151,1068,764,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FF3699A0F3751829" bold="true" box="[151,266,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Morphometrics of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBEFF90FE7899A0F0AC1829" authority="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh, 2024" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[473,723,764,788]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="9" pageNumber="532" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FE7899A0F0AC1829" box="[473,723,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Sphaerolaimus pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FD7B99A1F16A1828" bold="true" box="[730,789,765,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2095792FFBEFF90FD7B99A1F16A1828" box="[730,789,765,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Measurements are in μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFBEFF90FF029878F74D1CD5" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<table id="F94EC45BFFBE0066FF029878F7FC1CD5" box="[163,1411,804,2024]" gridcols="4" gridrows="30" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029878F7FC1801" box="[163,1411,804,828]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="532" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029878F0241801" box="[163,603,804,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FF029878F3631801" bold="true" box="[163,284,804,828]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Characters</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39878F6EF1801" box="[882,1168,804,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FCD39878F1CC1801" bold="true" box="[882,947,804,828]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Males</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9878F7FC1801" box="[1198,1411,804,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FB0F9878F7781801" bold="true" box="[1198,1287,804,828]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Females</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029810F7FC18BF" box="[163,1411,844,898]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="532" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609810F15B18BF" box="[705,804,844,898]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FD609810F15B1859" bold="true" box="[705,804,844,868]" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Holotype</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39810F6EF18BF" box="[882,1168,844,898]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FC1D9810F6EF18BF" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">All the males (holotype+paratypes), n=5</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9810F7FC18BF" box="[1198,1411,844,898]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBEFF90FB1D9810F74B18BC" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Female paratypes, n=3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF0298CEF7FC1897" box="[163,1411,914,938]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF0298CEF0241897" box="[163,603,914,938]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Body length</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD6098CEF15B1897" box="[705,804,914,938]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">604</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD398CEF6EF1897" box="[882,1168,914,938]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">564–607</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F98CEF7FC1897" box="[1198,1411,914,938]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">593–634</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF0298E6F7FC18EF" box="[163,1411,954,978]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF0298E6F02418EF" box="[163,603,954,978]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD6098E6F15B18EF" box="[705,804,954,978]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">137</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD398E6F6EF18EF" box="[882,1168,954,978]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">135–142</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F98E6F7FC18EF" box="[1198,1411,954,978]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">131–147</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF0298BEF7FC18C7" box="[163,1411,994,1018]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF0298BEF02418C7" box="[163,603,994,1018]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Tail length</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD6098BEF15B18C7" box="[705,804,994,1018]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">84</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD398BEF6EF18C7" box="[882,1168,994,1018]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">80–87</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F98BEF7FC18C7" box="[1198,1411,994,1018]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">82–91</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029F56F7FC1F1E" box="[163,1411,1034,1059]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029F56F0241F1E" box="[163,603,1034,1059]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Distance anterior end–vulva</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609F56F15B1F1E" box="[705,804,1034,1059]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">-</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39F56F6EF1F1E" box="[882,1168,1034,1059]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">-</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9F56F7FC1F1E" box="[1198,1411,1034,1059]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">370–404</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029F6EF7FC1F76" box="[163,1411,1074,1099]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029F6EF0241F76" box="[163,603,1074,1099]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">a</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609F6EF15B1F76" box="[705,804,1074,1099]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">27.6</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39F6EF6EF1F76" box="[882,1168,1074,1099]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">20.7–29.1</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9F6EF7FC1F76" box="[1198,1411,1074,1099]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">27.2–29.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029F07F7FC1F4E" box="[163,1411,1115,1139]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029F07F0241F4E" box="[163,603,1115,1139]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">b</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609F07F15B1F4E" box="[705,804,1115,1139]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">4.4</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39F07F6EF1F4E" box="[882,1168,1115,1139]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">4.2–4.4</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9F07F7FC1F4E" box="[1198,1411,1115,1139]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">4.1–4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029FDFF7FC1FA6" box="[163,1411,1155,1179]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029FDFF0241FA6" box="[163,603,1155,1179]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">c</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609FDFF15B1FA6" box="[705,804,1155,1179]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">7.2</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39FDFF6EF1FA6" box="[882,1168,1155,1179]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">6.6–7.5</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9FDFF7FC1FA6" box="[1198,1411,1155,1179]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">6.9–7.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029FF7F7FC1FFE" box="[163,1411,1195,1219]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029FF7F0241FFE" box="[163,603,1195,1219]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">c’</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609FF7F15B1FFE" box="[705,804,1195,1219]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">4.7</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39FF7F6EF1FFE" box="[882,1168,1195,1219]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">3.5–4.7</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9FF7F7FC1FFE" box="[1198,1411,1195,1219]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">4.8–5.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029F8FF7FC1FD1" box="[163,1411,1235,1260]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029F8FF0241FD1" box="[163,603,1235,1260]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">V%</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609F8FF15B1FD1" box="[705,804,1235,1260]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">-</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39F8FF6EF1FD1" box="[882,1168,1235,1260]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">-</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9F8FF7FC1FD1" box="[1198,1411,1235,1260]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">62.4–65.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029FA0F7FC1E29" box="[163,1411,1276,1300]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029FA0F0241E29" box="[163,603,1276,1300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Cylindrical portion of tail, %</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609FA0F15B1E29" box="[705,804,1276,1300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">39</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39FA0F6EF1E29" box="[882,1168,1276,1300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">37–43</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9FA0F7FC1E29" box="[1198,1411,1276,1300]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">35–44</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029E78F7FC1E01" box="[163,1411,1316,1340]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029E78F0241E01" box="[163,603,1316,1340]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Body diameter at level of cephalic setae</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609E78F15B1E01" box="[705,804,1316,1340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">8</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39E78F6EF1E01" box="[882,1168,1316,1340]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">7–8</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9E78F7FC1E01" box="[1198,1411,1316,1340]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">6–8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029E10F7FC1E59" box="[163,1411,1356,1380]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029E10F0241E59" box="[163,603,1356,1380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Body diameter at level of subcephalic setae</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609E10F15B1E59" box="[705,804,1356,1380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">10</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39E10F6EF1E59" box="[882,1168,1356,1380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">10–10</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9E10F7FC1E59" box="[1198,1411,1356,1380]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">9–11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029E28F7FC1EB0" box="[163,1411,1396,1421]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029E28F0241EB0" box="[163,603,1396,1421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Body diameter at level of amphidial fovea</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609E28F15B1EB0" box="[705,804,1396,1421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">16</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39E28F6EF1EB0" box="[882,1168,1396,1421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">14–16</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9E28F7FC1EB0" box="[1198,1411,1396,1421]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">14–15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029EC1F7FC1E88" box="[163,1411,1437,1461]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029EC1F0241E88" box="[163,603,1437,1461]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Body diameter at level of nerve ring</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609EC1F15B1E88" box="[705,804,1437,1461]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">20</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39EC1F6EF1E88" box="[882,1168,1437,1461]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">20–27</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9EC1F7FC1E88" box="[1198,1411,1437,1461]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">19–20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029E99F7FC1EE0" box="[163,1411,1477,1501]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029E99F0241EE0" box="[163,603,1477,1501]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Body diameter at level of cardia</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609E99F15B1EE0" box="[705,804,1477,1501]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">23</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39E99F6EF1EE0" box="[882,1168,1477,1501]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">22–29</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9E99F7FC1EE0" box="[1198,1411,1477,1501]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">20–21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029EB1F7FC1D38" box="[163,1411,1517,1541]" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029EB1F0241D38" box="[163,603,1517,1541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Body diameter at midbody</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609EB1F15B1D38" box="[705,804,1517,1541]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">22</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39EB1F6EF1D38" box="[882,1168,1517,1541]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">21–29</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9EB1F7FC1D38" box="[1198,1411,1517,1541]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">21–22</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029D4AF7FC1D13" box="[163,1411,1558,1582]" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029D4AF0241D13" box="[163,603,1558,1582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Body diameter at level of cloaca/anus</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609D4AF15B1D13" box="[705,804,1558,1582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">18</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39D4AF6EF1D13" box="[882,1168,1558,1582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">17–23</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9D4AF7FC1D13" box="[1198,1411,1558,1582]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">17–18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029D62F7FC1D6B" box="[163,1411,1598,1622]" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029D62F0241D6B" box="[163,603,1598,1622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Anterior setae length</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609D62F15B1D6B" box="[705,804,1598,1622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">1–1.5</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39D62F6EF1D6B" box="[882,1168,1598,1622]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">1–1.5</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9D62F7FC1D6B" box="[1198,1411,1598,1622]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">1–1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029D3AF7FC1D43" box="[163,1411,1638,1662]" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029D3AF0241D43" box="[163,603,1638,1662]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Subcephalic setae length</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609D3AF15B1D43" box="[705,804,1638,1662]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">3–5</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39D3AF6EF1D43" box="[882,1168,1638,1662]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">2–5</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9D3AF7FC1D43" box="[1198,1411,1638,1662]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">2–6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029DD2F7FC1D9B" box="[163,1411,1678,1702]" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029DD2F0241D9B" box="[163,603,1678,1702]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Amphideal fovea width</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609DD2F15B1D9B" box="[705,804,1678,1702]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">6</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39DD2F6EF1D9B" box="[882,1168,1678,1702]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">5–7</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9DD2F7FC1D9B" box="[1198,1411,1678,1702]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">4–5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029DEAF7FC1DF2" box="[163,1411,1718,1743]" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029DEAF0241DF2" box="[163,603,1718,1743]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Distance amphideal fovea–cephalic apex</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609DEAF15B1DF2" box="[705,804,1718,1743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">20</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39DEAF6EF1DF2" box="[882,1168,1718,1743]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">18–21</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9DEAF7FC1DF2" box="[1198,1411,1718,1743]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">19–21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029D83F7FC1DCA" box="[163,1411,1759,1783]" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029D83F0241DCA" box="[163,603,1759,1783]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Stoma entire length (height)</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609D83F15B1DCA" box="[705,804,1759,1783]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">10</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39D83F6EF1DCA" box="[882,1168,1759,1783]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">9–11</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9D83F7FC1DCA" box="[1198,1411,1759,1783]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">10–11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029C5BF7FC1C22" box="[163,1411,1799,1823]" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029C5BF0241C22" box="[163,603,1799,1823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Stoma width at shagreen band</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609C5BF15B1C22" box="[705,804,1799,1823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">7</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39C5BF6EF1C22" box="[882,1168,1799,1823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">6–7</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9C5BF7FC1C22" box="[1198,1411,1799,1823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">6–7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029C73F7FC1C7A" box="[163,1411,1839,1863]" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029C73F0241C7A" box="[163,603,1839,1863]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Distance cephalic apex–ventral pore</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609C73F15B1C7A" box="[705,804,1839,1863]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">100</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39C73F6EF1C7A" box="[882,1168,1839,1863]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">97–100</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9C73F7FC1C7A" box="[1198,1411,1839,1863]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">97–103</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029C0BF7FC1C4D" box="[163,1411,1879,1904]" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029C0BF0241C4D" box="[163,603,1879,1904]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Distance nerve ring–ventral pore</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609C0BF15B1C4D" box="[705,804,1879,1904]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">37</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39C0BF6EF1C4D" box="[882,1168,1879,1904]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">27–39</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9C0BF7FC1C4D" box="[1198,1411,1879,1904]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">23–31</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029CDCF7FC1CA5" box="[163,1411,1920,1944]" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029CDCF0241CA5" box="[163,603,1920,1944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Spicules length along chord</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609CDCF15B1CA5" box="[705,804,1920,1944]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">13</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39CDCF6EF1CA5" box="[882,1168,1920,1944]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">13–15</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9CDCF7FC1CA5" box="[1198,1411,1920,1944]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029CF4F7FC1CFD" box="[163,1411,1960,1984]" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029CF4F0241CFD" box="[163,603,1960,1984]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Spicules length along arc</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609CF4F15B1CFD" box="[705,804,1960,1984]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">14</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39CF4F6EF1CFD" box="[882,1168,1960,1984]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">14–15</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9CF4F7FC1CFD" box="[1198,1411,1960,1984]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357E34B9FFBE0066FF029C8CF7FC1CD5" box="[163,1411,2000,2024]" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">
<th id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FF029C8CF0241CD5" box="[163,603,2000,2024]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">Caudal terminal setae length</th>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FD609C8CF15B1CD5" box="[705,804,2000,2024]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">6</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FCD39C8CF6EF1CD5" box="[882,1168,2000,2024]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">5–6</td>
<td id="76AF5DC5FFBE0066FB0F9C8CF7FC1CD5" box="[1198,1411,2000,2024]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="532">4–5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFBDFF93FF669BCBF7E21A90" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FF669BCBF34A1B8C" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[199,309,151,177]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FF669BCBF34A1B8C" box="[199,309,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to a group of species with amphideal fovea situated at a distance posterior to the stegostoma. This is a juvenile feature (see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B0AFFBDFF93FDAC9BE7F0C01BE8" author="Lorenzen, S." box="[525,703,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" pagination="53 - 78" refId="ref8512" refString="Lorenzen, S. (1978) Postembryonalentwicklung von Steineria - und Sphaerolaimidenarten (Nematoden) und ihre Konsequenzen fur die Systematik. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 200 (1 / 2), 53 - 78." type="journal article" year="1978">Lorenzen, 1978</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B0AFFBDFF93FD689BE7F17C1BE8" author="Lorenzen, S." box="[713,771,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" pagination="1 - 472" refId="ref8549" refString="Lorenzen, S. (1981) Entwurf eines phylogenetischen Systems der freilebenden Nematoden. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fur Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven, 7 (Supplement), 1 - 472." type="journal article" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B0AFFBDFF93FCAC9BE7F13A1BE8" author="Lorenzen, S." box="[781,837,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" refId="ref8581" refString="Lorenzen, S. (1994) The phylogenetic systematics of freeliving nematodes. Ray Society Monographs Series. Vol. 162. The Ray Society, London, 383 pp." type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
and other sources cited therein) retained at adult stage in several species. Among these species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FDFB9B83F0B11BC4" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[602,718,223,249]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FDFB9B83F0B11BC4" box="[602,718,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S. pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares absence of a gubernaculum with 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FB2B9B83F2B01A20" authority="Tchesunov, 1980" authorityName="Tchesunov" authorityYear="1980" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="abeskunus">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FB2B9B83F7661BC4" box="[1162,1305,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S. abeskunus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B0AFFBDFF93FABF9B83F2B01A20" author="Tchesunov, A. V." pageId="10" pageNumber="533" pagination="973 - 985" refId="ref8967" refString="Tchesunov, A. V. (1980) New data on free-living nematodes of the superfamily Monhysteroidea of the Caspian Sea. Zoologischeskii Zhurnal, 59 (7), 973 - 985 [in Russian, English summary]" type="journal article" year="1980">Tchesunov, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FEAA9A5FF0211A20" authority="Vitiello, 1971" authorityName="Vitiello" authorityYear="1971" box="[267,606,259,285]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="paragracilis">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FEAA9A5FF3CB1A20" box="[267,436,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S. paragracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B0AFFBDFF93FE1F9A5FF0211A20" author="Vitiello, P." box="[446,606,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" pagination="647 - 690" refId="ref9121" refString="Vitiello, P. (1971) Nematodes libres marins des vases profondes du Golfe du Lion. III. Monhysterida, Araeolaimida, Desmodorida. Tethys, 2, 647 - 690." type="journal article" year="1971">Vitiello, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FDCD9A5FF09B1A20" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[620,740,259,285]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FDCD9A5FF09B1A20" box="[620,740,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S. pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FC219A5FF66B1A20" authorityName="Tchesunov" authorityYear="1980" box="[896,1044,259,285]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="abeskunus">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FC219A5FF66B1A20" box="[896,1044,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S. abeskunus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(described from the Caspian Sea, 
<quantity id="4CB69B1EFFBDFF93FF369A7AF3681A7C" box="[151,279,294,321]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.825" metricValueMax="1.85" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" unit="m" value="182.5" valueMax="185.0" valueMin="180.0">180–185 m</quantity>
deep) by shorter body length (564–634 μm 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FCAD9A7BF12B1A7D" box="[780,852,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">versus</emphasis>
846–1190 μm), shorter anterior setae (1–1.5 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FAF49A7BF7E21A7D" box="[1365,1437,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">versus</emphasis>
5.6–5.7 μm), width of the amphideal fovea (4–7 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FD729A17F1641A59" box="[723,795,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">versus</emphasis>
8.7–8.8 μm), and spicules length (14–15 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FAA59A17F7331A59" box="[1284,1356,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">versus</emphasis>
25–27 μm). 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FF779A33F3321AB4" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[214,333,367,393]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FF779A33F3321AB4" box="[214,333,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S. pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FE469A33F14B1AB4" authority="Vitiello, 1971" authorityName="Vitiello" authorityYear="1971" box="[487,820,367,393]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="paragracilis">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FE469A33F0F01AB4" box="[487,655,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S. paragracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B0AFFBDFF93FD399A33F14B1AB4" author="Vitiello, P." box="[664,820,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" pagination="647 - 690" refId="ref9121" refString="Vitiello, P. (1971) Nematodes libres marins des vases profondes du Golfe du Lion. III. Monhysterida, Araeolaimida, Desmodorida. Tethys, 2, 647 - 690." type="journal article" year="1971">Vitiello, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Mediterranean, 
<quantity id="4CB69B1EFFBDFF93FC5B9A32F6031AB4" box="[1018,1148,366,393]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" unit="m" value="480.0" valueMax="650.0" valueMin="310.0">310–650 m</quantity>
deep) by slightly shorter subcephalic setae (2–6 
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FE3D9ACFF39B1A91" box="[412,484,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">versus</emphasis>
6.5–8.5 μm) arranged in eight groups and absence of even a vestigial gubernaculum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF136FBFFBDFF93FF669AEBF6B71900" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">
It is worth noting that the two related species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FD509AEBF1831AEC" authority="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh, 2024" authorityName="Tchesunov &amp; Eskandari &amp; Hosseinvand &amp; Hajializadeh" authorityYear="2024" box="[753,1020,439,465]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="pumilus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FD509AEBF1831AEC" box="[753,1020,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">Sphaerolaimus pumilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FBA79AEBF6351AEC" bold="true" box="[1030,1098,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2095792FFBDFF93FBA79AEBF6351AEC" box="[1030,1098,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D78FFBDFF93FB299AEBF74D1AEC" authorityName="Vitiello" authorityYear="1971" box="[1160,1330,439,465]" class="Chromadorea" family="Sphaerolaimidae" genus="Sphaerolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="paragracilis">
<emphasis id="B93AEAE9FFBDFF93FB299AEBF74D1AEC" box="[1160,1330,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="533">S. paragracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dwell in remote quite different habitats, the first species in tropical intertidal mangrove sediments, while the second one in permanently cool or cold aphotic deep-sea silt in the Mediterranean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B0AFFBDFF93FC6B9AA3F6161924" author="Vitiello, P." box="[970,1129,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="533" pagination="647 - 690" refId="ref9121" refString="Vitiello, P. (1971) Nematodes libres marins des vases profondes du Golfe du Lion. III. Monhysterida, Araeolaimida, Desmodorida. Tethys, 2, 647 - 690." type="journal article" year="1971">Vitiello, 1971</bibRefCitation>
). Such a striking difference between two habitats can strongly corroborate separateness of these two closely related species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>