187 lines
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187 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1106-165" ID-Pensoft-UUID="46F78E589F6A5CC89A0199F10BA4407C" ID-ZooBank="EFA7EF372B83458D931D9A53DB311472" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1106-165" checkinTime="1655840326526" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Choo, Seohwi, Jeong, Man-Ki & Soh, Ho Young" docDate="2022" docId="E3E44616BFA95AF69B3B402BF57B6763" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1106: 165-211" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1106" docPubDate="2022-06-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184" docTitle="Parasagitta elegans" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="46F78E589F6A5CC89A0199F10BA4407C" lastPageNumber="165" masterDocId="46F78E589F6A5CC89A0199F10BA4407C" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic reassessment of chaetognaths (Chaetognatha, Sagittoidea, Aphragmophora) from Korean waters" masterLastPageNumber="211" masterPageNumber="165" pageNumber="165" updateTime="1655840326526" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic reassessment of chaetognaths (Chaetognatha, Sagittoidea, Aphragmophora) from Korean waters</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Choo, Seohwi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Big data Fishery Resource Management Interdisciplinary Program, Chonnam University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jeong, Man-Ki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2478-3797</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Smart Fisheries Resources Management, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jmgdeux@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Soh, Ho Young</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Big data Fishery Resource Management Interdisciplinary Program, Chonnam University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea & Department of Smart Fisheries Resources Management, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">hysoh@chonnam.ac.kr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-06-21</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1106</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>165</mods:start>
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<mods:end>211</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1106-165</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">EFA7EF372B83458D931D9A53DB311472</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">46F78E589F6A5CC89A0199F10BA4407C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E3E44616BFA95AF69B3B402BF57B6763" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E3E44616BFA95AF69B3B402BF57B6763" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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<taxonomicName LSID="E3E44616-BFA9-5AF6-9B3B-402BF57B6763" authority="(Verrill, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Parasagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasagitta elegans" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="elegans">Parasagitta elegans (Verrill, 1873)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Fig. 17A-E</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1873" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Sagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sagitta elegans" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="elegans">Sagitta elegans</taxonomicName>
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: Verrill, 1873: 332-333 p.;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680443" author="Conant, FS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="201 - 214" refId="B18" refString="Conant, FS, 1896. XXXII. - Notes on the Choetognaths. Journal of Natural History 18 (105): 201 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680443" title="XXXII. - Notes on the Choetognaths." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680443" volume="18" year="1896">Conant 1896</bibRefCitation>
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: 211-212 p.;
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<bibRefCitation author="Fowler, GH" journalOrPublisher="National Antarctic Expedition Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="991 - 996" refId="B25" refString="Fowler, GH, 1906. The Chaetognatha of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga-Esped., Mon. xxi. 1907. Chaetognatha. National Antarctic Expedition Natural History 3: 991 - 996" title="The Chaetognatha of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga-Esped., Mon. xxi. 1907. Chaetognatha." volume="3" year="1906">Fowler 1906</bibRefCitation>
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: 31-32 p.;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/f55-031" author="Lea, HE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="593 - 617" refId="B41" refString="Lea, HE, 1955. The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada 12 (4): 593 - 617, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f55-031" title="The chaetognaths of western Canadian coastal waters." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/f55-031" volume="12" year="1955">Lea 1955</bibRefCitation>
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: 22-28 p., plate 3.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-02" collectingMethod="oblique towing with conical net" elevation="50" latitude="37.5533" location="East Sea" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="131.2433" specimenCount="five">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E3E44616BFA95AF69B3B402BF57B6763:CDAE21156520FEC10EE25BCB74DDCA7E" latitude="37.5533" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="131.2433" name="East Sea">East Sea</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="33.198" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.5533">37°33.198'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="131" direction="east" minutes="14.598" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="131.2433">131°14.598'E</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">
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<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0-100 m</quantity>
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depth
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</elevation>
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,
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<collectingMethod>oblique towing with conical net</collectingMethod>
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,
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<collectingDate value="2020-02">Feb 2020</collectingDate>
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, NIBRIV0000895306 (
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<specimenCount type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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Total body length ranged between 32.5 and 37.0 mm. Tail 14.7-20.6% of body. Hooks 11-12. Anterior teeth 9-10 and posterior teeth 22-29, respectively. Rigid and opaque body (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">17</figureCitation>
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). Collarette absent (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">17A</figureCitation>
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). Intestinal diverticula present, but not obvious. Anterior fins 18.8% of body length. Anterior fins beginning at middle of ventral ganglion and partially rayed. Starting points of anterior fins 38.5% and ending points of anterior fins 57.5% of body length, respectively (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">17D</figureCitation>
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). Posterior fins 22.3% of body length and 1.2 times longer than anterior fins. Starting points of posterior fins 67.7% and ending points of posterior fins 88.7% of body length, respectively. Posterior fins well-separated from anterior fins (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">17E</figureCitation>
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). Seminal vesicles elongated (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">17C</figureCitation>
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). Caudal fin roundish triangular-shaped (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">17C</figureCitation>
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). Square eyes
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“+”">"+"</normalizedToken>
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shaped eye pigments (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">17B</figureCitation>
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). Corona ciliata beginning in front of eyes and expanding to anterior trunk (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. A Parasagitta elegans (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">17B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704201" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Figure 17.</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Parasagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasagitta elegans" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="elegans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Parasagitta elegans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(dorsal view)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">B</emphasis>
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head
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
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tail
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">D</emphasis>
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anterior fin
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">E</emphasis>
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posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; SV = seminal vesicle.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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This species is found in the Epipelagic (0-200 m depth), mesopelagic (200-500 m depth) and bathypelagic zones (1000-2000 m depth) of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans (
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<bibRefCitation author="Terazaki, M" journalOrPublisher="Plankton Biology and Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 17" refId="B83" refString="Terazaki, M, 1998. Life history, distribution, seasonal variability and feeding of the pelagic chaetognath Sagitta elegans in the Subarctic Pacific: A review. Plankton Biology and Ecology 45 (1): 1 - 17" title="Life history, distribution, seasonal variability and feeding of the pelagic chaetognath Sagitta elegans in the Subarctic Pacific: A review." volume="45" year="1998">Terazaki 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270000413" author="Choe, N" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="847 - 856" refId="B16" refString="Choe, N, Deibel, D, 2000. Seasonal vertical distribution and population dynamics of the chaetognath Parasagitta elegans in the water column and hyperbenthic zone of Conception Bay, Newfoundland. Marine Biology 137 (5): 847 - 856, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270000413" title="Seasonal vertical distribution and population dynamics of the chaetognath Parasagitta elegans in the water column and hyperbenthic zone of Conception Bay, Newfoundland." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270000413" volume="137" year="2000">Choe and Deibel 2000</bibRefCitation>
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) and the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones of the East Sea (
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<bibRefCitation author="Park, JS" journalOrPublisher="The Korean Society of Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B61" refString="Park, JS, 1970. The chaetognaths of Korean waters. PhD Thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea." title="The chaetognaths of Korean waters. PhD Thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea." year="1970">Park 1970</bibRefCitation>
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). In this study, it was found in the epipelagic zone (0-100 m depth) of the East Sea.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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A cold-water species,
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. elegans" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" rank="species" species="elegans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">P. elegans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is mainly found in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1959.4.1.0001" author="Bieri, R" journalOrPublisher="Limnology and Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 28" refId="B6" refString="Bieri, R, 1959. The Distribution of the Planktonic Chaetognatha in the Pacific and their Relationship to the Water Masses 1. Limnology and Oceanography 4 (1): 1 - 28, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1959.4.1.0001" title="The Distribution of the Planktonic Chaetognatha in the Pacific and their Relationship to the Water Masses 1." url="https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1959.4.1.0001" volume="4" year="1959">Bieri 1959</bibRefCitation>
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). The spawning season is winter and fully mature individuals are ≥ 30 mm in length (
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<bibRefCitation author="Park, JS" journalOrPublisher="The Korean Society of Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B61" refString="Park, JS, 1970. The chaetognaths of Korean waters. PhD Thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea." title="The chaetognaths of Korean waters. PhD Thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea." year="1970">Park 1970</bibRefCitation>
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). The temperature range in the sampling stations of this study was 8.20-11.97 °C and the salinity range was 34.11-34.20 psu.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
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The absence of a rayless zone in the anterior and posterior fins and a collarette in anterior body and the presence of small seminal vesicles extending along the body in the Korean specimens of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Parasagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasagitta elegans" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="elegans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Parasagitta elegans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were consistent with previous records (
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<bibRefCitation author="Chihara, M" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B15" refString="Chihara, M, Murano, M, 1997. An Illustrated Guide to Marine Plankton in Japan. Tokai University Press, 1571 pp." title="An Illustrated Guide to Marine Plankton in Japan. Tokai University Press, 1571 pp." year="1997">Chihara and Murano 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). Adult specimens (> 40 mm) collected in this study had small intestinal diverticula. CBE staining showed a spot pattern dividing the centre from the head to the tail septum. We observed one specimen for CBE staining pattern: dorsomedian line small, 60 dots; dorsolateral line not observed due to damage; lateral line, 42 dots; receptors on the lateral fin not found; anterolateral receptors on the caudal fin, 2 dots; posterior receptors on the caudal fin not found.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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