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<document id="D18E9E79780A388A34C27F7919B5DB21" ID-CLB-Dataset="3637" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5676639" ID-GBIF-Dataset="23dac009-8dc4-4021-a812-5f9db538c89c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5676639" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633548419167" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Herpestidae_0262.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Herpestes edwardsii Illiger 1811" docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="310" masterDocId="E806FFCBFFCCFF8AFF999B1CFF9CFFA7" masterDocTitle="Herpestidae" masterLastPageNumber="328" masterPageNumber="262" pageNumber="309" updateTime="1700280137702" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="1766588AA4AFBA90FBA1F2DD67E3A6D5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="1CDB7C330AB89A0D2BCD4F9A5719A835">
<mods:title id="E4F26FA88825F0FB6AEAB8B20E23572A">Herpestidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="519C1F47728AC9E1064A792D3BFA4DE3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="814264625EBA71A9B70CA3CD8E39037C">
<mods:roleTerm id="1DB373432C9066315EC8CFD348C2BCF9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4CCADCDC2990EA20C2497DF5FB806CC7">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="CF96F7F5F364FFDCA8342BE94D584655" type="personal">
<mods:role id="00E874E721852EC0E9ADC03CD5B7405C">
<mods:roleTerm id="D07D762BA377FEEAF345C35B085F9DF6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8C36C73F2F75893AECCACDEE494EDB9F">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="4513B2B71383D2583EC2AFFD58E20AA9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo id="7DAC14933225E8388B77E84763530F3E">
<mods:dateIssued id="84E141C7B3A711FE933C0A67ED1B802C">2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="1EFD734DF99C2B202CFC2F904B041A5D" type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="D89495212CD62875D380F2F4171EBF6A">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="2C5D82960AA301F6103DC2B960EC09E8">
<mods:placeTerm id="7EE2FD87BBDC33EEB4A7350CF3FFFC48">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="5C83900EFF790F07F0BEC64AE8E58EF4">
<mods:title id="4DB982AC8ACD794CA7F580EA04C1876C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="61CD8847C80A2B78B5B4BB0AD641BF53">
<mods:extent id="A475E075E9B9C731EB1BE8CDF0C127A9" unit="page">
<mods:start id="0F0A77F0A0365C066FCC7DFF20CA61B3">262</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="81C7FE407148BC20B0CB98F3931DC157">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3EAAC93853CBFE6B818A505222F64556" type="CLB-Dataset">3637</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BB226591AF839C4F35E3E85833761659" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5676639</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A4CEC90383E53190BADA12E28028FF3F" type="GBIF-Dataset">23dac009-8dc4-4021-a812-5f9db538c89c</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="501C572B04E150FA1DD3DBB6A7D6CF87" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3319FFF007908D99DA90995BD7237E27" type="Zenodo-Dep">5676639</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698437" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190304279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698437" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="310" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFA139D49FA37F924" box="[1418,1451,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA139D49FA37F924" blockId="4.[1417,2324,1621,1711]" box="[1418,1451,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<heading id="C76181C9FFC8FF8EFA139D49FA37F924" box="[1418,1451,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<figureCitation id="04AD2A20FFC8FF8EFA139D49FA37F924" box="[1418,1451,1621,1667]" captionStart="Plate 17: Herpestidae" captionStartId="2.[139,169,3360,3385]" captionTargetBox="[13,2796,16,3637]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Marsh Mongoose (Atilax paludinosus), 2. Long-nosed Mongoose (Xenogale naso), 3. Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), 4. Short-tailed Mongoose (Herpestes brachyurus), 5. Indian Gray Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii), 6. Indian Brown Mongoose (Herpestes fuscus), 7. Egyptian Mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), 8. Javan Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), 9. Collared Mongoose (Herpestes semitorquatus), 10. Ruddy Mongoose (Herpestes smith), 11. Crab-eating Mongoose (Herpestes urva), 12. Stripe-necked Mongoose (Herpestes vitticollis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6347111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6347111/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">5.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFA259D49F806F924" box="[1468,1946,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA259D49F806F924" blockId="4.[1417,2324,1621,1711]" box="[1468,1946,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<heading id="C76181C9FFC8FF8EFA259D49F806F924" box="[1468,1946,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<vernacularName id="1295468BFFC8FF8EFA259D49F806F924" box="[1468,1946,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
Indian Gray
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF95B9D49F806F924" bold="true" box="[1730,1946,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Mongoose</emphasis>
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EF8339D49F688F924" box="[1962,2324,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF8339D49F688F924" blockId="4.[1417,2324,1621,1711]" box="[1962,2324,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<heading id="C76181C9FFC8FF8EF8339D49F688F924" box="[1962,2324,1621,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFC8FF8EF8339D49F688F924" ID-CoL="3L2WD" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1962,2324,1621,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edwardsii">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF8339D49F688F924" box="[1962,2324,1621,1667]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Herpestes edwardsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFA139D89F760F8B2" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA139D89F771F90D" blockId="4.[1417,2324,1621,1711]" box="[1418,2285,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<heading id="C76181C9FFC8FF8EFA139D89F771F90D" box="[1418,2285,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFA139D89FA4BF90D" bold="true" box="[1418,1495,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="1295468BFFC8FF8EFA789D89F95EF90D" box="[1505,1730,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Mangouste d'Edwards</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF94E9D89F8AEF90D" bold="true" box="[1751,1842,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="1295468BFFC8FF8EF8A49D89F878F90D" box="[1853,2020,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Indischer Mungo</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF8609D89F7C8F90D" bold="true" box="[2041,2132,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="1295468BFFC8FF8EF7C79D89F771F90D" box="[2142,2285,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Meloncillo gris</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF8699DCBF760F8B2" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF8699DCBF71BF95F" bold="true" box="[2032,2183,1751,1784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Taxonomy</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFC8FF8EF7079DCBF76BF8B2" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF7079DCBF62EF95F" box="[2206,2482,1751,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Ichneumon edwardsii</emphasis>
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1818
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EF69E9DF2F584F8B9" box="[2311,2584,1774,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF69E9DF2F584F8B9" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" box="[2311,2584,1774,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<materialsCitation id="2CFE3CF8FFC8FF8EF69E9DF2F584F8B9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3862943301" box="[2311,2584,1774,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF69E9DF2F6F3F8BF" box="[2311,2415,1774,1816]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Madras</emphasis>
, East Indies
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EF8699C3BF6C8F8C8" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF8699C3BF6C8F8C8" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Five subspecies are recognized, but a taxonomic revision is needed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EF8699C66F9FBF6E2" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="distribution">
<caption id="C8E9662DFFC8FF8EF8699C66F9FBF6E2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676651" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5676651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5676651/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" targetBox="[1416,2007,1762,2177]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF8699C66F61CF830" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" box="[2032,2432,1914,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF8699C66F61CF830" bold="true" box="[2032,2432,1914,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF8689CBDF6CFF842" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFC8FF8EF8689CBDF5A6F819" authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1818" box="[2033,2618,1953,1982]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="edwardsii" subSpecies="edwardsii">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF8689CBDF731F819" box="[2033,2221,1953,1982]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">H. e. edwardsii</emphasis>
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818
</taxonomicName>
— SE
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF7AE9CD8F71CF842" box="[2103,2176,1988,2021]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF75E9CD8F6D3F842" box="[2247,2383,1988,2021]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF8689CF7F759F793" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFC8FF8EF8689CF7F62AF7AB" authority="Wroughton, 1921" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityYear="1921" box="[2033,2486,2027,2060]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="edwardsii" subSpecies="carnaticus">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF8689CF7F720F7AB" box="[2033,2236,2027,2060]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">H. e. carnaticus</emphasis>
Wroughton, 1921
</taxonomicName>
— SW
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF58C9CF7F786F793" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
(Karnatka).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF8699323F5BEF725" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFC8FF8EF8699323F63BF7FB" authority="Wroughton, 1915" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityYear="1915" box="[2032,2471,2111,2140]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="edwardsii" subSpecies="moerens">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF8699323F73EF7FB" box="[2032,2210,2111,2140]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">H. e. moerens</emphasis>
Wroughton, 1915
</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF64B9323F7AEF725" name="Bangladesh" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF7DA9375F737F725" box="[2115,2219,2153,2178]" name="Bhutan" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
, C &amp; NE
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF6A99375F6E6F725" box="[2352,2426,2153,2178]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF6539375F582F725" box="[2506,2590,2153,2178]" name="Nepal" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Nepal</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA10938CF752F70E" blockId="4.[1412,2620,2192,3476]" box="[1417,2254,2192,2217]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFC8FF8EFA10938CF8A1F70E" authority="Bechthold, 1936" authorityName="Bechthold" authorityYear="1936" box="[1417,1853,2192,2217]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="edwardsii" subSpecies="montanus">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFA10938CF9CCF70E" box="[1417,1616,2192,2217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">H. e. montanus</emphasis>
Bechthold, 1936
</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF8F9938CF78EF70E" box="[1888,2066,2192,2217]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
to NW
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF719938CF757F70E" box="[2176,2251,2192,2217]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA1093AFF86CF777" blockId="4.[1412,2620,2192,3476]" box="[1417,2032,2227,2256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFC8FF8EFA1093AFF957F777" authority="Ryley, 1914" authorityName="Ryley" authorityYear="1914" box="[1417,1739,2227,2256]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="edwardsii" subSpecies="pallens">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFA1093AFF9B4F777" box="[1417,1576,2227,2256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">H. e. pallens</emphasis>
Ryley, 1914
</taxonomicName>
— W
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF88A93AFF8C0F777" box="[1811,1884,2227,2256]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="5E52F847FFC8FF8EF8EB93AFF87EF777" box="[1906,2018,2227,2256]" country="India" name="Gujarat" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Gujarat</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA1E93C7F9FBF6E2" blockId="4.[1412,2620,2192,3476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
A few old museum specimens are reported from Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF77B93C7F6C5F75F" box="[2274,2393,2267,2296]" name="Malaysia" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, whereit is said to have been introduced, butit has not been recorded there since the beginning of the 20&quot; century.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFA1E924DF85BF550" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="description">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA1E924DF85BF550" blockId="4.[1412,2620,2192,3476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFA1E924DF9E3F6C9" bold="true" box="[1415,1663,2385,2414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 35-5—
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFC8FF8EF8E2924DF85AF6C9" box="[1915,1990,2385,2414]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
, tail 32-45 cm, hindfoot 7-9 cm, ear 2-2 cm; mean weight 1-4 kg. Males are heavier and larger than females. A small mongoose, with a slender body, short legs, pointed muzzle, and short ears. The coat color is tawny or yellowish-gray; light and dark rings on the body hairs give the coat a grizzled appearance. A reddish coloration, particularly on the extremities (muzzle, feet, and tail), is variable, but is more frequent in the northern part of its range. The underparts are covered with short orange-brown hairs. The upperparts of the feet and limbs are reddish-brown. The tail is tipped with white or yellowish-red, never black. The hairs at the base of the tail are long, reaching up to
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFC8FF8EF87A9194F7D9F50E" box="[2019,2117,2696,2729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
. Thetail length is 90 to 100% of the Head-body. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not much inflated. Dental formula:13/3,C1/1,P4/4,M 2/2 = 40.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFA1F91E2F62AF4E1" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA1F91E2F62AF4E1" blockId="4.[1412,2620,2192,3476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFA1F91E2FA69F4B8" bold="true" box="[1414,1525,2814,2847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Habitat.</emphasis>
Dry secondary forests, thorn forests, disturbed areas, plantations, and near human settlements. Recorded up to
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFC8FF8EF8139039F86DF4E1" box="[1930,2033,2853,2886]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100 m</quantity>
. Frequents open, shrubby areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFA1F9048F7C2F3AD" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA1F9048F7C2F3AD" blockId="4.[1412,2620,2192,3476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFA1F9048F910F4CA" bold="true" box="[1414,1676,2900,2925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The diet is said to include rats, mice, snakes, lizards, frogs, insects, scorpions, centipedes, birds’ eggs, fruits, and roots. Has been seen feeding on carrion. The remains of grey francolins (
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF8309087F69AF41B" box="[1961,2310,2971,3004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Francolinus pondicerianus</emphasis>
), rodents, and desert monitor (
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EF98890DAF943F444" box="[1553,1759,3014,3043]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Varanus griseus</emphasis>
) were found in a specimen stomach from
<collectingRegion id="5E52F847FFC8FF8EF6D390DAF64FF444" box="[2378,2515,3014,3043]" country="India" name="Rajasthan" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Rajasthan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF67F90DAF5ACF444" box="[2534,2608,3014,3043]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
. Another stomach contained termites and scorpions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFA1D970DF69AF3FE" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="activity">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFA1D970DF69AF3FE" blockId="4.[1412,2620,2192,3476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFA1D970DF9EFF395" bold="true" box="[1412,1651,3089,3122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Mainly diurnal, although may be active during dusk. Rests under rocks, bushes, and in holes at the base of trees or in the ground.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8FFA1F9743FCF4FEC9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="310" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8FFA1F9743FCF4FEC9" blockId="4.[1412,2620,2192,3476]" lastBlockId="5.[193,1397,293,959]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="310" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFA1F9743F7CAF327" bold="true" box="[1414,2134,3167,3200]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Mainly solitary, but mating pairs and females with young have often been seen. A male radio-tracked for three months in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve,
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EF8C097AEF83FF368" box="[1881,1955,3250,3279]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
, had an overall home range of 15-5 ha. Adopts a defensive posture when attacked by rolling into a ball, it places its head between its legs and underits bushy tail, and erects the long hairs on its back, thereby shielding its body with the parts that have the longest hairs (on the tail and the sacral and lumbar regions of the back). In captive individuals, vocal communications started at daybreak and reached a maximum by dusk; no vocalizations were heard at night. Juveniles were the most vocal, subordinates moderately, and dominants the least, which suggested that vocalizations played a role in social ranking.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC9FF8FFF5B9A68FA82FD95" pageId="5" pageNumber="310" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC9FF8FFF5B9A68FA82FD95" blockId="5.[193,1397,293,959]" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC9FF8FFF5B9A68FED4FE32" bold="true" box="[194,328,372,405]" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">Breeding.</emphasis>
Two to three litters may be produced in a year. Gestation is 56-68 days. Births may occur in May-June and October-December; in central
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC9FF8FFB9D9A83FBD1FE1B" box="[1028,1101,415,444]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">India</collectingCountry>
litters were seen during June and July. Litter size is two to four. The young are helpless and blind at birth, but develop rapidly. They remain with the mother for up to six monthsif she does not mate again. A female was reported to mate for the first time at nine months old.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC9FF8FFF5A9924FC78FCE1" pageId="5" pageNumber="310" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC9FF8FFF5A9924FC78FCE1" blockId="5.[193,1397,293,959]" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC9FF8FFF5A9924FDBDFDFE" bold="true" box="[195,545,568,601]" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES Appendix III (
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC9FF8FFCFA9924FC2FFDFE" box="[867,947,568,601]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">India</collectingCountry>
). Classified as Least Concern in
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC9FF8FFF5E997CFE21FD26" box="[199,445,608,641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">The IUCN Red List</emphasis>
. Often captured and sold as pets. Some tribes from northern
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC9FF8FFAB5997CFAE9FD26" box="[1324,1397,608,641]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">India</collectingCountry>
capture these mongooses for their skins, which they sell in local markets in
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC9FF8FFA80999BFAF2FD0F" box="[1305,1390,647,680]" name="Nepal" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">Nepal</collectingCountry>
. Also in demand for the wildlife trade: the meatis eaten by several tribes and the hair is used for making shaving brushes, paint brushes, and good luck charms. This species is captured by the Jogi tribes in
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC9FF8FFD0999E1FC99FCB9" box="[656,773,765,798]" name="Pakistan" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, who stage fights with cobras. Field surveys, ecological studies, and monitoring of threats are needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC9FF8FFF5D9849FABFFC1B" pageId="5" pageNumber="310" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC9FF8FFF5D9849FABFFC1B" blockId="5.[193,1397,293,959]" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC9FF8FFF5D9849FEC2FCC9" bold="true" box="[196,350,853,878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Al-Khalili (1984, 1990), Choudhury (2000), Christopher &amp; Jayson (1996), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Ewer (1973), Hinton &amp; Dunn (1967), Kumar &amp; Umapathy (2000), Pocock (194 1a), Prater (1980), Roberts (1977), Sasaki (1991), Shekar (2003), Shetty et
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC9FF8FFDEF98BFFD14FC1B" box="[630,648,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">al</emphasis>
. (1990), Veron et
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC9FF8FFCD598BFFCC2FC1B" box="[844,862,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="310">al</emphasis>
. (2007), Wells (1989), Wozencraft (2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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