treatments-xml/data/03/F7/4B/03F74B5EFA26FF83FF29F9C75D39E3BF.xml

<document id="F845A157A5BE14A2E6D0321DBE689081" ID-CLB-Dataset="300220" ID-DOI="10.11865/zs.2024301" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f90a665b-8016-4228-a646-9daf56dcee9c" ID-ISSN="2095-6827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12815716" ID-ZooBank="9F129B58-B240-4A85-A559-208014F12738" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1721869616270" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Yang, Zhongqi, Wang, Xiaoyi, Duan, Zhaoyao, Zhang, Yanlong, Yi’nanZhang, Cao, Yi’nanZhang Liangming &amp; Wei, Ke" docDate="2024" docId="03F74B5EFA26FF83FF29F9C75D39E3BF" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolSyst.49.3.258-266.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Systematics 49 (3)" docSource="http://zoobank.org/9f129b58-b240-4a85-a559-208014f12738" docStyle="DocumentStyle:07E7829F32901B127B59E960199959BD.1:ZoolSyst.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="07E7829F32901B127B59E960199959BD" docStyleName="ZoolSyst.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="265" masterDocId="FFCE3326FA24FF84FFA1FFA9597AE527" masterDocTitle="Sclerodermus alternatusi (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a new species from China, parasitizing Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="258" pageNumber="260" updateTime="1721876280994" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="D5EEE4360D4EF05A12B126EDB14C9E0C">Sclerodermus alternatusi (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a new species from China, parasitizing Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E5276114A4D20F6EA9442CB3FEC7B687">Yang, Zhongqi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4D5414E572D51FF2A060853BE9195CF1">Key Lab of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C096550E1509435C7590B0CE345DDC73">Wang, Xiaoyi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5FB8E79A6E8CA059597CDAC55ED0A628">Key Lab of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="720ED93B5E0788500862304E4E0D6A45">Duan, Zhaoyao</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="047F7FBD5D2A012C8D721C2BE7412B89">Research Institute of Forest Protection, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China Corresponding author, E-mail: yangzhqi @ 126. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DC9D6700ACE19531D2AB8164038C25EC">Zhang, Yanlong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0A3C088DDFF9B470642498DF6DFD8A53">Key Lab of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D5790AA2078C3D7CA435E822BC88F83E">Yi’nanZhang</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FC69EACD4E4E7D6F98D6A3F6DC333B91">Research Institute of Biological Control, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AF6417F457A5DA6E949828E0E9E7D66E">Cao, Yi’nanZhang Liangming</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FA01B5C1A3A0A2E3D2AB1BDFA974D793">Wei, Ke</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA26FF86FF29F9C7589BE3A0" authority="Yang" authorityName="Yang" authorityYear="2024" box="[136,481,1646,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sclerodermus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatusi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FF29F9C758E7E3A1" bold="true" box="[136,413,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">Sclerodermus alternatusi</emphasis>
Yang
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, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2199B21FA26FF86FE4CF9C65B3EE3A0" box="[493,580,1647,1671]" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA26FF86FDC3F9C65BB5E3A0" box="[610,719,1647,1671]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–2. 1" captionStart-1="Figures 3–10" captionStart-2="Figures 11–15" captionStart-3="Figures 16–24. 16" captionStartId-0="1.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionStartId-1="3.[155,227,1993,2015]" captionStartId-2="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionStartId-3="5.[155,227,1989,2011]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,1525,1941]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetBox-2="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetId-0="figure-492@1.[189,1398,1525,1941]" captionTargetId-1="figure-70@3.[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetId-2="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetId-3="figure-111@5.[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionText-0="Figures 1–2. 1. Authors are peeling bark of infested pine tree by Monochamus alternatus to investigate the parasitoids in the Wildlife Park forest, suburbs of Kunming City, Yunnan Province, 3.VI.2010; 2. Larvae and a female adult of Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov. parasitizing on the larva of Monochamus alternatus found in one of the cerambycid gallery." captionText-1="Figures 3–10. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view." captionText-2="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." captionText-3="Figures 16–24. 16. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate male. 16. Whole body in dorsal view; 17. Whole body in lateral view; 18. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 19. Head and antennae in lateral view; 20. Antenna in lateral view; 21. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 22. Fore- and hindwing; 23. Metasoma in dorsal view; 24. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815720" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815724" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815728" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/12815720/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/12815724/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/12815728/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">Figs 2–24</figureCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA26FF86FF29F93858CCE381" authority="Yang" authorityName="Yang" authorityYear="2024" box="[136,438,1681,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sclerodermus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatusi">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FF29F9385800E381" box="[136,378,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">Sclerodermus alternatusi</emphasis>
Yang
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: 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFFDC59FA26FF86FE61F9385BADE381" author="Chen" box="[448,727,1681,1703]" page="114" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA26FF86FE61F9385BADE381" author="Chen" box="[448,727,1681,1703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" pagination="114 - 119" refId="ref5205" refString="Chen, R., Tang, Y. L., Tang, H., Wang, X. Y., Yang, Z. Q. 2019 a. Effect of temperature on development reproduction of Sclerodermus alternatusi. Forest Research, 32 (4): 114 - 119." type="journal article" year="2019">
Chen 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FE5BF93B5B56E381" box="[506,556,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019a: 114–119
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFFDC59FA26FF86FD43F9385A81E380" author="Chen" box="[738,1019,1681,1703]" page="848" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA26FF86FD43F9385A81E380" author="Chen" box="[738,1019,1681,1703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" pagination="848 - 854" refId="ref5260" refString="Chen, R., Tang, Y. L., Tang, H., Wang, X. Y., Yang, Z. Q. 2019 b. Effects of larvae body size of Thyestilla gebleri on oviposition decision of Sclerodermus alternatusi. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 35 (6): 848 - 854." type="journal article" year="2019">
Chen 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FCBDF93B5A34E381" box="[796,846,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019b: 848–854
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFFDC59FA26FF86FBA7F9385C49E380" author="Tang" box="[1030,1331,1681,1703]" page="1361" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA26FF86FBA7F9385C49E380" author="Tang" box="[1030,1331,1681,1703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" pagination="1361 - 1366" refId="ref5709" refString="Tang, Y. L., Wang, L. N., Dai, H. L., He, J. M., Kang, K., Zhang, Y. L., Cao, L. M. 2022 a. Effect of low temperature storage duration on breeding of Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 38 (5): 1361 - 1366." type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FB9DF93B5D15E381" box="[1084,1135,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022a: 1361–1366
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFFDC59FA26FF86FA9CF938583AE3E1" author="Tang" page="83" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA26FF86FA9CF938583AE3E1" author="Tang" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" pagination="83 - 88" refId="ref5791" refString="Tang, Y. L., Wang, L. N., Jia, J. L., Kang, K., Zeng, B. P., Wei, K. 2022 b. Parasitism rate and progeny development of Sclerodermus alternatusi (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) on different stage of Thyestilla gebleri (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Forest Research, 35 (6): 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FAD5F93B5CDCE381" box="[1396,1446,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022b: 83–88
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFFDC59FA26FF86FEE8F9185B35E3E0" author="Tang" box="[329,591,1713,1735]" page="499" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA26FF86FEE8F9185B35E3E0" author="Tang" box="[329,591,1713,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" pagination="499 - 506" refId="ref5868" refString="Tang, Y. L., Wang, L. N., Chen, Y., Kang, K., Zeng. B. P., Yang, Z. Q., Wei, K. 2023. Parasitism ability and offspring development of Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) in different female oviposition times. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 39 (3): 499 - 506." type="journal article" year="2023">
Tang 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FEDEF91B58CAE3E1" box="[383,432,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
, 2023: 499–506
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FDCBF9185BABE3E1" bold="true" box="[618,721,1713,1734]" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">nom. dub.</emphasis>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA26FF86FF1FF94F5A61E2D6" blockId="2.[136,1452,1766,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">
Diagnosis. The new species is close to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA26FF86FDC2F94F5BA9E3D9" box="[611,723,1766,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sclerodermus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puparia">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FDC2F94F5BA9E3D9" box="[611,723,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">S. puparia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
e Yang &amp; Yao, 2012, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: alate female forewing dark infuscate and only paler medially, veins brown black, pterostigma short and punctiform, anal vein well developed (
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FDFBF8855B0DE264" box="[602,631,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">vs.</emphasis>
forewing hyaline only slightly infuscate on apical 1/5, veins yellow brown, pterostigma absent, anal vein indistinct); apterous female with pronotal disc 1.0 times as long as width, sternum one with 2 lines of setae medially from base to apical and with 4 bristles close to hind margin (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA26FF86FBAEF8D85D26E2AE" box="[1039,1116,1905,1929]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
) (
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FBD4F8D85DE8E2AF" box="[1141,1170,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">vs.</emphasis>
pronotal disc 1.2 times as long as width, sternum one with more setae medially and without the 4 bristles close to hind margin); male with forewing infuscate and veins dark brown, length of pedicel + flagellum 1.8 times of head width (
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA26FF86FBBAF81E5D42E2E9" box="[1051,1080,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="260">vs.</emphasis>
forewing hyaline and veins yellow brown, length of pedicel + flagellum 1.5 times of head width).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA27FF87FF3AF8605B2FED38" blockId="3.[155,1433,1993,2079]" pageId="3" pageNumber="261">
Figures 3–10. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA27FF87FE86F8605B2CE2F9" authority="Yang" authorityName="Yang" authorityYear="2024" box="[295,598,1993,2014]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sclerodermus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatusi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA27FF87FE86F8605B60E2F9" box="[295,538,1993,2014]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="261">Sclerodermus alternatusi</emphasis>
Yang
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA27FF87FDC0F8605BCAE2F9" bold="true" box="[609,688,1993,2014]" pageId="3" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2199B21FA27FF87FDC0F8605BCAE2F9" box="[609,688,1993,2014]" pageId="3" pageNumber="261" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA20FF80FF1CFF455ACCE401" blockId="4.[136,1452,236,1023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">
Description. 
<typeStatus id="54E544EAFA20FF80FEE9FF4558D5E423" box="[328,431,236,260]" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
. Alate female (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA20FF80FDF0FF455BBBE422" box="[593,705,236,261]" captionStart="Figures 3–10" captionStartId="3.[155,227,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-70@3.[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 3–10. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">Figs 3–10</figureCitation>
). Full winged, LT 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FC2AFF445AA6E423" box="[907,988,237,261]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
, LH 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FBB3FF455D0BE423" box="[1042,1137,236,260]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="0.68">0.68 mm</quantity>
, WH 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FB11FF455C74E423" box="[1200,1294,236,260]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="0.58">0.58 mm</quantity>
, WF 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FAE8FF445CDDE423" box="[1353,1447,237,261]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
, LM 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FF16FEA6586FE401" box="[183,277,271,295]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="1.23">1.23 mm</quantity>
, LPD 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FEF8FEA658CDE401" box="[345,439,271,295]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="0.56">0.56 mm</quantity>
, WPD 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FDA5FEA65B18E401" box="[516,610,271,295]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.50 mm</quantity>
, LFW 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FD0AFEA65A73E401" box="[683,777,271,295]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="2.33">2.33 mm</quantity>
, LMT 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA20FF80FCF2FEA65AC8E401" box="[851,946,271,295]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.81" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="1.81">1.81 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA20FF80FF1CFE9B5A72E4A8" blockId="4.[136,1452,236,1023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">Body brownish black with weak black tint; antenna, mandible, labial and maxillary palps, trochanters, tibiae and tarsi fulvous, all coxae concolor with body; femora and tibiae dark brown; forewing slightly infuscate, hindwing subhyaline, wing veins yellowish brown; terga 2–6 with hind margin fulvous.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA20FF80FF1CFE335A00E62B" blockId="4.[136,1452,236,1023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">
Head (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA20FF80FEA6FE335813E495" box="[263,361,410,434]" captionStart="Figures 3–10" captionStartId="3.[155,227,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-70@3.[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 3–10. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">Figs 3–6</figureCitation>
) 1.2 times of width; frons, vertex and gena evenly convex with very dense and delicate engraved reticulation, as well as sparse white short setae; ocelli forming equilateral triangle; OOL 2.0 times of WOT and 6.4 times of POL; POL as long as AOL, DAO 
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; frons width 1.38 times of eye height; eyes bare; distance between median ocellus and eye 1.14 times of eye height; face sunken at position about to lower margin of eyes as declivity and with a longitudinal shallow sulcus medially in declivity; antennal bases located at lower margin of declivity; distance between toruli 1/2 of their own width, and distance between torulus and eye 1.86 times of torulus width; malar space 0.6 times of torulus width and 0.33 times of mandible basal width; mandible with three teeth and third one smallest; clypeus triangular, modified as inversed “V” shape lamina located between toruli. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA20FF80FC82FD255AFBE783" box="[803,897,652,676]" captionStart="Figures 3–10" captionStartId="3.[155,227,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-70@3.[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 3–10. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">Figs 5–6</figureCitation>
) with short but dense suberected setae; scape curved slightly and clavated apically and with length nearly as long as eye height (26: 28), its apical width 0.38 times of length; length and width of scape, pedicel, and flagellum segments 1–11 as following proportions: 78(26), 24(15), 14(10), 13(12), 14(14), 16(16), 17(17), 14(17), 16(17), 16(17), 16(17), 17(17), 36(17).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA20FF80FF1CFCBE5A66E6FB" blockId="4.[136,1452,236,1023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">
Mesosoma (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA20FF80FEE3FCBE58FEE608" box="[322,388,791,815]" captionStart="Figures 3–10" captionStartId="3.[155,227,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-70@3.[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 3–10. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815724/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) with delicate and dense engraved reticulation appearing subpolished, scattered with sparse short brown setae. Setae denser and longer at lateral sides of pronotal flange. Scutellum having about 26 setae scattered laterally and posteriorly, and more obvious than those on pronotum and mesonotum (observed at dorso-laterally). Pronotum campanulate-shaped, distinctly and evenly convex, length of disc 0.8 times as long as its maximum width; posterior margin incurved medially; length of pronotal flange 0.27 times of pronotal disc length; pronotum (including pronotal flange) 0.90 times of mesoscutum and 0.47 times remainder of mesosoma.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA20FF82FF1CFC4E5A90E73D" blockId="4.[136,1452,236,1023]" lastBlockId="6.[136,1452,236,2063]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">
Mesoscutum strongly convex and being highest at mesosoma, 0.58 times of maximum width and without notauli; scutellum tongue-shaped, relatively convex and flattened dorsally and 0.70 times of mesoscutum, and about 0.88 times of width; scutellar pits connected by a transverse furrow. Propodeum nearly rectangular, slightly and evenly convex dorsally, and nearly at same level with mesoscutum; its length (including propodeal declivity) as long as maximum width (between two anterior corners), and 1.32 times of mesonotum, 1.25 times of pronotum (with flange); propodeal disc at anterior third slightly constricted; anterior corners distinctly expanded outwards and thus width here 1.4 times of width along posterior margin; disc at anterior 1/6 with raised oblique striations laterally and other part of disc with delicate dense engraved reticulations; propodeal declivity descending at about 110° with disc without sharp angle. Mesopleuron bulged considerably with delicate fine reticulation and sparse setae. Forewing (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FD4CFE335A51E495" box="[749,811,410,434]" captionStart="Figures 3–10" captionStartId="3.[155,227,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-70@3.[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 3–10. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815724/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) 3.4 times of width; outer margin with long fringe; subcosta, median and basal veins well developed and thus composing distinct basal cell; stub vein (Rs+M) conspicuous and extending down-outwards and touching anal vein which being well developed and thus forming clear submedian cell; prostigma stublike; pterostigma short, punctiform; radial vein absent. Hindwing (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FCECFDAB5AF6E73D" box="[845,908,514,538]" captionStart="Figures 3–10" captionStartId="3.[155,227,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-70@3.[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 3–10. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815724/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) simple.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF21AAC0FA20FF80FF3AF86158D0ED3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" startId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" targetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA20FF80FF3AF86158D0ED3A" blockId="4.[155,1433,1992,2078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">
Figures 11–15. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA20FF80FE93F8615B1BE2FA" authority="Yang" authorityName="Yang" authorityYear="2024" box="[306,609,1992,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sclerodermus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatusi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA20FF80FE93F8615B5FE2FA" box="[306,549,1992,2013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">Sclerodermus alternatusi</emphasis>
Yang
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA20FF80FDCDF8615BC0E2FA" bold="true" box="[620,698,1992,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="262">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2199B21FA20FF80FDCDF8615BC0E2FA" box="[620,698,1992,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="262" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF21AAC0FA21FF81FF3AF86C5D37ED3C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12815728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815728/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="263" startId="5.[155,227,1989,2011]" targetBox="[189,1399,339,1957]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA21FF81FF3AF86C5D37ED3C" blockId="5.[155,1433,1989,2075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="263">
Figures 16–24. 16. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA21FF81FEF8F86C5BF0E2FD" authority="Yang" authorityName="Yang" authorityYear="2024" box="[345,650,1989,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sclerodermus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="263" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatusi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA21FF81FEF8F86C5B37E2FD" box="[345,589,1989,2010]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="263">Sclerodermus alternatusi</emphasis>
Yang
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA21FF81FD34F86C5B9EE2FD" bold="true" box="[661,740,1989,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="263">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2199B21FA21FF81FD34F86C5B9EE2FD" box="[661,740,1989,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="263" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, alate male. 16. Whole body in dorsal view; 17. Whole body in lateral view; 18. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 19. Head and antennae in lateral view; 20. Antenna in lateral view; 21. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 22. Fore- and hindwing; 23. Metasoma in dorsal view; 24. Metasoma in ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA22FF82FF1CFD8C58A9E653" blockId="6.[136,1452,236,2063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">
Metasoma (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FE98FD8D58DFE71B" box="[313,421,548,572]" captionStart="Figures 3–10" captionStartId="3.[155,227,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-70@3.[189,1399,278,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 3–10. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate female. 3. Whole body in dorsal view; 4. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 5. Head, antennae in lateral view; 6. Antenna in lateral view; 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 8. Fore- and hind- wing; 9. Metasoma in dorsal view; 10. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815724/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Figs 9–10</figureCitation>
) with very short but distinct petiole, having several longitudinal carinae dorsally; gaster laceolate, about 2.4 times of width; its width 1.4 times of mesoscutum and 1.3 times of head; its length 1.6 times of mesosoma; terga nearly polished but with reticulation more superficial than those on mesosoma, and with sparse setae, tergum 4–7 with several long setae besides normal setae; posterior margin of tergum 1 with posterior margin half circular; terga 2–5 with transverse impression forming a pair of submedial posteriorly directed angles near posterior margin; tergum 6 with hind margin curved posteriorly; tergum 7 triangulate and prominent apically. Sternum 1 with hind margin curved posteriorly, sternum 2–4 with transverse impression having a pair of submedial posteriorly directed angles as on terga; sternum 1 at anterior 3/4 medially with relative dense setae and not arranged as two longitudinal rows besides setae decumbent along posterior 1/4, and its basal part with four erect bristles too; sternum 2–5 scattered short setae along posterior margin, as well as 4–16 erect bristles (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FED6FCF558BCE653" box="[375,454,860,884]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA22FF82FF1CFCD65B50E163" blockId="6.[136,1452,236,2063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">
<typeStatus id="54E544EAFA22FF82FF1CFCD65864E6B0" box="[189,286,895,919]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
. Apterous female (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FE50FCD65B09E6B0" box="[497,627,895,919]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Figs 11, 15</figureCitation>
). Body castaneous with pronotal flange and posterior margin of pronotum yellowish brown; mesoscutum and tail part of metasoma testaceous; all segments of antennae testaceous; legs with coxae and femora concolor with body, all tibiae brown and tarsi testaceous; clypeus and mandible yellowish brown, teeth and lower part of mandible castaceous. Other characters similar to alate female; head and metasoma with more delicate superficial reticulation than those on mesosoma. LT 
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, LH 
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, WH 
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, WF 
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, LM 
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, LMT 
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, LPD 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA22FF82FE8BFB8558F2E163" box="[298,392,1068,1092]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="264" unit="mm" value="0.54">0.54 mm</quantity>
, WPD 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA22FF82FF1CFBE65A2FE05B" blockId="6.[136,1452,236,2063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">
Head (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FEA7FBE658FBE140" box="[262,385,1103,1127]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Figs 11–13</figureCitation>
) in front view with length 1.20 times of width, and sides convergent downwards with upper side slightly wider than lower (1.26 times); frons evenly convex with distinctly delicate engraved reticulation and scattered sparse setae; ocelli absent; anterior margin of clypeus raised as inverted “V” shape; mandible with three teeth, basal tooth smallest and second smaller than front, front one largest. Torulus close each other; antenna filamentary; antennal (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FB4BFB1E5C4CE1E8" box="[1258,1334,1207,1231]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) flagellum with short and dense suberected setae; scape curved and gradually thicken toward apex, as well as planate ventrally, its dorsal side smooth with sparse setae; pedicel drum-like and politus; length and width of scape, pedicel and flagellum 1–11 as following proportions: 80(25), 22(16), 14(12), 11(13), 11(13), 12(14), 15(15), 16(15), 17(16), 16(15), 17(15), 16(14), 32(14). Flagellum 1 constricted basally; length of apical flagellum about 2.30 times of its maximum width. HE 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA22FF82FAE9FAEB5CDDE07E" box="[1352,1447,1346,1370]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="264" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.20 mm</quantity>
, WF 1.67 times of HE; LH 1.18 times of WH. WH 3.1 times of HE.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA22FF82FF1CFA2E5B4DE30D" blockId="6.[136,1452,236,2063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">
Mesosoma. Pronotal disc (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FE78FA2E5B29E0B8" box="[473,595,1415,1439]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Figs 11, 13</figureCitation>
) 1.04 times of its width, posterior margin nearly straight, and length of pronotal flange 0.16 times of pronotal disc. Mesoscutum absent; scutellum well developed (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FC53FA035D44E0E5" box="[1010,1086,1450,1474]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) with shape tongue-like, its length 0.56 times of pronotum and 0.61 times of propodeum. Propodeum slightly constricted submedially, length 1.14 times of width in dorsal view, and basal width 0.90 times of posterior width; posterior corners bluntly angled. All mesosoma segments with dense delicate engrave reticulation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA22FF82FF1CF99C5B58E3F0" blockId="6.[136,1452,236,2063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">
Metasoma (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FE9DF99D58C2E36B" box="[316,440,1588,1612]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Figs 14–15</figureCitation>
) in dorsal view lanceolate in shape, terga with reticulation superficial and more delicate than those on mesosoma; gaster terga with maximum width longer than mesosoma (2.0 times) and head (1.38 times); other characters as in alate female but bristles on tergum 4–7 longer than those on alate female; setae on sternum 1 denser and not arranged as two lines medially from basal to apical, and with four bristles close to posterior margin; setae and bristles on sterna 2–5 as in alate female (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FE67F9165B6FE3F0" box="[454,533,1727,1751]" captionStart="Figures 11–15" captionStartId="4.[155,227,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[212,1387,1090,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-455@4.[189,1398,1090,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 11–15. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., apterous female. 11. Whole body in dorsal view; 12. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 13. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 14. Metasoma in dorsal view; 15. Metasoma in ventral view (the arrow pointing the two lines of setae on sternum 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815726/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA22FF82FF1CF94B59A4E218" blockId="6.[136,1452,236,2063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">
Alate male (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FEE0F94B58C5E3DE" box="[321,447,1761,1786]" captionStart="Figures 16–24. 16" captionStartId="5.[155,227,1989,2011]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-111@5.[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 16–24. 16. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate male. 16. Whole body in dorsal view; 17. Whole body in lateral view; 18. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 19. Head and antennae in lateral view; 20. Antenna in lateral view; 21. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 22. Fore- and hindwing; 23. Metasoma in dorsal view; 24. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815728/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Figs 16–24</figureCitation>
). Full winged; LT 
<quantity id="4CA657ADFA22FF82FD28F94B5BA0E3DE" box="[649,730,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="264" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
, fuscco-rufous to brown black; antennae, tibiae and tarsi lutescens, other segments of legs concolor with body; forewing infuscate but slightly paler than that of alate female; hindwing nearly hyaline.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA22FF83FF1CF8E35BB1E4A9" blockId="6.[136,1452,236,2063]" lastBlockId="7.[136,1452,236,1508]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="265" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">
Head (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FEA4F8E358FAE245" box="[261,384,1866,1890]" captionStart="Figures 16–24. 16" captionStartId="5.[155,227,1989,2011]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-111@5.[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 16–24. 16. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate male. 16. Whole body in dorsal view; 17. Whole body in lateral view; 18. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 19. Head and antennae in lateral view; 20. Antenna in lateral view; 21. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 22. Fore- and hindwing; 23. Metasoma in dorsal view; 24. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815728/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Figs 16–18</figureCitation>
) in front view subround, length 1.06 times of width; mandible with four teeth. Antennal (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA22FF82FAEDF8E359D9E2A3" captionStart="Figures 16–24. 16" captionStartId="5.[155,227,1989,2011]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-111@5.[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 16–24. 16. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate male. 16. Whole body in dorsal view; 17. Whole body in lateral view; 18. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 19. Head and antennae in lateral view; 20. Antenna in lateral view; 21. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 22. Fore- and hindwing; 23. Metasoma in dorsal view; 24. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815728/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="264">Figs 16– 18</figureCitation>
) flagellum long and filiform; scape curved dorso-ventrally with shape spoon-like and length 2.1 times of width, its dorsum and venter with superficial engraved delicate reticulation, as well as sparse short setae dorsally; pedicel oviform with length 1.8 times of width; flagellum 1–11 with relative length and width as follows: 19(14), 16(14), 20(16), 20(17), 20(16), 20(16), 20(15), 21(15), 22(14), 22(14), 40(13); last flagellum segment longest and blunt apically; each flagellum segment with short and dense setae; combined length of pedicel plus flagellum 1.8 times of head width. Eyes and ocelli distinctly bulged; OOL 1.1 times of WOT; POL 1.0 times of AOL. Frons 1.35 times as wide as eye height; distance between median ocellus and eye 0.7 times of eye height. Mesosoma 2.3 times as long as width. Forewing with veins same as alate female (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA23FF83FAECFEA65CE5E400" box="[1357,1439,271,295]" captionStart="Figures 16–24. 16" captionStartId="5.[155,227,1989,2011]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-111@5.[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 16–24. 16. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate male. 16. Whole body in dorsal view; 17. Whole body in lateral view; 18. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 19. Head and antennae in lateral view; 20. Antenna in lateral view; 21. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 22. Fore- and hindwing; 23. Metasoma in dorsal view; 24. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815728/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Metasoma (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA23FF83FEA6FE9B58AEE46D" box="[263,468,306,330]" captionStart="Figures 16–24. 16" captionStartId="5.[155,227,1989,2011]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-111@5.[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 16–24. 16. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate male. 16. Whole body in dorsal view; 17. Whole body in lateral view; 18. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 19. Head and antennae in lateral view; 20. Antenna in lateral view; 21. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 22. Fore- and hindwing; 23. Metasoma in dorsal view; 24. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815728/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Figs 16–17, 23–24</figureCitation>
) 2.65 times as long as width, and 1.14 times of mesosoma; metasomal terga with size and form about same as alate female; petiole ventrally with dense raised reticulation; sternum 1 with about 14 setae lined as two lines medially (
<figureCitation id="1365E6CDFA23FF83FE8CFEDE5807E4A8" box="[301,381,375,399]" captionStart="Figures 16–24. 16" captionStartId="5.[155,227,1989,2011]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-111@5.[189,1399,339,1957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 16–24. 16. Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang, sp. nov., alate male. 16. Whole body in dorsal view; 17. Whole body in lateral view; 18. Head and antennae in dorsal view; 19. Head and antennae in lateral view; 20. Antenna in lateral view; 21. Mesosoma in dorsal view; 22. Fore- and hindwing; 23. Metasoma in dorsal view; 24. Metasoma in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12815728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12815728/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
); other sterna with dense setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA23FF83FF1CFE335D33E4F3" blockId="7.[136,1452,236,1508]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Variation. Some apterous females and males varies in color: body yellow brown, some even black, some with head, mesosoma and tergum yellowish brown; some individuals with antennae and tarsi yellow.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA23FF83FF1CFE7658EDE7CE" blockId="7.[136,1452,236,1508]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">
Material examined. 
<typeStatus id="54E544EAFA23FF83FE34FE765881E4D0" box="[405,507,479,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, alate female, 
<collectingCountry id="F349BAD8FA23FF83FD36FE765BA1E4D0" box="[663,731,479,503]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">China</collectingCountry>
: Wildlife Park forest, suburbs of Kunming City, 
<collectingRegion id="499A34AAFA23FF83FB4BFE765CD2E4D0" box="[1258,1448,479,503]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<date id="FFE0DC88FA23FF83FF29FDAB598DE73D" box="[136,247,514,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" value="2010-04-03">3.IV.2010</date>
, collected in the gallery of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FDAEFDAB5A6AE73D" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1843" box="[527,784,514,538]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatus">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FDAEFDAB5A6AE73D" box="[527,784,514,538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Monochamus alternatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on a pine tree 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FC07FDAB5DACE73D" authority="(Franch.)" baseAuthorityName="Franch." box="[934,1238,514,538]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FC07FDAB5D16E73E" box="[934,1132,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Pinus yunnanensis</emphasis>
(Franch.)
</taxonomicName>
, leg. Yang Zhongqi, Wang Xiaoyi, Duan Zhaoyao, Zhang Yinan. 
<typeStatus id="54E544EAFA23FF83FDCEFD8C5BA1E71A" box="[623,731,549,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
. 1 apterous female and 
<specimenCount id="9D5831C1FA23FF83FC7AFD8D5D5CE71B" box="[987,1062,548,572]" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, same data as 
<typeStatus id="54E544EAFA23FF83FB63FD8D5C59E71B" box="[1218,1315,548,572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; 62 apterous females, 52 alate females and 
<specimenCount id="9D5831C1FA23FF83FE71FDEE5B4EE778" box="[464,564,583,607]" count="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="male">14 males</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="FFE0DC88FA23FF83FDE1FDEE5BC9E778" box="[576,691,583,607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" value="2012-05-24">24.V.2012</date>
, others same as 
<typeStatus id="54E544EAFA23FF83FCC4FDEE5ABCE778" box="[869,966,583,607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; 11 apterous females, 11 alate females and 
<specimenCount id="9D5831C1FA23FF83FA3FFDEE59B3E7A5" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="male">1 males</specimenCount>
, Jindian National Forest Park, 
<date id="FFE0DC88FA23FF83FD82FDC35BEDE7A5" box="[547,663,618,642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" value="2013-05-10">10.V.2013</date>
, collected in the gallery of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FC6EFDC35DAFE7A5" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1843" box="[975,1237,618,642]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatus">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FC6EFDC35DAFE7A5" box="[975,1237,618,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Monochamus alternatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on pine tree 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FACEFDC3580DE783" authority="(Franch.)" baseAuthorityName="Franch." class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FACEFDC35876E783" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Pinus yunnanensis</emphasis>
(Franch.)
</taxonomicName>
, leg. Duan Zhaoyao, Chen Peng; 60 apterous females, 16 alate females and 
<specimenCount id="9D5831C1FA23FF83FB3BFD255D94E783" box="[1178,1262,652,676]" count="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="male">8 males</specimenCount>
, Gongqing Forest Farm, 28.V.28, collected in the gallery of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FDC7FD065A16E7E0" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1843" box="[614,876,687,711]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatus">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FDC7FD065A16E7E0" box="[614,876,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Monochamus alternatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on pine tree 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FBA9FD195C49E7E0" authority="(Lamb.)" baseAuthorityName="Lamb." box="[1032,1331,687,711]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="massoniana">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FBA9FD195DAAE7E0" box="[1032,1232,688,711]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Pinus massoniana</emphasis>
(Lamb.)
</taxonomicName>
, leg. Tang Yanlong, Gao Shangkun.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA23FF83FF1CFD5D5B9BE608" blockId="7.[136,1452,236,1508]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">
Distribution. 
<collectingCountry id="F349BAD8FA23FF83FEEAFD5D58F1E62B" box="[331,395,756,780]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">China</collectingCountry>
(the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FD78FD5C5B83E62B" box="[729,761,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">i.e.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="499A34AAFA23FF83FD5EFD5C5A29E62B" box="[767,851,757,780]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="499A34AAFA23FF83FC24FD5D5A9BE62B" box="[901,993,756,780]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
Provinces, probably other provinces where the pine tree 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FEB2FCBE58A0E609" box="[275,474,791,814]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FEB2FCBE58A0E609" box="[275,474,791,814]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Pinus yunnanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is naturally distributed).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA23FF83FF1CFC905C7AE676" blockId="7.[136,1452,236,1508]" box="[189,1280,825,849]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">
Etymology. The specific name refers to the specific name of the host species 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FC57FC905D83E676" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1843" box="[1014,1273,825,849]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatus">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FC57FC905D83E676" box="[1014,1273,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Monochamus alternatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA23FF83FF1CFCF55810E0C3" blockId="7.[136,1452,236,1508]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">
Biological observations. The new species is a gregarious ectoparasitoid that attacks larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FB03FCF55CDFE653" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1843" box="[1186,1445,860,884]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatus">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FB03FCF55CDFE653" box="[1186,1445,860,884]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Monochamus alternatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. From one host larva, 6–38 individuals of the parasitoid could be reared out depending on the host larval size. The species overwinter by apterous females in the cerambycid galleries or in pine bark crevices, which became active for parasitizing in early April in 
<collectingRegion id="499A34AAFA23FF83FE82FC6C589BE6FB" box="[291,481,964,988]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
. Once a female locates a junior larva, it chews a hole through the bark of the pine tree to reach the host. Females can also use their front legs to excavate a tunnel through the tightly packed host frass in order to reach their quarry. Upon access a host, the female first stings the cerambycid larva to paralyze it, then feeds on the host larval haemolymph to obtain nutrients for its egg developing. The pre-oviposition feeding period lasts about a week. In the meantime, the female’s metasoma gradually expands and prolongs along with the developing of eggs. During this period, evenly 3.75 and maximally 9.48 third instar host larvae could be killed (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA23FF83FC3EFBD85D14E1AD" author="Zhang" box="[927,1134,1137,1162]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" pagination="426 - 434" refId="ref6457" refString="Zhang, Y. L., Yang, Z. Q., Wang, X. Y., Zhang, Y. N., Wu, C. J., Ma, S. F., Lu, Z. G. 2012. Functional response of the parasitoid Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) to the third instar larvae of host Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 55 (4): 426 - 434." type="journal article" year="2012">
Zhang 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FC4CFBDB5D5FE1AE" box="[1005,1061,1137,1161]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, the female starts to oviposit on the last host larva. Depending on host size, the female lays 6–38 or even more eggs spaced evenly over the host body. Egg stage lasts two to three days. The larva period only need for approximately seven days to consume up the host larvae. The mature larvae then spin silk cocoons to pupate inside around the host mummy. Pupation stage lasts about 20 days, the new offspring adult wasps finally produced with female: male ratio averages 22: 1, and a brood typically containing only 1– 
<specimenCount id="9D5831C1FA23FF83FF78FAB6584BE010" box="[217,305,1311,1335]" count="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
. In fact, the parasitoid has been applied in biological control practice and showed high parasitic rate on 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FA2EFA89598EE07D" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1843" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatus">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FA2EFA89598EE07D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">M. alternatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA23FF83FEC4FAEB5B5EE07D" author="Yang" box="[357,548,1346,1370]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" pagination="312 - 319" refId="ref6233" refString="Yang, Y. L., Yang, Z. Q., Wang, X. Y., Yu, J. X., Yan, X. W. 2013. Predation and parasitism of Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) on the young larvae of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Forest Research, 26 (3): 312 - 319." type="journal article" year="2013">
Yang 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FE06FAEB58A7E07D" box="[423,477,1346,1370]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
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). The development threshold temperature for egg, larva and pupa of the new species are 6.99±2.12, 10.67±3.43 and 13.5±2.71℃, while the effective accumulated temperature are 49.28±5.08, 166.67±34.02 and 225±43.3℃, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA23FF83FE04FA2E5B0AE0B8" author="Chen" box="[421,624,1415,1439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" pagination="848 - 854" refId="ref5260" refString="Chen, R., Tang, Y. L., Tang, H., Wang, X. Y., Yang, Z. Q. 2019 b. Effects of larvae body size of Thyestilla gebleri on oviposition decision of Sclerodermus alternatusi. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 35 (6): 848 - 854." type="journal article" year="2019">
Chen 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FE47FA215B66E0B8" box="[486,540,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019b
</bibRefCitation>
). Now, the substitute host 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FC2BFA2E5D3FE0B8" baseAuthorityName="Faldermann" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[906,1093,1415,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Thyestilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gebleri">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FC2BFA2E5D3FE0B8" box="[906,1093,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">Thyestilla gebleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FBF2FA2E5DB4E0B8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1107,1230,1415,1439]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E81CBFA23FF83FB79FA2E5C0EE0B8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1240,1396,1415,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cerambycidae</taxonomicName>
) was used for mass rearing the parasitoid (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA23FF83FDB8FA035B9CE0E5" author="Chen" box="[537,742,1450,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" pagination="848 - 854" refId="ref5260" refString="Chen, R., Tang, Y. L., Tang, H., Wang, X. Y., Yang, Z. Q. 2019 b. Effects of larvae body size of Thyestilla gebleri on oviposition decision of Sclerodermus alternatusi. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 35 (6): 848 - 854." type="journal article" year="2019">
Chen 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FDFAFA035BEBE0E5" box="[603,657,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019b
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF87B9FA23FF83FD50FA035AC3E0E5" author="Tang" box="[753,953,1450,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" pagination="1361 - 1366" refId="ref5709" refString="Tang, Y. L., Wang, L. N., Dai, H. L., He, J. M., Kang, K., Zhang, Y. L., Cao, L. M. 2022 a. Effect of low temperature storage duration on breeding of Sclerodermus alternatusi Yang (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 38 (5): 1361 - 1366." type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang 
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FC91FA035A1DE0E5" box="[816,871,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022a
</bibRefCitation>
, b, 2023) for biological control by us and it is showed successfully.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1FA48FA23FF83FF29F9B15D39E3BF" blockId="7.[136,1452,1560,1688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="265">
<emphasis id="B92A265AFA23FF83FF29F9B15992E317" bold="true" box="[136,232,1560,1584]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="265" reason="1">Funding</emphasis>
The study is part of the Research Program “The Key Techniques for Control Pine Wood Nematod”. We thank “Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAFYBB2021ZG001)” for supporting the present study. The research is also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of 
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(32370494): Taxonomic study of braconids parasitizing important cerambycids and screening of excellent natural enemies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>