treatments-xml/data/03/A4/87/03A487BDFF910265FCA0F8BCFAA994F2.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.1002/ajp.22631" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9009217b-4260-41ca-b50e-ebe4e96a9d51" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127847940" ID-Zenodo-Dep="400642" checkinTime="1489853864772" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Peng-Fei Fan, Kai He, Xing Chen, Alejandra Ortiz, Bin Zhang, Chao Zhao, Yun-Qiao, Hai-Bo Zhang, Clare Kimock, Wen-Zhi Wang, Colin Groves, Samuel T. Turvey, Christian Roos, Kristofer M. Helgen, Kristofer M. Helgen &amp; Xue-Long Jiang" docDate="2017" docId="03A487BDFF910265FCA0F8BCFAA994F2" docLanguage="en" docName="American_Journal_of_Primatology.10.1002_ajp.22631.pdf" docOrigin="American Journal of Primatology 79" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Hoolock tianxing Fan, He, Chen, Ortiz, Zhang, Zhao, Yun-Qiao, Zhang, Kimock, Wang, Groves, Turvey, Roos, Helgen, Helgen &amp; Jiang, 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FF9DFFC5FF960269FF93FFF5FFEB9504" masterDocTitle="Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1636528611186" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Peng-Fei Fan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kai He</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xing Chen</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Alejandra Ortiz</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bin Zhang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Chao Zhao</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yun-Qiao</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hai-Bo Zhang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Clare Kimock</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wen-Zhi Wang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Colin Groves</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Samuel T. Turvey</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Christian Roos</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kristofer M. Helgen</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kristofer M. Helgen</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xue-Long Jiang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>American Journal of Primatology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>79</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>15</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1002/ajp.22631</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">9009217b-4260-41ca-b50e-ebe4e96a9d51</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">400642</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127847940" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487BDFF910265FCA0F8BCFAA994F2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487BDFF910265FCA0F8BCFAA994F2" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<subSubSection box="[819,1050,1865,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="7.[819,1466,1761,1989]" box="[819,1050,1865,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName box="[819,969,1865,1885]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[819,969,1865,1885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hoolock tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[975,1050,1865,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[819,1346,1900,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph blockId="7.[819,1466,1761,1989]" box="[819,1346,1900,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName authority="Groves (1967)" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1967" box="[819,1238,1900,1920]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hoolock" subSpecies="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[819,1089,1900,1920]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hylobates hoolock leuconedys</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Groves, c. P." box="[1101,1238,1900,1920]" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica, 7, 2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="6 – 283" part="7" refString="Groves, C. P. (1967). Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834). Folia Primatologica, 7, 2 7 6 - 283." title="Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834)" type="journal article" year="1967">Groves (1967)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 276 (part).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="7.[819,1466,1761,1989]" box="[819,1466,1935,1955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<vernacularName box="[819,1072,1935,1955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Skywalker hoolock gibbon</vernacularName>
() or 
<vernacularName box="[1214,1466,1935,1955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gaoligong hoolock gibbon</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[819,1466,1761,1989]" box="[820,963,1969,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">().</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400647/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[157,732,136,1274]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,750,1308,1358]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,218,1311,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
Lower p4 of different 
<taxonomicName box="[451,525,1308,1328]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
species and geographic populations
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1440683626" collectingDate="1917-04-05" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="Roy Chapman Andrews &amp; Yvette Borup Andrews" country="China" latitude="25.0" location="Ho-mu-shu (= Hongmushu) Pass, Baoshan" longLatPrecision="749" longitude="98.83" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="M-43068" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="holotype">
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,299,1413,1439]" box="[121,299,1413,1439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading bold="true" box="[121,299,1413,1439]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,174,1416,1439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.4.1</emphasis>
| 
<typeStatus box="[199,299,1416,1439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,299,1416,1439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,768,1461,1585]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<collectionCode box="[121,185,1461,1481]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AMNH</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[197,281,1461,1481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M-43068</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount box="[298,342,1461,1481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[353,397,1461,1481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">male</specimenCount>
, skin only; 
<figureCitation box="[510,589,1461,1481]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[125,203,886,903]" captionTargetBox="[206,1390,156,857]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[206,1390,156,857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 A hoolock specimen from Homushu Pass, Mt. Gaoligong (AMNH M- 43068, top row) and the holotype of H. leuconedys (NHM ZD. 1950.391, bottom row), showing (left to right) eye brows and suborbital area, beard, and genital tuft" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400645/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 3</figureCitation>
), collected by 
<collectorName pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Roy Chapman Andrews</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName box="[329,528,1495,1515]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Yvette Borup Andrews</collectorName>
on 
<date box="[560,673,1495,1515]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1917-04-05">
<collectingDate box="[560,673,1495,1515]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1917-04-05">April 5, 1917</collectingDate>
</date>
during the American Museum of Natural History's Asiatic Zoological Expedition (
<bibRefCitation author="Allen, G. M." journalOrPublisher="New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 620" part="xi" refString="Allen, G. M. 1938. The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part 1. Natural history of central Asia, vol. xi, i - xxv (pp. 1 - 620). New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History." title="The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part 1. Natural history of central Asia" type="journal article" year="1938">Allen, 1938</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,336,1635,1660]" box="[121,336,1635,1660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading bold="true" box="[121,336,1635,1660]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,174,1637,1660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.4.2</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,336,1637,1660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<typeStatus box="[199,252,1637,1660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,768,1682,1702]" box="[121,768,1682,1702]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487BDFF910265FCA0F8BCFAA994F2:8ED26070FF9E0261FFEAF967FE3093A2" box="[121,475,1682,1702]" country="China" latitude="25.0" longLatPrecision="749" longitude="98.83" name="Ho-mu-shu (= Hongmushu) Pass, Baoshan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" stateProvince="Yunnan">Ho-mu-shu (=Hongmushu) Pass,Baoshan</location>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[482,549,1682,1702]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[556,605,1682,1702]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">China</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate box="[614,684,1682,1702]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="555" value="25.0">
25.00 
<collectionCode box="[668,684,1682,1702]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N</collectionCode>
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[692,759,1682,1702]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="555" value="98.83">
98.83 
<collectionCode box="[746,759,1682,1702]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E</collectionCode>
</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
</materialsCitation>
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,306,1751,1776]" box="[121,306,1751,1776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading bold="true" box="[121,306,1751,1776]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,174,1753,1776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.4.3</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,306,1753,1776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paratypes</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,769,1798,1991]" lastBlockId="8.[820,1467,135,190]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
AMNH M-43065 (adult female,skin only;Supplemental Figure S1) and MCZ 26474 (=AMNH M-43067, skin and skull, relocated to MCZ in September 1930), collected at the same locality as the holotype (
<bibRefCitation author="Allen, G. M." journalOrPublisher="New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 620" part="xi" refString="Allen, G. M. 1938. The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part 1. Natural history of central Asia, vol. xi, i - xxv (pp. 1 - 620). New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History." title="The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part 1. Natural history of central Asia" type="journal article" year="1938">Allen, 1938</bibRefCitation>
). IOZ 25965 (adult male, skin and skull; Supplemental Figure S3), collected on 4 June, 1965 at Tengchong, Yunnan, China. MCZ 30383 (adult male, skin and skull; Supplemental Figure S3) collected on 15 January, 1932, ca. 40 miles east of Bhamo, northern Myanmar, during the Brooke Dolan expedition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="8.[820,1014,243,268]" box="[820,1014,243,268]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading bold="true" box="[820,1014,243,268]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,857,243,268]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.5</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[887,1014,243,268]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[820,1468,298,699]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[820,895,298,318]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tianxing</emphasis>
constitutes the pinyin (standard mainland Chinese phonetic alphabet) transliteration of, meaning heaven's movement or skywalker (
<emphasis box="[924,960,367,387]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">xing</emphasis>
, movement, can act as either a noun or a verb), a name referring to the unique locomotory mode of gibbons (brachiation; 
<figureCitation box="[820,897,437,457]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[121,199,1946,1963]" captionTargetBox="[156,732,1552,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[156,732,1552,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8 A juvenile male of H. tianxing from Mt. Gaoligong jumping across trees. Photo taken by Lei Dong" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 8</figureCitation>
) and derived from the text of the I Ching, an ancient Chinese work of divination: (“As heaven's movement is ever vigorous, so must the scholarly gentleman (, “ 
<emphasis box="[1299,1340,506,526]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">junzi</emphasis>
”) ceaselessly strive for self-improvement”). Gibbons were widely regarded as a symbol of scholar-officials or 
<emphasis box="[1099,1140,575,595]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">junzi</emphasis>
in ancient China, as the perceived “noble” characteristics of gibbons were considered to accord with the aesthetic taste of both Daoism and traditional Chinese scholars (van 
<bibRefCitation author="van Gulik, R. H." box="[820,932,679,699]" journalOrPublisher="Leiden: E. J. Brill." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="van Gulik, R. H. (1967). The gibbon in China: An essay in Chinese animal lore. Leiden: E. J. Brill." title="The gibbon in China: An essay in Chinese animal lore" type="book" year="1967">Gulik, 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ye, S. &amp; Heule, F." box="[941,1113,679,699]" journalOrPublisher="Southeast Review of Asian Studies" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="141 - 160" part="2013" refString="Ye, S., &amp; Heule, F. (2013). An evaluation of Robert van Gulik's The Gibbon in China and its place in modern sinological discourse. Southeast Review of Asian Studies, 2013, 141 - 160." title="An evaluation of Robert van Gulik's The Gibbon in china and its place in modern sinological discourse" type="journal article" year="2013">Ye &amp; Heule, 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="8.[820,1002,752,778]" box="[820,1002,752,778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading bold="true" box="[820,1002,752,778]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,857,753,778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.6</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[887,1002,753,778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[820,1468,807,1347]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName box="[820,966,807,827]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hoolock" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[820,966,807,827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hoolock tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a 
<taxonomicName box="[1004,1077,807,827]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
gibbon distinguished from other described 
<taxonomicName box="[820,893,842,862]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
species by a combination of external and dental characters. In males, the ventral pelage is brownish, resembling that of 
<taxonomicName box="[1344,1466,877,897]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1344,1466,877,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differing from 
<taxonomicName box="[983,1075,911,931]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[983,1075,911,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The eyebrows are relatively thinner than in 
<taxonomicName box="[820,921,946,966]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[820,921,946,966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis box="[982,1118,946,966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName box="[982,1114,946,966]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">H. leuconedys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and well-separated, differing from the condition in 
<taxonomicName box="[971,1065,981,1001]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[971,1065,981,1001]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where there is only a narrow gap between the eyebrows. White hairs are absent in the suborbital area, differing from 
<taxonomicName box="[876,1004,1050,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[876,1004,1050,1070]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has white hairs in the suborbital area. The beards of males are black or brown, differing in color from 
<taxonomicName box="[820,941,1119,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[820,941,1119,1139]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a whitish or buffy beard, and not as prominent as in 
<emphasis box="[866,965,1154,1174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName box="[866,961,1154,1174]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">H. hoolock</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The black, brown or grayish genital tuft in males differs in color from 
<taxonomicName box="[945,1068,1189,1209]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[945,1068,1189,1209]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a white or silvery tuft. The face rings in females are incomplete, differing from the condition in both 
<taxonomicName box="[820,913,1258,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[820,913,1258,1278]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[957,1078,1258,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[957,1078,1258,1278]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The crown outline of the lower p4 is oval, making it distinct from 
<taxonomicName box="[1064,1194,1293,1313]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1064,1194,1293,1313]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1255,1356,1293,1313]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[1255,1356,1293,1313]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals from Myanmar and more similar to 
<taxonomicName box="[1149,1243,1327,1347]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[1149,1243,1327,1347]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Assam.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="8.[820,1025,1397,1423]" box="[820,1025,1397,1423]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading bold="true" box="[820,1025,1397,1423]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,857,1398,1423]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.7</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[887,1025,1398,1423]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[820,1468,1453,1993]" lastBlockId="9.[121,768,1314,1369]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In adult males, the ventral pelage is generally dark brown, and the dorsal pelage has a brownish overlay, especially apparent under bright light (Supplemental Figure S2); eyebrows thin and well-separated; white hairs absent in the suborbital area; beard not conspicuous, black or brown in color, not contrasting with the color of the chest or body; genital tuft prominent, usually black or dark brown in color with a few white hairs present,not contrasting with the color of the groin.In older animals, the genital tuft is fainter and light brownish in color (Supplemental Figure S4). In adult females, pelage color is generally yellowish, but varies with age (yellowish white to reddish blonde); eye rings incomplete; white hair typically not present on the lateral orbital region, or if present, not as conspicuous as on the brows on the lateral orbital region; white hair sometimes also not present on the suborbital region (Supplemental Figure S5). Juveniles do not have white hair on the chin or under the eyes; eyebrows are not always well-separated. Lower p4 is generally mesiodistally short and oval-shaped, with the talonid and trigonid of equal buccolingual width. Distal cusps are present, but not well-developed (
<figureCitation box="[434,513,1349,1369]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[121,199,1311,1328]" captionTargetBox="[157,732,136,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[154,734,135,1280]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5 Lower p 4 of different hoolock species and geographic populations" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400647/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5</figureCitation>
e and f).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400648/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[346,1240,137,1132]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="9.[121,1465,1160,1239]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,218,1163,1180]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
Bayesian tree of various catarrhines estimated using complete mitochondrial genome sequence data. Branch lengths represent time. Node bars indicate the 95%CI for the clade age. Unless specified, all interspecific relationships are strongly supported (PP = 1.0). PPs lower than 1.0 are shown in gray. Numbers above the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities, numbers below the nodes refer to median ages
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="9.[121,331,1415,1440]" box="[121,331,1415,1440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading bold="true" box="[121,331,1415,1440]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,158,1415,1440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3.8</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[188,331,1415,1440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[121,769,1470,1802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Between the Irrawaddy-Nmai Hka River and the Salween River in China and Myanmar. The Dulongjiang valley, the upper tributary of the Nmai Hka River, may serve as a dispersal barrier for hoolocks. Wild individuals are confirmed to occur on Mt. Gaoligong, and historical museum specimens are also known from further south at Gokteik, Shan State, northern Myanmar. 
<bibRefCitation author="Geissmann, T &amp; Grindley, M. &amp; Ngwe, L &amp; Saw, S. &amp; Thet, N. &amp; Saw, B. &amp; Momberg, F." box="[531,767,1643,1663]" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland: Gibbon conservation Alliance" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="172" refString="Geissmann, T., Grindley, M., Ngwe, L., Saw, S., Thet, N., Saw, B., &amp; Momberg, F. (2013). The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich, Switzerland: Gibbon Conservation Alliance, p. 172." title="The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich" type="book chapter" year="2013">Geissmann et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
estimated that a healthy population with ca. 5 0,0 0 0 individuals of eastern 
<taxonomicName box="[205,282,1713,1733]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
live in Shan State subtropical forests, and ca. 16,000 individuals live in montane rainforest in Kayah-Kayin (see below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="9.[121,316,1848,1874]" box="[121,316,1848,1874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading bold="true" box="[121,316,1848,1874]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,158,1849,1874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3.9</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[188,316,1849,1874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[121,768,1903,1993]" lastBlockId="9.[820,1468,1314,1993]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Although 
<bibRefCitation author="Groves, c. P." box="[216,352,1903,1923]" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica, 7, 2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="6 – 283" part="7" refString="Groves, C. P. (1967). Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834). Folia Primatologica, 7, 2 7 6 - 283." title="Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834)" type="journal article" year="1967">Groves (1967)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that the color of the hands and feet is lighter than the body color in 
<taxonomicName box="[496,626,1938,1958]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[496,626,1938,1958]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we found no difference in coloration between the hands, feet, or bodies in examined individuals of either 
<taxonomicName box="[1115,1242,1314,1334]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1115,1242,1314,1334]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName box="[1276,1375,1314,1334]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1276,1375,1314,1334]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two specimens in our study sample from Gokteik, Shan State, Myanmar (USNM 257988 and ZD.1933.7.29.15), which represents the southernmost record of 
<taxonomicName box="[1074,1180,1418,1438]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1074,1180,1418,1438]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, show minor morphological differences from individuals from Mt. Gaoligong; the male specimen is very similar to the holotype of 
<taxonomicName box="[1188,1294,1487,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1188,1294,1487,1507]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the female possesses more white hair on the suborbital region than individuals from Mt. Gaoligong. Gokteik is 300 km southwest of Mt. Gaoligong, indicating that these observed differences may represent allopatric differentiation between 
<taxonomicName box="[1060,1135,1626,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
populations in this region. However, more specimens from Shan, Kayah, and Kayin States need to be examined to assess whether this apparent variation is a genuine population-level characteristic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[820,1468,1314,1993]" lastBlockId="10.[820,857,131,156]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Hoolocks no longer survive at the type locality of 
<taxonomicName box="[1360,1461,1765,1785]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1360,1461,1765,1785]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The nearest well-documented population occurs at Nankang (N24° 49 
<emphasis box="[845,851,1835,1854]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">′</emphasis>
, E98°46 
<emphasis box="[934,940,1835,1854]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">′</emphasis>
, H: 1800–2300 m a.s.l.), 20 km away from Hongmushu in the southern part of Gaoligong National Nature Reserve. The vegetation in this region consists of humid montane evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by species of 
<taxonomicName box="[1263,1362,1938,1958]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1373,1465,1938,1958]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[820,914,1973,1993]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[977,1111,1973,1993]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
. Mean annual temperature in this 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,835,131,156]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</emphasis>
|
</paragraph>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph blockId="10.[877,1060,131,156]" box="[877,1060,131,156]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[877,1060,131,156]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="0">DISCUSSION</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[820,1314,209,235]" lastBlockId="10.[121,768,1223,1485]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
4.1 | 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[887,935,210,235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Con</emphasis>
fi 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[951,1314,210,235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">dence of the molecular results</emphasis>
region between October 2010 and September 2011 was 13.3°C; the lowest recorded mean monthly temperature was 6.4°C in January 2011, and the highest was 20.3°C in August 2010 (
<bibRefCitation author="Fan, P. F &amp; Ai, H. S. &amp; Fei, H. L. &amp; Zhang, D. &amp; Yuan, S. D." journalOrPublisher="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="137 - 146" part="54" refString="Fan, P. F., Ai, H. S., Fei, H. L., Zhang, D., &amp; Yuan, S. D. (2013). Seasonal variation of diet and time budget of Eastern hoolock gibbons (Hoolock leuconedys) living in a northern montane forest. Primates, 54, 137 - 146." title="Seasonal variation of diet and time budget of Eastern hoolock gibbons (Hoolock leuconedys) living in a northern montane forest" type="journal article" year="2013">Fan et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Annual rainfall was 1801.4 mm during this period; rainfall was greater than 200 mm in each rainy season month from May to October, except in September 2011 (198.1 mm), and was less than 100 mm in each dry season month from November to April (
<bibRefCitation author="Fan, P. F &amp; Ai, H. S. &amp; Fei, H. L. &amp; Zhang, D. &amp; Yuan, S. D." journalOrPublisher="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="137 - 146" part="54" refString="Fan, P. F., Ai, H. S., Fei, H. L., Zhang, D., &amp; Yuan, S. D. (2013). Seasonal variation of diet and time budget of Eastern hoolock gibbons (Hoolock leuconedys) living in a northern montane forest. Primates, 54, 137 - 146." title="Seasonal variation of diet and time budget of Eastern hoolock gibbons (Hoolock leuconedys) living in a northern montane forest" type="journal article" year="2013">Fan et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</emphasis>
<paragraph blockId="10.[820,1468,265,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Genomic-scale hybridization capture has been demonstrated to constitute a valid and powerful approach to recover endogenous DNA for ancient and non-invasive sampling, and is extremely useful for conservation of threatened species (
<bibRefCitation author="Perry, G. H &amp; Marioni, J. c. &amp; Melsted, P. &amp; Gilad, Y." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="5332 - 5344" part="19" refString="Perry, G. H., Marioni, J. C., Melsted, P., &amp; Gilad, Y. (2010). Genomic-scale capture and sequencing of endogenous DNA from feces. Molecular Ecology, 19, 5332 - 5344." title="Genomic-scale capture and sequencing of endogenous DNA from feces" type="journal article" year="2010">Perry, Marioni, Melsted, &amp; Gilad,2010</bibRefCitation>
).In this study,our enrichments were able to recover whole mitogenomes efficiently for 8 of the 11 fecal samples. One potential issue might be so-called nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences (NUMTs), which commonly exist in primates (
<bibRefCitation author="Karanth, K. P." box="[1274,1417,507,527]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biosciences" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="761 - 770" part="33" refString="Karanth, K. P. (2008). Primate numts and reticulate evolution of capped and golden leaf monkeys (Primates: Colobinae). Journal of Biosciences, 33, 761 - 770." title="Primate numts and reticulate evolution of capped and golden leaf monkeys (Primates: colobinae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Karanth, 2008</bibRefCitation>
); the NUMTs,however,should be at low enough levels to not influence base calling or subsequent assemblage accuracy (
<bibRefCitation author="Li, M. K &amp; Schroeder, R. &amp; Ko, A. &amp; Stoneking, M." journalOrPublisher="Nucleic Acids Research" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="137" part="40" refString="Li, M. K., Schroeder, R., Ko, A., &amp; Stoneking, M. (2012). Fidelity of captureenrichment for mtDNA genome sequencing: Influence of NUMTs. Nucleic Acids Research, 40 (18), e 137." title="Fidelity of captureenrichment for mtDNA genome sequencing: Influence of NUMTs" type="journal article" year="2012">Li, Schroeder, Ko, &amp; Stoneking, 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[820,1468,265,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The relationships between hylobatid genera are highly supported in our analyses (PP = 1.0); but they are characterized by short internal branches (
<figureCitation box="[918,999,715,735]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[121,199,1163,1180]" captionTargetBox="[346,1240,137,1132]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[346,1242,135,1133]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6 Bayesian tree of various catarrhines estimated using complete mitochondrial genome sequence data. Branch lengths represent time. Node bars indicate the 95 % CI for the clade age. Unless specified, all interspecific relationships are strongly supported (PP = 1.0). PPs lower than 1.0 are shown in gray. Numbers above the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities, numbers below the nodes refer to median ages" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400648/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 6</figureCitation>
), a finding similar to previous studies (
<bibRefCitation author="Kim, S. K. &amp; carbone, L. &amp; Becquet, c. &amp; Mootnick, A. R. &amp; Li, D. J. &amp; de Jong, P. J. &amp; Wall, J. D." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="2211 - 2218" part="28" refString="Kim, S. K., Carbone, L., Becquet, C., Mootnick, A. R., Li, D. J., de Jong, P. J., &amp; Wall, J. D. (2011). Patterns of genetic variation within and between gibbon species. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 2211 - 2218." title="Patterns of genetic variation within and between gibbon species" type="journal article" year="2011">Kim et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Springer, M. S &amp; Meredith, R. W. &amp; Gatesy, J. &amp; Emerling, c. A. &amp; Park, J. &amp; Rabosky, D. L. &amp; Janecka, J. E." box="[881,1071,750,770]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="49521" part="7" refString="Springer, M. S., Meredith, R. W., Gatesy, J., Emerling, C. A., Park, J., Rabosky, D. L.,... Janecka, J. E. (2012). Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix. PLoS ONE, 7 (11), e 49521." title="Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix" type="journal article" year="2012">Springer et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Thinh, V. N &amp; Mootnick, A. R. &amp; Geissmann, T. &amp; Li, M. &amp; Ziegler, T. &amp; Agil, M. &amp; Roos, c." box="[1080,1458,750,770]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="74" part="10" refString="Thinh, V. N., Mootnick, A. R., Geissmann, T., Li, M., Ziegler, T., Agil, M.,... Roos, C. (2010). Mitochondrial evidence for multiple radiations in the evolutionary history of small apes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 74." title="Mitochondrial evidence for multiple radiations in the evolutionary history of small apes" type="journal article" year="2010">Thinh, Mootnick, Geissmann et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
). This finding also matches the conclusions of the recent study using whole gibbon genome sequences by 
<bibRefCitation author="Carbone, L. &amp; Harris, R. A. &amp; Gnerre, S. &amp; Veeramah, K. R. &amp; Lorente-Galdos, B. &amp; Huddleston, J. &amp; Gibbs, RA." box="[1195,1411,819,839]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="195 – 201" part="513" refString="Carbone, L., Harris, R. A., Gnerre, S., Veeramah, K. R., Lorente-Galdos, B., Huddleston, J.,... Gibbs, RA. (2014). Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes. Nature, 513, 195 - 201." title="Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes" type="journal article" year="2014">Carbone et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, who suggested a near-instantaneous diversification among the living hylobatid genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[820,1468,265,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
According to our mitogenomic analyses, the MRCA of living gibbons lived around 6.79 Ma, which is slightly older than the estimate of 5 Ma based on nuclear genome data 
<bibRefCitation author="Carbone, L. &amp; Harris, R. A. &amp; Gnerre, S. &amp; Veeramah, K. R. &amp; Lorente-Galdos, B. &amp; Huddleston, J. &amp; Gibbs, RA." box="[1210,1418,993,1013]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="195 – 201" part="513" refString="Carbone, L., Harris, R. A., Gnerre, S., Veeramah, K. R., Lorente-Galdos, B., Huddleston, J.,... Gibbs, RA. (2014). Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes. Nature, 513, 195 - 201." title="Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes" type="journal article" year="2014">Carbone et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
. Our result is very similar to the gibbon MRCA age estimate given by 
<bibRefCitation author="Springer, M. S &amp; Meredith, R. W. &amp; Gatesy, J. &amp; Emerling, c. A. &amp; Park, J. &amp; Rabosky, D. L. &amp; Janecka, J. E." box="[820,1023,1062,1082]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="49521" part="7" refString="Springer, M. S., Meredith, R. W., Gatesy, J., Emerling, C. A., Park, J., Rabosky, D. L.,... Janecka, J. E. (2012). Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix. PLoS ONE, 7 (11), e 49521." title="Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix" type="journal article" year="2012">Springer et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
. The timing of divergence between 
<taxonomicName box="[1370,1466,1062,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[1370,1466,1062,1082]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and taxa previously classified as 
<taxonomicName box="[1136,1263,1097,1117]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1136,1263,1097,1117]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was around 1.14 Ma (1.38–0.93 Ma), overlapping with the estimates given in two previous studies (1.42 [1.90–0.97] in 
<bibRefCitation author="Thinh, V. N &amp; Mootnick, A. R. &amp; Geissmann, T. &amp; Li, M. &amp; Ziegler, T. &amp; Agil, M. &amp; Roos, c." box="[1080,1464,1166,1186]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="74" part="10" refString="Thinh, V. N., Mootnick, A. R., Geissmann, T., Li, M., Ziegler, T., Agil, M.,... Roos, C. (2010). Mitochondrial evidence for multiple radiations in the evolutionary history of small apes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 74." title="Mitochondrial evidence for multiple radiations in the evolutionary history of small apes" type="journal article" year="2010">Thinh, Mootnick, Geissmann et al. [2010]</bibRefCitation>
; 1.96 [4.4–0.22] in 
<bibRefCitation author="Springer, M. S &amp; Meredith, R. W. &amp; Gatesy, J. &amp; Emerling, c. A. &amp; Park, J. &amp; Rabosky, D. L. &amp; Janecka, J. E." box="[996,1198,1201,1221]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="49521" part="7" refString="Springer, M. S., Meredith, R. W., Gatesy, J., Emerling, C. A., Park, J., Rabosky, D. L.,... Janecka, J. E. (2012). Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix. PLoS ONE, 7 (11), e 49521." title="Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix" type="journal article" year="2012">Springer et al. [2012]</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400649/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[156,732,135,1011]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph blockId="10.[121,737,1039,1176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,218,1041,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
Mitochondrial gene tree for hoolocks, showing two major clades within 
<taxonomicName box="[310,488,1068,1088]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hoolock" subSpecies="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[310,488,1068,1088]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hoolock leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[494,592,1068,1088]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
. Specimens shaded in gray were originally identified as 
<taxonomicName box="[530,626,1097,1117]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[530,626,1097,1117]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Node numbers indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities. Branch lengths represent substitutions/site
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="10.[820,1207,1292,1318]" box="[820,1207,1292,1318]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading bold="true" box="[820,1207,1292,1318]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,857,1293,1318]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.2</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[887,1207,1293,1318]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Support for the new taxon</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[820,1468,1347,1991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<bibRefCitation author="Groves, c. P." box="[820,956,1347,1367]" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica, 7, 2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="6 – 283" part="7" refString="Groves, C. P. (1967). Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834). Folia Primatologica, 7, 2 7 6 - 283." title="Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834)" type="journal article" year="1967">Groves (1967)</bibRefCitation>
recognized 
<taxonomicName box="[1080,1178,1347,1367]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">
<emphasis box="[1080,1178,1347,1367]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. hoolock</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1237,1364,1347,1367]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1237,1364,1347,1367]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on characters shown by a series of skulls, as well as on four soft tissue characters, namely the color of the preputial tuft, the shape of the eyebrow streaks, the color of the suborbital hair,and the color of the chin hair. His taxonomic assessments were further confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analyses (
<bibRefCitation author="Thinh, V. N &amp; Mootnick, A. R. &amp; Geissmann, T. &amp; Li, M. &amp; Ziegler, T. &amp; Agil, M. &amp; Roos, c." box="[1022,1376,1521,1541]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="74" part="10" refString="Thinh, V. N., Mootnick, A. R., Geissmann, T., Li, M., Ziegler, T., Agil, M.,... Roos, C. (2010). Mitochondrial evidence for multiple radiations in the evolutionary history of small apes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 74." title="Mitochondrial evidence for multiple radiations in the evolutionary history of small apes" type="journal article" year="2010">Thinh,Mootnick,Geissmann et al.,2010</bibRefCitation>
).Here,we found that these characters are equally prominent and distinguishable between 
<taxonomicName box="[910,1034,1590,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[910,1034,1590,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1046,1165,1590,1610]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
and 
<emphasis box="[1220,1324,1590,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName box="[1220,1320,1590,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">H. tianxing</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Skull shape in hominoids is generally conserved while the shape of postcanine teeth is usually variable (
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida A." box="[983,1114,1659,1679]" journalOrPublisher="MA: Harvard University Press" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Uchida A. (1996). Craniodental variation among the great apes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press." title="Craniodental variation among the great apes. cambridge" type="book" year="1996">Uchida, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, the 87–93% correct assignments of individual specimens using each of the morphometric and GM data in the DFAs support the occurrence of morphological differentiation. Similarly, the differentiation of the lower p4 is not clearcut by itself. However, clear morphological differentiation between populations is apparent when considering these characteristics together.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[820,1468,1347,1991]" lastBlockId="11.[121,769,628,1992]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Morphological discrimination is also congruent with divergence of the mitochondrial genomes. We acknowledge that mitogenomic gene trees can differ from nuclear genomic trees, as seen in primates for example in recent analysis of the “odd-nosed” Asian colobines (
<bibRefCitation author="Liedigk, R &amp; Yang, M. Y. &amp; Jablonski, N. G. &amp; Momberg, F. &amp; Geissmann, T. &amp; Lwin, N. &amp; Roos, c." journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="37418" part="7" refString="Liedigk, R., Yang, M. Y., Jablonski, N. G., Momberg, F., Geissmann, T., Lwin, N.,... Roos, C. (2012). Evolutionary history of the odd-nosed monkeys and the phylogenetic position of the newly described Myanmar snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri. PLoS ONE, 7 (5), e 37418." title="Evolutionary history of the odd-nosed monkeys and the phylogenetic position of the newly described Myanmar snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri" type="journal article" year="2012">Liedigk et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
). However, the two clades representing 
<taxonomicName box="[603,728,628,648]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[603,728,628,648]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[121,225,662,682]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[121,225,662,682]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are each strongly supported as monophyletic in our analysis, and diverged in the middle Pleistocene (ca. 0.49 Ma), suggesting long-term matrilineal isolation. In addition, the K2P distance between 
<taxonomicName box="[299,427,766,786]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[299,427,766,786]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[479,579,766,786]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[479,579,766,786]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.2%) is similar to the differentiation observed between other gibbon sister species, for example, between 
<taxonomicName box="[296,498,835,855]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annamensis">
<emphasis box="[296,498,835,855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nomascus annamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[542,653,835,855]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabriellae">
<emphasis box="[542,653,835,855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. gabriellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.26%) and between 
<taxonomicName box="[212,340,870,890]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogenys">
<emphasis box="[212,340,870,890]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. leucogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[392,449,870,890]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siki">
<emphasis box="[392,449,870,890]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. siki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.0%) (
<bibRefCitation author="Thinh, V. N &amp; Mootnick, A. R. &amp; Thanh, V. N. &amp; Nadler, T. &amp; Roos, c." journalOrPublisher="Vietnamese Journal of Primatology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 12" part="1" refString="Thinh, V. N., Mootnick, A. R., Thanh, V. N., Nadler, T., &amp; Roos, C. (2010). A new species of crested gibbon, from the central Annamite mountain range. Vietnamese Journal of Primatology, 1, 1 - 12." title="A new species of crested gibbon, from the central Annamite mountain range" type="journal article" year="2010">Thinh, Mootnick, Thanh, Nadler, &amp; Roos, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, the estimated divergence time between 
<taxonomicName box="[212,340,939,959]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[212,340,939,959]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[391,491,939,959]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[391,491,939,959]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to or greater than estimated divergence times between other primate species in Asia (
<tableCitation box="[126,199,1009,1029]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[121,185,138,155]" captionTargetBox="[132,1436,174,566]" captionText="TABLE 2 Estimated divergence times between gibbon and other Asian primate sister species based on mitochondrial data Sepcies group Estimated divergence time (Ma) References" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 2</tableCitation>
). All of these taxa are recognized as full species in the most recent taxonomic review of the world's primates (
<bibRefCitation author="Mittermeier R. A. &amp; Ryl A. B. &amp; Wilson D. E." journalOrPublisher="Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="953" part="3" refString="Mittermeier R. A., Ryl A. B., &amp; Wilson D. E. (2013). Handbook of the mammals of the world: 3. Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones, p. 953." title="Handbook of the mammals of the world" type="journal article" year="2013">Mittermeier et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400650/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[156,732,1552,1916]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph blockId="10.[121,707,1943,1993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,218,1946,1963]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
A juvenile male of 
<taxonomicName box="[417,515,1943,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[417,515,1943,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mt. Gaoligong jumping across trees. Photo taken by Lei Dong
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="11.[121,1436,135,566]" box="[121,1283,135,155]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,203,138,155]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 2</emphasis>
Estimated divergence times between gibbon and other Asian primate sister species based on mitochondrial data
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[121,1436,135,566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table box="[132,1436,174,566]" gridcols="3" gridrows="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr box="[132,1436,174,193]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,174,193]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sepcies group</th>
<th box="[652,939,174,193]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Estimated divergence time (Ma)</th>
<th box="[1069,1436,174,193]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">References</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,212,230]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,212,230]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis box="[132,274,212,230]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,200,212,230]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">Hoolock</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName box="[207,274,212,230]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">tianxing</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[319,437,212,230]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[319,437,212,230]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td box="[652,939,212,230]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.49</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,212,230]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">This study</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,249,268]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,249,268]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,317,250,268]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogenys">
<emphasis box="[132,317,250,268]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,218,250,268]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nomascus</taxonomicName>
leucogenys
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[362,414,250,268]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siki">
<emphasis box="[362,414,250,268]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. siki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td box="[652,939,249,268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.55</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,249,268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Thinh, Mootnick, Geissmann et al. (2010)</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,287,305]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[652,939,287,305]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.34</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,287,305]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">This study</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,324,342]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,324,342]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,337,324,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francoisi">
<emphasis box="[132,337,324,342]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,259,324,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trachypithecus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName box="[266,337,324,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francoisi">francoisi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[382,522,324,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucocephalus">
<emphasis box="[382,393,324,342]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[405,522,324,342]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">leucocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td box="[652,939,324,342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.27–0.46</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,324,342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Liu et al. (2013)</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,361,380]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,361,380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,337,362,380]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francoisi">
<emphasis box="[132,337,362,380]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,259,362,380]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trachypithecus</taxonomicName>
francoisi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[382,518,362,380]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poliocephalus">
<emphasis box="[382,393,362,380]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName box="[405,518,362,380]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poliocephalus">
<emphasis box="[405,518,362,380]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">poliocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td box="[652,939,361,380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.25–0.50</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,361,380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Liu et al. (2013)</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,399,417]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,399,417]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,340,399,417]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis box="[132,340,399,417]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,259,399,417]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trachypithecus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName box="[266,340,399,417]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">obscurus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[386,470,399,417]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phayrei">
<emphasis box="[386,470,399,417]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. phayrei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td box="[652,939,399,417]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.36</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,399,417]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">He et al. (2012)</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,436,454]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,436,454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,337,436,454]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis box="[132,337,436,454]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,259,436,454]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trachypithecus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName box="[266,337,436,454]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">cristatus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[383,477,436,454]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="germaini">
<emphasis box="[383,477,436,454]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
T. 
<taxonomicName box="[405,477,436,454]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="germaini">germaini</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td box="[652,939,436,454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.55</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,436,454]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">He et al. (2012)</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,473,491]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,473,491]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,293,473,491]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
<emphasis box="[132,293,473,491]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Rhinopithecus 
<taxonomicName box="[257,293,473,491]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">bieti</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[339,424,473,491]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strykeri">
<emphasis box="[339,424,473,491]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">R. strykeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td box="[652,939,473,491]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.24</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,473,491]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Liedigk et al. (2012)</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,511,529]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[652,939,511,529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.30</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,511,529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Zhou et al. (2014)</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[132,1436,548,566]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th box="[132,522,548,566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,278,548,566]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinerea">
<emphasis box="[132,278,548,566]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[132,211,548,566]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pygathrix</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName box="[218,278,548,566]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinerea">cinerea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[324,420,548,566]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nemaeus">
<emphasis box="[324,420,548,566]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. nemaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td box="[652,939,548,566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.23</td>
<td box="[1069,1436,548,566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Liedigk et al. (2012)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[121,769,628,1992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Mt.Gaoligong, situated along the border of China and Myanmar,is a hotspot of new species discovery, with recent discoveries including other species of primates (
<bibRefCitation author="Geissmann, T &amp; Lwin, N &amp; Aung, S. S &amp; Aung, T. N &amp; Aung, Z. M. &amp; Hla, T. H. &amp; Grindley, M. &amp; Momberg, F." box="[376,600,1178,1198]" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="6 - 107" part="73" refString="Geissmann, T., Lwin, N., Aung, S. S., Aung, T. N., Aung, Z. M., Hla, T. H., &amp; Grindley, M., Momberg, F. 2011. A New Species of Snub-Nosed Monkey, Genus Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, Colobinae), From Northern Kachin State, Northeastern Myanmar. American Journal of Primatology, 73, 9 6 - 107." title="A New Species of Snub-Nosed Monkey, Genus Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, colobinae), From Northern Kachin State, Northeastern Myanmar" type="journal article" year="2011">Geissmann et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
), as well as other vertebrates, for example, amphibians (
<bibRefCitation author="Yang, J &amp; Wang, Y. &amp; chan, B." box="[492,764,1213,1233]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="133 - 148" part="4150" refString="Yang, J., Wang, Y., &amp; Chan, B. (2016). A new species of the genus Leptobrachium (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Gaoligongshan Mountain Range, China. Zootaxa, 4150, 133 - 148." title="A new species of the genus Leptobrachium (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Gaoligongshan Mountain Range, china" type="journal article" year="2016">Yang, Wang, &amp; Chan, 2016</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Yang, J &amp; Wang, Y. &amp; chen, G. &amp; Rao, D." box="[121,439,1248,1268]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="379 - 394" part="4088" refString="Yang, J., Wang, Y., Chen, G., &amp; Rao, D. (2016). A new species of the genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from Mt. Gaoligongshan of western Yunnan Province, China. Zootaxa, 4088, 379 - 394." title="A new species of the genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from Mt. Gaoligongshan of western Yunnan Province, china" type="journal article" year="2016">Yang, Wang, Chen, &amp; Rao, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). This high discovery rate at least partly reflects the fact that these mountains have been difficult to access in the past, so that few expeditions have been carried out, and subsequently most animal groups have never been studied in detail. Most of these new species are locally endemic; Mt. Gaoligong is the westernmost part of the Hengduan Mountain Chain, which was formed during the uplift of the Himalayas (
<bibRefCitation author="Zhong, D. L &amp; Ding, L." box="[511,701,1456,1476]" journalOrPublisher="Sicence in China (Series D)" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="289 - 295" part="26" refString="Zhong, D. L., &amp; Ding, L. 1996. Rising process of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau and its mechanism. Sicence in China (Series D), 26, 289 - 295." title="Rising process of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau and its mechanism" type="journal article" year="1996">Zhong &amp; Ding,1996</bibRefCitation>
), and is geographically isolated from the other mountains in southwestern China by the Salween River valley. The “sky-island” topography and associated unfavorable valley habitats are likely to have driven extensive physical isolation, allopatric speciation, and high endemism in vertebrate populations (
<bibRefCitation author="He K &amp; Jiang X." box="[375,547,1629,1649]" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Science Bulletin" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="585 - 597" part="59" refString="He K., &amp; Jiang X. 2014. Sky islands of southwest China. I: An overview of phylogeographic patterns. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59, 585 - 597." title="Sky islands of southwest china. I: An overview of phylogeographic patterns" type="journal article" year="2014">
He &amp; 
<bibRefCitation author="He K &amp; Jiang X." box="[434,547,1629,1649]" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Science Bulletin" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="585 - 597" part="59" refString="He K., &amp; Jiang X. 2014. Sky islands of southwest China. I: An overview of phylogeographic patterns. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59, 585 - 597." title="Sky islands of southwest china. I: An overview of phylogeographic patterns" type="journal article" year="2014">Jiang, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
). Our description of 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provides further evidence for the unique local fauna of Mt. Gaoligong, and it is very likely that new species are still to be described in other taxonomic groups, many of which remain understudied and need to be re-examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[121,769,628,1992]" lastBlockId="11.[820,1467,628,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<bibRefCitation author="Groves, c. P." box="[161,301,1798,1818]" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica, 7, 2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="6 – 283" part="7" refString="Groves, C. P. (1967). Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834). Folia Primatologica, 7, 2 7 6 - 283." title="Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834)" type="journal article" year="1967">Groves (1967)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Choudhury, A." box="[361,539,1798,1818]" journalOrPublisher="Newsletter &amp; Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nature in India, 9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="9 – 59" part="4" refString="Choudhury, A. (2013). Description of a new subspecies of Hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock from north east India. Newsletter &amp; Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nature in India, 9, 4 9 - 59." title="Description of a new subspecies of Hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock from north east India" type="journal article" year="2013">Choudhury (2013)</bibRefCitation>
noticed morphological differences in hoolocks from the east and west of the Irrawaddy River. 
<bibRefCitation author="Groves, c. P." box="[121,260,1867,1887]" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica, 7, 2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="6 – 283" part="7" refString="Groves, C. P. (1967). Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834). Folia Primatologica, 7, 2 7 6 - 283." title="Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock Harlan 1834)" type="journal article" year="1967">Groves (1967)</bibRefCitation>
also reported that three of the 22 
<taxonomicName box="[637,768,1867,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[637,768,1867,1887]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens he examined did not show white chins,and eight specimens did not have white hair under the eyes. However, he hesitated to erect any further 
<taxonomicName box="[234,308,1972,1992]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
taxa because at the time “too few specimens of either sex are available from the east of the Irrawaddy River to determine whether further splitting may be required.” Following our analysis of a further eight historical specimens and 14 wild animals from the east of the river, we support the suggestion that the Irrawaddy-Nmai Hka River is likely to act as a barrier for different 
<taxonomicName box="[820,894,801,821]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
taxa, on the basis of external and craniodental morphological differences and the divergence of mitochondrial genomes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[820,1334,908,971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading bold="true" box="[820,1334,908,934]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,857,909,934]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4.3</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Individuals or specimens of particular 
<heading box="[820,960,946,971]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[891,960,946,971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">significance</emphasis>
</heading>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[820,1468,1001,1992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Based on a studbook of captive 
<taxonomicName box="[1113,1187,1001,1021]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
gibbons compiled in 2011, we identified a hybrid 
<taxonomicName box="[1008,1082,1035,1055]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
family in Kunming Zoo (Hehe♂ × Maomao♀). This pair reproduced five times, and was the most successful captive breeding 
<taxonomicName box="[982,1056,1105,1125]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
pair in any Chinese zoo. Unfortunately, the adult pair and three of their five offspring (KNHMZ 2007090801, KNHMZ 2007082102, and another juvenile) died in 2007, possibly due to a flu-like infection, although two male offspring (Dandan and Xiaobao) still survive. The male had the typical white beard of 
<taxonomicName box="[820,947,1278,1298]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[820,947,1278,1298]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(YQL, personal observation), but a photograph of the adult female shows the typical morphology of 
<taxonomicName box="[1298,1401,1313,1333]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1298,1401,1313,1333]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Their three male offspring (Xiaobao, Dandan, and KNHMZ 2007090801; Supplemental Figure S6a and b) all have white hair on their chins and genital tufts, but do not have white hair under their eyes, and their white beards are not as conspicuous as in typical 
<taxonomicName box="[1282,1407,1451,1471]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1282,1407,1451,1471]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males (Supplemental Figure S2h–j). Genetic analysis of maternally inherited mitochondrial sequence data places them in the 
<taxonomicName box="[1305,1407,1521,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1305,1320,1521,1541]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1336,1407,1521,1541]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (
<figureCitation box="[825,908,1555,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[121,199,1041,1058]" captionTargetBox="[156,732,135,1011]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[156,732,135,1011]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7 Mitochondrial gene tree for hoolocks, showing two major clades within Hoolock leuconedys sensu lato. Specimens shaded in gray were originally identified as H. hoolock. Node numbers indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities. Branch lengths represent substitutions / site" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400649/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 7</figureCitation>
). We conclude that these offspring are 
<taxonomicName box="[1298,1426,1555,1575]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1298,1426,1555,1575]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hybrids. Xiaobao is now paired with a morphologically typical 
<taxonomicName box="[820,945,1625,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[820,835,1625,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[846,945,1625,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female (Baimei) in Kunming Zoo; mitochondrial genetic analysis of the offspring of this pair (Jiaojiao and Yuanyuan) places them as expected in the 
<taxonomicName box="[1054,1180,1694,1714]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1054,1069,1694,1714]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1081,1180,1694,1714]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (
<figureCitation box="[1246,1327,1694,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[121,199,1041,1058]" captionTargetBox="[156,732,135,1011]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[156,732,135,1011]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7 Mitochondrial gene tree for hoolocks, showing two major clades within Hoolock leuconedys sensu lato. Specimens shaded in gray were originally identified as H. hoolock. Node numbers indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities. Branch lengths represent substitutions / site" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400649/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[820,1468,1001,1992]" lastBlockId="12.[121,767,135,190]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
One skin specimen of an adult female (KIZ LS970114) was placed in the 
<taxonomicName box="[888,1017,1764,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[888,1017,1764,1784]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade in our phylogenetic analysis (
<figureCitation box="[1373,1457,1764,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[121,199,1041,1058]" captionTargetBox="[156,732,135,1011]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[156,732,135,1011]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7 Mitochondrial gene tree for hoolocks, showing two major clades within Hoolock leuconedys sensu lato. Specimens shaded in gray were originally identified as H. hoolock. Node numbers indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities. Branch lengths represent substitutions / site" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400649/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 7</figureCitation>
). Morphologically, this specimen resembles 
<taxonomicName box="[1208,1331,1798,1818]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1208,1331,1798,1818]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having thick white hair between its eyes (
<figureCitation box="[1097,1177,1833,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[121,199,1946,1963]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,1319,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[202,1386,1319,1916]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2 Photos of male (top row) and female (bottom row) hoolocks from different taxa and geographic populations. Photos of H. h. hoolock and H. h. mishmiensis are from Choudhury (2013)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/400644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 2</figureCitation>
c); it was, however, reportedly collected from Tengchong County, Yunnan, which is within the geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName box="[1079,1180,1902,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1079,1094,1902,1922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName box="[1109,1180,1902,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1109,1180,1902,1922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</taxonomicName>
. Its original collection record contains no further information on either the collector, collection date, and skull or body measurements. We consider it is highly possible that this specimen in fact originated in Myanmar, and was bought in Tengchong.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="12.[121,498,245,271]" box="[121,498,245,271]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading bold="true" box="[121,498,245,271]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,158,246,271]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.4</emphasis>
| 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[188,498,246,271]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Conservation implications</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[121,769,301,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The eastern 
<taxonomicName box="[237,314,301,321]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
, based on an assessment comprising populations of both 
<taxonomicName box="[196,321,335,355]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[196,321,335,355]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
H. 
<taxonomicName box="[222,321,335,355]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">leuconedys</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[366,463,335,355]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[366,381,335,355]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[392,463,335,355]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is currently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (
<bibRefCitation author="Brockelman, W. &amp; Geissmann T." box="[344,656,370,390]" journalOrPublisher="The IUcN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e. T" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="10278832" part="39877" refString="Brockelman, W., &amp; Geissmann T. (2008). Hoolock leuconedys. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e. T 39877 A 10278832. Downloaded on July 12, 2016." title="Hoolock leuconedys" type="journal article" year="2008">Brockelman &amp; Geissmann, 2008</bibRefCitation>
), because a large population of 310,000–370,000 individuals (estimated based on very limited field surveys) has been reported from Myanmar (
<bibRefCitation author="Geissmann, T &amp; Grindley, M. &amp; Ngwe, L &amp; Saw, S. &amp; Thet, N. &amp; Saw, B. &amp; Momberg, F." box="[126,359,474,494]" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland: Gibbon conservation Alliance" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="172" refString="Geissmann, T., Grindley, M., Ngwe, L., Saw, S., Thet, N., Saw, B., &amp; Momberg, F. (2013). The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich, Switzerland: Gibbon Conservation Alliance, p. 172." title="The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich" type="book chapter" year="2013">Geissmann et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
). As the 
<taxonomicName box="[455,529,474,494]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
population on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River represents a new species, its formal conservation status must also be re-evaluated. According to the most recent available survey data from 2008 and 2009, the total population size of 
<taxonomicName box="[198,300,613,633]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[198,300,613,633]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in China is less than 200 individuals, and the population is highly fragmented across different forest areas (
<bibRefCitation author="Fan, P. F &amp; Xiao, W. &amp; Huo, S. &amp; Ai, H. S. &amp; Wang, T. c. &amp; Lin, R. T." journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 134" part="45" refString="Fan, P. F., Xiao, W., Huo, S., Ai, H. S., Wang, T. C., &amp; Lin, R. T. (2011). Distribution and conservation status of the vulnerable eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in China. Oryx, 45, 129 - 134." title="Distribution and conservation status of the vulnerable eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in china" type="journal article" year="2011">Fan et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Illegal hunting, habitat destruction, degradation and fragmentation, and the stochastic effects of small population size and isolation all threaten the future of 
<taxonomicName box="[367,465,751,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[367,465,751,771]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in China (
<bibRefCitation author="Fan, P. F &amp; Xiao, W. &amp; Huo, S. &amp; Ai, H. S. &amp; Wang, T. c. &amp; Lin, R. T." box="[563,717,751,771]" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 134" part="45" refString="Fan, P. F., Xiao, W., Huo, S., Ai, H. S., Wang, T. C., &amp; Lin, R. T. (2011). Distribution and conservation status of the vulnerable eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in China. Oryx, 45, 129 - 134." title="Distribution and conservation status of the vulnerable eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in china" type="journal article" year="2011">Fan et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Fan, P. F." journalOrPublisher="Biological Conservation. In press" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Fan, P. F. (2016). The past, present, and future of gibbons in China. Biological Conservation. In press." title="The past, present, and future of gibbons in china" type="book" year="2016">Fan, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Based on average group density and area of suitable habitat, 
<bibRefCitation author="Geissmann, T &amp; Grindley, M. &amp; Ngwe, L &amp; Saw, S. &amp; Thet, N. &amp; Saw, B. &amp; Momberg, F." box="[121,341,821,841]" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland: Gibbon conservation Alliance" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="172" refString="Geissmann, T., Grindley, M., Ngwe, L., Saw, S., Thet, N., Saw, B., &amp; Momberg, F. (2013). The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich, Switzerland: Gibbon Conservation Alliance, p. 172." title="The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich" type="book chapter" year="2013">Geissmann et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
estimated the total population of hoolocks in Kachin State to be 240,000–290,000 individuals.This estimate is likely to include both 
<taxonomicName box="[264,359,890,910]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[264,359,890,910]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[402,525,890,910]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[402,525,890,910]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although hoolocks have a limited distribution on the east bank of the Nmai Hka River, suggesting that most of the Myanmar hoolocks in this estimate are likely to be 
<taxonomicName box="[121,250,994,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[121,250,994,1014]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Three infants or small juvenile hoolocks have been confiscated by the Chinese border police in the last 2 years, and one small juvenile 
<taxonomicName box="[251,325,1063,1083]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
from Myanmar was raised as a pet by a woman in Dulongjiang, Yunnan; all these individuals were 
<taxonomicName box="[595,720,1098,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[595,720,1098,1118]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The population of 
<taxonomicName box="[253,350,1133,1153]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[253,350,1133,1153]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Kachin State is therefore likely to be very small if it even still survives.A larger population of 
<taxonomicName box="[579,674,1167,1187]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[579,674,1167,1187]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might still survive in the southern part of its proposed range; 
<bibRefCitation author="Geissmann, T &amp; Grindley, M. &amp; Ngwe, L &amp; Saw, S. &amp; Thet, N. &amp; Saw, B. &amp; Momberg, F." journalOrPublisher="Switzerland: Gibbon conservation Alliance" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="172" refString="Geissmann, T., Grindley, M., Ngwe, L., Saw, S., Thet, N., Saw, B., &amp; Momberg, F. (2013). The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich, Switzerland: Gibbon Conservation Alliance, p. 172." title="The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich" type="book chapter" year="2013">Geissmann et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
estimated that approximately 50,000 hoolocks occur in the subtropical forest of Shan State and 16,000 individuals occur in the montane rainforest of Kayah and Kayin States. These populations are distributed on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, and therefore are likely to represent 
<taxonomicName box="[330,427,1375,1395]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[330,427,1375,1395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
H. 
<taxonomicName box="[356,427,1375,1395]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">tianxing</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These populations, however, face a series of threats including hunting, illegal trade, and rapid habitat loss (
<bibRefCitation author="Geissmann, T &amp; Grindley, M. &amp; Ngwe, L &amp; Saw, S. &amp; Thet, N. &amp; Saw, B. &amp; Momberg, F." box="[126,350,1445,1465]" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland: Gibbon conservation Alliance" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="172" refString="Geissmann, T., Grindley, M., Ngwe, L., Saw, S., Thet, N., Saw, B., &amp; Momberg, F. (2013). The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich, Switzerland: Gibbon Conservation Alliance, p. 172." title="The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zurich" type="book chapter" year="2013">Geissmann et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
). It is difficult to evaluate the conservation status of 
<taxonomicName box="[207,304,1479,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[207,304,1479,1499]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without more robust information on the status of these poorly known populations, but we propose that 
<taxonomicName box="[666,767,1514,1534]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[666,767,1514,1534]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should probably be assessed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, under criterion A4acd (
<bibRefCitation author="IUcN" box="[339,454,1583,1603]" journalOrPublisher="IUcN Species Survival commission" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="IUCN. (2001). IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission." title="IUcN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1" type="book" year="2001">IUCN, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[121,769,301,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Only 21 captive 
<taxonomicName box="[314,388,1618,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
individuals are recorded in Chinese zoos in the 
<taxonomicName box="[193,267,1653,1673]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
studbook (Yang, 2011). We surveyed 22 captive hoolocks in China during this study, most of which were, however, not listed in the studbook.We found that only two of these individuals can be assigned to 
<taxonomicName box="[274,375,1757,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[274,375,1757,1777]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although it is likely that other captive hoolocks that we did not survey may also be 
<taxonomicName box="[529,624,1791,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[529,624,1791,1811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
H. 
<taxonomicName box="[553,624,1791,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">tianxing</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals,the total number of captive individuals of this species must be very small, and we know of no captive 
<taxonomicName box="[385,482,1861,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[385,482,1861,1881]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. tianxing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females in China.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[121,769,301,1985]" lastBlockId="12.[820,1468,135,502]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Only two pairs of either eastern 
<taxonomicName box="[451,524,1895,1915]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
species are known to have bred in China before 2011: in Kunming Zoo and Beijing Zoo (Yang, unpublished). The pair in Kunming Zoo died in 2007, and the other pair and another adult female in Beijing Zoo died in 2005. Kunming Zoo currently has a new 
<taxonomicName box="[1004,1077,170,190]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
pair (Xiaobao♂ × Baimei♀), which has bred successfully three times, and another 
<taxonomicName box="[1171,1244,205,225]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
pair in Dehong Wildlife Rescue Center (DH3♂ × DH2♀) gave birth in 2015; as discussed above, however, Xiaobao is a 
<taxonomicName box="[1052,1180,274,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1052,1180,274,294]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName box="[1201,1302,274,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1201,1302,274,294]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
H. 
<taxonomicName box="[1232,1302,274,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">tianxing</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hybrid, whereas Baimei, DH3, and DH2 are all 
<taxonomicName box="[1140,1270,309,329]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1140,1270,309,329]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals. Further investigation of hoolocks currently held in Chinese captive facilities, together with accurate species identification of captive 
<taxonomicName box="[1393,1466,378,398]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoolock">hoolock</taxonomicName>
individuals, is necessary in order to establish a national conservation breeding program for 
<taxonomicName box="[1024,1147,447,467]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leuconedys">
<emphasis box="[1024,1147,447,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. leuconedys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and to evaluate whether a similar conservation breeding program is feasible for 
<taxonomicName box="[1245,1341,482,502]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">
<emphasis box="[1245,1341,482,502]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
H. 
<taxonomicName box="[1271,1341,482,502]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tianxing">tianxing</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>