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<document id="4002C94E7BD875796F4A39B2F67F867B" ID-CLB-Dataset="29016" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4459.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="63e1a736-5a54-4bc8-9eb0-99b172ec3bc3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1458734" ID-ZooBank="5C5A86AC-6FA4-46AD-9A89-068E9119DD28" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1539289530301" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Monniot, Françoise" docDate="2018" docId="039187CAB95F3C00FF6B5604BF593E55" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4459.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4459 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Microcosmus exasperatus Heller 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="408" masterDocId="FFA8FFB2B95A3C07FFFC5148BA763D09" masterDocTitle="Ascidians collected during the Madibenthos expedition in Martinique 3. Stolidobranchia, Pyuridae and Molgulidae" masterLastPageNumber="430" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="406" updateTime="1698578571020" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3A4D0A947C4EA72C3D856C503D5601C3">Ascidians collected during the Madibenthos expedition in Martinique 3. Stolidobranchia, Pyuridae and Molgulidae</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039187CAB95F3C00FF6B5604BF593E55" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5966663" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148692784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5966663" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187CAB95F3C00FF6B5604BF593E55" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187CAB95F3C00FF6B5604BF593E55" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="408" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<subSubSection id="C3226557B95F3C02FF6B5604BA8F3A8E" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95F3C02FF6B5604B81B3A6F" blockId="5.[151,621,1868,1927]" box="[151,621,1868,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<heading id="D0CF81B0B95F3C02FF6B5604B81B3A6F" bold="true" box="[151,621,1868,1894]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C384D5FB95F3C02FF6B5604B81B3A6F" ID-CoL="73FRT" authority="Heller, 1878" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,621,1868,1894]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exasperatus">
<emphasis id="B94CEACEB95F3C02FF6B5604B81B3A6F" bold="true" box="[151,621,1868,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<emphasis id="B94CEACEB95F3C02FF6B5604BBA63A6F" bold="true" box="[151,464,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Microcosmus exasperatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95F3C02FE2B5604B81B3A6F" box="[471,621,1868,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref8020" refString="Heller, C. (1878) Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Tunicaten. Denkschriften der kais. a Akademie der Wissenschaften, 34, 83 - 110." type="journal article">Heller, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95F3C02FF6B5626BA8F3A8E" blockId="5.[151,621,1868,1927]" box="[151,249,1902,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95F3C02FF6B5626BAA83A8E" box="[151,222,1902,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1995,2017]" captionTargetBox="[171,1436,239,1967]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,220,1967]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Microcosmus exasperatus (stained). A, dissection, scale bar = 1cm; B branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458746/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Figs 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95F3C02FF165638BA8F3A8E" box="[234,249,1904,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,791,813]" captionTargetBox="[240,1361,190,782]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[240,1361,190,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Microcosmus exasperatus. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1 cm; B, hepatic gland." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458748/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3226557B95F3C00FF6B56FFBF593E55" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="408" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95F3C02FF6B56FFBF583AC4" blockId="5.[151,1326,1975,2027]" box="[151,1326,1975,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95F3C02FF6B56FFBB613AC4" box="[151,279,1975,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref8020" refString="Heller, C. (1878) Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Tunicaten. Denkschriften der kais. a Akademie der Wissenschaften, 34, 83 - 110." type="journal article">Heller, 1878</bibRefCitation>
, Jamaica;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95F3C02FE7C56F0B8473AC4" box="[384,561,1975,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref9520" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1921) Ascidians of the West Indian region and Southeastern United States. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 44, 283 - 494." type="journal article">Van Name: 1921</bibRefCitation>
and synonymy;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95F3C02FD2456FFB9F93AC4" box="[728,911,1975,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref8485" refString="Monniot, C. (1983) Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe VI. Pyuridae et Molgulidae. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 5, A n ° 4, 1021 - 1044." type="journal article">Monniot C.:1983</bibRefCitation>
, Martinique;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95F3C02FBE256FFBEA83AC4" box="[1054,1246,1975,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref9080" refString="Rocha, R. M., Bonnet, N. Y. K., Baptista, M. S. &amp; Beltramin, F. S. (2012 a) Introduced and native Phlebobranch and Stolidobranch solitary ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) around Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Zoologia, 29 (1), 39 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702012000100005" type="journal article">
Rocha
<emphasis id="B94CEACEB95F3C02FB9956F0BEE73AC4" box="[1125,1169,1975,1997]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">et al</emphasis>
: 2012a
</bibRefCitation>
, Brazil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95F3C02FF6B569DB9FF3AE2" blockId="5.[151,1326,1975,2027]" box="[151,905,2005,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Stations: AB 149, 452. AM 34. AR 101, 314, 558. (MNHN S2 MIC 204)</paragraph>
<caption id="DF476654B95C3C01FF6B5683BE1A3AE8" box="[151,1132,1995,2017]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458746/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" startId="6.[151,250,1995,2017]" targetBox="[171,1436,239,1967]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95C3C01FF6B5683BE1A3AE8" blockId="6.[151,1132,1995,2017]" box="[151,1132,1995,2017]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="B94CEACEB95C3C01FF6B5683BB643AE8" bold="true" box="[151,274,1995,2017]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C384D5FB95C3C01FEE55684B8563AE8" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1878" box="[281,544,1996,2017]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exasperatus">
<emphasis id="B94CEACEB95C3C01FEE55684B8563AE8" box="[281,544,1996,2017]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Microcosmus exasperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(stained). A, dissection, scale bar = 1cm; B branchial sac.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95D3C00FF6B51DFB96D3CA5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
The body is fixed by its ventral part, partially covered with epibionts with protruding siphons well apart. The tunic is red and wrinkled externally and red also internally on the siphons. There are dense spinules on the siphons. The body wall is thick with crossed bundles of muscle fibres (
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FCE15197B90E3DF1" box="[797,888,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1995,2017]" captionTargetBox="[171,1436,239,1967]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,220,1967]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Microcosmus exasperatus (stained). A, dissection, scale bar = 1cm; B branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458746/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). There is a thin oral velum adhering to the tunic lining which has brown longitudinal lines. The 12-14 largest oral tentacles are bushy, three times ramified. The prepharyngeal band forms a wide and deep V including the dorsal tubercle with rolled horns (
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FB41506FBF663C49" box="[1213,1296,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,791,813]" captionTargetBox="[240,1361,190,782]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[240,1361,190,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Microcosmus exasperatus. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1 cm; B, hepatic gland." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458748/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Fig.7A</figureCitation>
). The dorsal lamina has a plain edge. There is an average of 9 branchial folds on each side (
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FBC75004BEE03C6C" box="[1083,1174,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1995,2017]" captionTargetBox="[171,1436,239,1967]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,220,1967]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Microcosmus exasperatus (stained). A, dissection, scale bar = 1cm; B branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458746/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FB595004BEBC3C6D" box="[1189,1226,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,791,813]" captionTargetBox="[240,1361,190,782]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[240,1361,190,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Microcosmus exasperatus. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1 cm; B, hepatic gland." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458748/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">7A</figureCitation>
), the most ventral thinner and incomplete disappearing ventrally; a formula of a
<quantity id="4CC09B39B95D3C00FCB75038B9E73C81" box="[843,913,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" unit="cm" value="3.2">3.2cm</quantity>
large specimen is on the right side: E- 1 (12) 3 (15) 3 (17) 4 (17) 4 (23) 3 (23) 4 (24) 4 (22) 3 (20) 2-DL.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95D3C00FF3B50FFB88A3F69" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
There are parastigmatic vessels and irregularly some papillae on the transverse vessels. The second curve of the long digestive loop is wide open (
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FDB85094B8E83CFC" box="[580,670,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1995,2017]" captionTargetBox="[171,1436,239,1967]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,220,1967]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Microcosmus exasperatus (stained). A, dissection, scale bar = 1cm; B branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458746/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FD575094B8A63CFD" box="[683,720,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,791,813]" captionTargetBox="[240,1361,190,782]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[240,1361,190,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Microcosmus exasperatus. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1 cm; B, hepatic gland." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458748/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">7A</figureCitation>
), the rectum being close to the stomach. The hepatic gland has two parts (
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FEE950B7BB183F11" box="[277,366,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,791,813]" captionTargetBox="[240,1361,190,782]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[240,1361,190,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Microcosmus exasperatus. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1 cm; B, hepatic gland." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458748/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) each with convoluted papillae wearing button like papillae. After the hepatic gland on the ascending limb of the intestine are 1 to 4 endocarps (
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FD1C536CB94E3F34" box="[736,824,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1995,2017]" captionTargetBox="[171,1436,239,1967]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,220,1967]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Microcosmus exasperatus (stained). A, dissection, scale bar = 1cm; B branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458746/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FCBF536CB91E3F35" box="[835,872,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,791,813]" captionTargetBox="[240,1361,190,782]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[240,1361,190,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Microcosmus exasperatus. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1 cm; B, hepatic gland." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458748/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">7B</figureCitation>
). These endocarps were not mentioned in previous descriptions. There are no endocarps on the body wall.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95D3C00FF3B5324BE7C3FC4" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
There is one gonad on each side the left one crossing the intestine (
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FC2B5324BE453F8C" box="[983,1075,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1995,2017]" captionTargetBox="[171,1436,239,1967]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,220,1967]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Microcosmus exasperatus (stained). A, dissection, scale bar = 1cm; B branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458746/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A59B95D3C00FBBD5324BE103F8D" box="[1089,1126,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,791,813]" captionTargetBox="[240,1361,190,782]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[240,1361,190,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Microcosmus exasperatus. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1 cm; B, hepatic gland." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1458748/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">7A</figureCitation>
). They contain 3 or 4 well separated lobes linked by a longitudinal gonoduct. The male and female papillae are short and linked. Numerous thread-like papillae cover the entrance of the atrial siphon and the large velum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736DCB95D3C00FF3B5390BF593E55" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
From its first record from
<collectingCountry id="F32F764CB95D3C00FE04539FB8243FF9" box="[504,594,727,752]" name="Jamaica" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C384D5FB95D3C00FDA75391B97F3FF9" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1878" box="[603,777,729,752]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exasperatus">
<emphasis id="B94CEACEB95D3C00FDA75391B97F3FF9" box="[603,777,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">M. exasperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described in detail from several Caribbean locations (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95D3C00FF6253B4BB2A3E1D" box="[158,348,764,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" refId="ref9520" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1921) Ascidians of the West Indian region and Southeastern United States. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 44, 283 - 494." type="journal article">Van Name 1921</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95D3C00FE9653B4BBD53E1C" box="[362,419,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" refId="ref9556" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476." type="journal article">1945</bibRefCitation>
) and from
<collectingRegion id="49FCF83EB95D3C00FDD953B4B8D73E1C" box="[549,673,764,789]" country="France" name="Martinique" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<collectingCountry id="F32F764CB95D3C00FDD953B4B8D73E1C" box="[549,673,764,789]" name="Martinique" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Martinique</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95D3C00FD4E53B4B90A3E1D" box="[690,892,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" refId="ref8485" refString="Monniot, C. (1983) Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe VI. Pyuridae et Molgulidae. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 5, A n ° 4, 1021 - 1044." type="journal article">Monniot C. 1983</bibRefCitation>
). This species is common in the whole western Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95D3C00FF035257BBBD3E31" box="[255,459,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" refId="ref9080" refString="Rocha, R. M., Bonnet, N. Y. K., Baptista, M. S. &amp; Beltramin, F. S. (2012 a) Introduced and native Phlebobranch and Stolidobranch solitary ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) around Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Zoologia, 29 (1), 39 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702012000100005" type="journal article">
Rocha
<emphasis id="B94CEACEB95D3C00FEB25269BB093E31" box="[334,383,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">et al</emphasis>
2012a
</bibRefCitation>
) and its distribution is also worldwide, from the Mediterranean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95D3C00FB3B5268BFE63E31" box="[1223,1424,800,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" refId="ref8977" refString="Ramos, A. A., Izquierdo, A. &amp; Cinar, M. E. (2013) Microcosmus exasperatus (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae), current distribution in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biodiversity Records, 6, 1 - 5." type="journal article">
Ramos
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2013
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), the Indian Ocean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95D3C00FE99520CB85D3E55" box="[357,555,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" refId="ref8557" refString="Monniot, C. (2002) Stolidobranchia ascidians from the tropical Western Indian Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 135, 65 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2002.00017. x" type="journal article">Monniot C. 2002</bibRefCitation>
), and from the western Pacific Ocean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B2DB95D3C00FC21520CBE253E54" box="[989,1107,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" refId="ref8094" refString="Kott, P. (1985) The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 23, 1 - 140." type="journal article">Kott 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>