320 lines
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320 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239" ID-GBIF-Dataset="94a6aebd-0719-4984-85ed-e344f6575ad7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191979743" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-71-577" ID-Pensoft-UUID="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" ID-ZooBank="58FD15FCCC21446A98EB060F3996B29B" ModsDocID="2625-8498-71-577" checkinTime="1641857298323" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mallik, Ashok Kumar, Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam, Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan, Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy, Campbell, Patrick D., Malhotra, Anita & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2021" docId="F6241ED7857154F68382BB989A1BD861" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 71: 577-619" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 71" docPubDate="2021-10-06" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239" docTitle="Craspedocephalus occidentalis Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker 2021, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" lastPageNumber="577" masterDocId="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" masterDocTitle="Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity" masterLastPageNumber="619" masterPageNumber="577" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" updateTime="1641863041560" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mallik, Ashok Kumar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-2199</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ashokgene@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0570-3330</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1947-8093</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Chennai Snake Park, Raj Bhavan post, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600022, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Campbell, Patrick D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Darwin Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, South Kensington, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Malhotra, Anita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1738-9046</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL 57 2 UW, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-10-06</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>71</mods:number>
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<mods:start>577</mods:start>
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<mods:end>619</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2625-8498-71-577</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="191979743" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F6241ED7857154F68382BB989A1BD861" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F6241ED7857154F68382BB989A1BD861" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName LSID="F6241ED7-8571-54F6-8382-BB989A1BD861" authority="(Pope & Pope, 1933)" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Pope & Pope" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis" status="comb. nov.">Craspedocephalus occidentalis (Pope & Pope, 1933)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="577">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Craspedocephalus occidentalis comb. nov. in life, showing: (A) entire dorsal view, (B) head dorsal view, (C) head lateral view, (D) entire lateral view; Coorg, Karnataka." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596196" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figures 20</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Craspedocephalus occidentalis comb. nov. holotype (NHMUK 1982.8.26.40), in preservation, showing: (A) head lateral left view, (B) head dorsal view, (C) head ventral view, (D) head lateral right view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596197" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 21</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Craspedocephalus occidentalis comb. nov. holotype (NHMUK 1982.8.26.40), in preservation, showing: (A) entire dorsal view, (B) entire ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596198" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 22</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis" status="comb. nov.">Trimeresurus occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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Pope & Pope, 1933
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus viridis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis" status="comb. nov.">Trimeresurus viridis</taxonomicName>
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(nec
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coluber viridis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis" status="comb. nov.">Coluber viridis</taxonomicName>
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Bechestein, 1802) - Beddome, 1862 part
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis graminea" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="graminea" status="comb. nov.">Lachesis graminea</taxonomicName>
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- Wall, 1919 part
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Pope & Pope" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis" status="comb. nov.">Craspedocephalus occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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(Pope & Pope, 1933)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="taxonomic history">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Taxonomic History.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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Pope & Pope (1933), in an effort to fix the status of Southeast Asian taxa of superficially similar green
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<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Trimeresurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, worked out the systematics of the Indian group. Unfortunately, they were mistaken in allocating the nomen
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1822" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coluber gramineus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gramineus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Coluber gramineus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Shaw, 1802 to the East Asian species (see
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" author="David, P" journalOrPublisher="Hamadryad" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B12" refString="David, P, Vogel, G, Dubois, A, 2011. On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacepede 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 2992: 1-51. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" title="On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacepede 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 2992: 1 - 51." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" year="2011">David et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). Therefore, thinking that the western population inhabiting India required a new nomen, they thus erected
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Trimeresurus occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This taxon was described based on a series of specimens (holotype and paratypes) inhabiting both the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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Among the four paratypes attributed to this taxon in its original description (Pope & Pope, 1933), one male from Brahmagiri, Western Ghats is currently attributable to this species based on the phylogenetic position of topotypical samples. The distribution of
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<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. occidentalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as defined here, encompasses the provenance of the holotype (Mudumalai, Wayanad, and the Nilgiri hills in general). We refer three other paratypes, two females originating from the Cuddapa hills and the Shevaroys in the Eastern Ghats and one male from Matheran to
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<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Shaw, 1802) based on the phylogenetic placements of topotypical samples. However, as paratypes have no name-bearing function and status, the nomen
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<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Pope & Pope" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is available
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">in toto</emphasis>
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for being conferred to this Western Ghats population.
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<bibRefCitation author="Beddome, RH" journalOrPublisher="Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="1 - 31" refId="B3" refString="Beddome, RH, 1862. Notes upon the land and freshwater snakes of the Madras Presidency. Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Sciences 5: 1 - 31" title="Notes upon the land and freshwater snakes of the Madras Presidency." volume="5" year="1862">Beddome (1862)</bibRefCitation>
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discusses a specimen from Anamalais under the name
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus viridis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Trimeresurus viridis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and also miscredits the nomen to Gray, instead of Bechestein or Daudin (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B64" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." title="Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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, NHMUK 1982.8.26.40, an immature male, collected by R.H. Beddome.
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</paragraph>
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|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="type locality">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
Mudumallay, near Wayanad [i.e., Mudumalai hills, in Nilgiris dt., Tamil Nadu, India] in the Western Ghats (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">fide</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Pope & Pope 1933).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="etymology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
Latin, for
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘western’">'western'</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, in allusion to its western distribution range, compared to S.E. Asia.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, NHMUK 1982.8.26.40 from Wayanad, Tamil Nadu by R.H. Beddome; CESS040 from Brahmagiri, Karnataka by S.P. Vijayakumar in 2009; CESS272 from Tadiendamol, Karnataka by Ashok Kumar Mallik in 2011.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="lineage diagnosis">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lineage diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
A cryptic lineage (L2) belonging to the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
complex, it can be distinguished from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">s. str.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(L1) as follows: lower ventral scale count 142-154 (vs. 158-179). L2 is genetically divergent from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">s. str.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(L1) by 8.1 % at Cyt
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">b</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
and 1.0 % at16S. This lineage is possibly parapatric with respect to its far more widespread sister taxon
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and is endemic to the Wyanad-Bramagiri-Coorg hill complex of the central Western Ghats, at higher elevations (> 1000 m MSL).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="redescription">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Redescription (also see Pope & Pope 1933).</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Holotype in good condition, entire, with a slender, cylindrical body of snout to vent length (SVL) 400 mm and a prehensile tail of length (TL) 97 mm; dorsal scales keeled with anterior dorsal scale rows (DSR) 23, mid body scale rows (MSR) 21 and posterior scale rows (PSR) 15; head prominent, of length 21.5 mm, clearly distinguished from the neck with small, juxtaposed dorsal scales on the head; rostral scale sub triangular with the upper side roughly one fourth the size of the lower side with the tip visible from above; supraoculars of length 1.85 mm and width 4.15 mm, separated by eight scales, between the posterior edge of the supraocular scales; canthus rostralis distinct with four canthal scales on the ridge; two preoculars, two postoculars and a thin elongated crescent shaped subocular, in contact with a pair of scales scales that are in contact with the third and fourth supralabial scale; eye with a distinct elliptical pupil, vertical diameter of the eye 2.23 mm and horizontal diameter 2.44 mm; temporal scales mildly keeled; aperture of the nostril completely covered by the nasal scale, undivided and subrectangular; nasal scale bordering the first supralabial; loreal pit present in contact with the second supralabial with two scales between the nasal and the second supralabial; nine supralabials and 10 infralabials, with seven scales between the last supralabial, including the last supralabial up to the start of the first ventral scale; 1stand 2nd infralabial scale in contact with the first pair of genials; a gap of six scales including the posterior genials followed by 155 ventrals, laterally separated from the dorsal scale rows by a slightly broader row of dorsal scales; anal scale undivided, followed by 60 divided subcaudals scales; terminal scale on the tail larger than the previous scale, blunt at the tip.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in life">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in life.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
Head and dorsum colour varies from bright green to faded dull green, with no markings on the dorsum; preocular/ temporal stripe absent; ventrals in creamish yellow to dirty white colour; the region where the ventrals meet the dorsum alternating with the ventral colour once every 2-3 scales; the colour of the dorsum and ventrals divides exactly at the pre/postocular stripe area, with an absence of a dark stripe (as opposed to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in preservative">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in preservative.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
Head and dorsum in light faded green; ventrals creamish to dirty white in colour; some of the dorsum scales with a black interscalar colour, more evident in the front half of the body; the colour of the dorsum and ventrals divides exactly at the pre/postocular stripe area, with an absence of a dark stripe (as opposed to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Tri." lsidName="Tri. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Tri. gramineus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="habitat">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
A highly arboreal species found in moist evergreen forests from 1000-1900m MSL, sympatric with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
throughout parts of its range.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Endemic to the central Western Ghats, distributed in the Wayanad, Brahmagiri, Coorg hills, at higher elevations (> 1000 m asl).</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596196" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 20" startId="F20">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 20.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Pope & Pope" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus occidentalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
in life, showing: (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) entire dorsal view, (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) head dorsal view, (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) head lateral view, (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) entire lateral view; Coorg, Karnataka.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596197" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 21.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Pope & Pope" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus occidentalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
holotype (NHMUK 1982.8.26.40), in preservation, showing: (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) head lateral left view, (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) head dorsal view, (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) head ventral view, (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) head lateral right view.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596198" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 22.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Pope & Pope" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus occidentalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus occidentalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
holotype (NHMUK 1982.8.26.40), in preservation, showing: (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) entire dorsal view, (
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
) entire ventral view.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|