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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457" ID-PMC="PMC4957028" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-66-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" ID-PubMed="27489494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="128816" ModsDocID="1314-2003-66-1" checkinTime="1468449185517" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra &amp; Vorontsova, Maria S." docDate="2016" docId="AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 66: 1-142" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 66" docPubDate="2016-07-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457" docTitle="Solanum myrsinoides D’Arcy &amp; Rakot., Fl. Madag., Fam. 176: 115. 1994." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" lastPageNumber="60" masterDocId="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; African Non-Spiny &quot; Clade of Solanum L. (Solanum sections Afrosolanum Bitter, Benderianum Bitter, Lemurisolanum Bitter, Lyciosolanum Bitter, Macronesiotes Bitter, and Quadrangulare Bitter: Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="142" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1668141734746" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; African Non-Spiny &quot; Clade of Solanum L. (Solanum sections Afrosolanum Bitter, Benderianum Bitter, Lemurisolanum Bitter, Lyciosolanum Bitter, Macronesiotes Bitter, and Quadrangulare Bitter: Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vorontsova, Maria S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW 7 3 AB, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2016-07-13</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>66</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>142</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-66-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">128816</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182226981" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName LSID="AB71B730-4697-5F70-A9F8-D475C815AC97" authority="D'Arcy &amp; Rakot., Fl. Madag., Fam. 176: 115. 1994." authorityName="D’Arcy &amp; Rakot., Fl. Madag., Fam. 176: 115. 1994." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
Solanum myrsinoides
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
&amp; Rakot., Fl. Madag., Fam. 176: 115. 1994.
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Solanum myrsinoides D'Arcy &amp; Rakot. A Flowering branch B Open flowers C Berry showing tapering at both ends (based on: A Humbert &amp; Saboureau 31429 B Humbert 22253 C Cours 3326). Adapted from D'Arcy and Rakotozafy (1994) with permission of Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95592" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figure 19</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1959-11-09" collectingDateMax="1959-12-02" collectingDateMin="1959-11-09" collectorName="du Massif de Marojejy, de l'Ambatoharanana, de l'Antsahaberoka, H. Humbert, P. Saboureau" country="Madagascar" elevation="1300" location="Massif de Marojejy" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion country="Madagascar" name="Antsiranana">Antsiranana</collectingRegion>
: partie occidentale
<collectorName>
du
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97:05A34B830DE91D6FFEA2BB823C474631" country="Madagascar" name="Massif de Marojejy" stateProvince="Antsiranana">Massif de Marojejy</location>
</collectorName>
(Nord-Est) de la
<normalizedToken originalValue="vallée">vallee</normalizedToken>
<collectorName>
de
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Ambatoharanana">l'Ambatoharanana</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
au bassin
<normalizedToken originalValue="supérieur">superieur</normalizedToken>
<collectorName>
de
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Antsahaberoka">l'Antsahaberoka</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="m" value="1300.0" valueMax="1400.0" valueMin="1200.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="m" value="1300.0" valueMax="1400.0" valueMin="1200.0">1200-1400 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectingDate value="1959-11-09" valueMax="1959-12-02" valueMin="1959-11-09">9 Nov - 2 Dec 1959</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectorName>H. Humbert</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>P. Saboureau</collectorName>
31469
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: P [P00352407]; isolectotypes: P [P00352405], P [P00352406], MO [MO-277613])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Liana or epiphyte growing up to 4 m above ground. Stems somewhat ribbed or winged, glabrous, the wings to 2 mm wide on herbarium specimens; new growth completely glabrous; bark of older stems longitudinally ridged (when dry), brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves not geminate, evenly distributed along branches. Leaves simple, 10-20 (31) cm long, 2.5-4.5 (6) cm wide, linear to elliptic or obovate, thick coriaceous to fleshy and probably somewhat succulent, concolorous, glabrous on both surfaces; major veins 4-5 pairs, not easily visible, the finer venation not visible; base cuneate to rounded; margins entire, sometimes revolute in dry material; apex acute to acuminate; petiole 1-2.5 cm long, thick and fleshy, often somewhat flattened and drying with prominent wings and ridges perpendicular to the axis, glabrous, possibly twining. Inflorescences terminal, at the apex of terminal branches or slender lateral branches, 7-11 cm long, furcate or occasionally unbranched, with 2-6 flowers; peduncle 4-9 cm long, less than 1 mm diameter at the base, much thinner than the stem, glabrous; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm long, apically dilated, glabrous, drying ridged, articulated in the lower ⅓, 0.1-0.8 cm from base; pedicel scars prominent peg-like stumps, darker distally, irregularly spaced 3-10 mm apart. Buds oblong, the corolla strongly and long-exserted from the calyx tube. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx 1-2 mm long, ca. 6 times shorter than the corolla at anthesis, broadly cup-shaped, the lobes less than 1 mm long, 2-3 mm
<pageBreakToken pageId="57" pageNumber="58" start="start">wide</pageBreakToken>
at base, broadly deltate, obtuse at the tips, glabrous with tufts of papillae at the lobe apices and some papillae along the margins. Corolla ca. 2 cm in diameter, white to violet-purple, stellate, lobed almost to base, the lobes 10-15 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, narrowly deltate to long-triangular, both surfaces glabrous, the margins densely papillate, the tips cucullate. Stamens equal; filament tube ca. 0.5 mm long; free portion of the filaments ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca. 7 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, tightly connate, papillate abaxially, poricidal at the tips, the pores slightly smaller than anther apices, clearly delineated and not lengthening with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style 8-9 mm long, protruding 1-2 mm beyond the anthers, filiform, straight, glabrous; stigma clavate, the surface smooth. Fruit a long-ellipsoid, fusiform or pyriform berry, (1.5)3-4 cm long, 1-2 cm diameter at maturity, with an apical beak 2-5 mm long, basally rounded or the base narrowing and the berry fusiform, ripe fruit colour not known, mature pericarp glabrous, the flesh thick and the fruit apparently spongy or woody, no seeds borne in the elongate apex; fruiting pedicels ca. 1.6 cm long, 1-2 mm diameter at the base, spreading; fruiting calyx lobes minute, becoming reflexed as the fruit enlarges. Seeds 5-8 per berry, 5-6 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, flattened reniform and imbedded in thick pulp, dull golden-yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells rectangular (? - only seen in immature seeds) in outline.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="980365" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95592" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" start="Figure 19" startId="F19">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Figure 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
&amp; Rakot.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">A</emphasis>
Flowering branch
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">B</emphasis>
Open flowers
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">C</emphasis>
Berry showing tapering at both ends (based on:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">A</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Humbert &amp; Saboureau</emphasis>
31429
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">B</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Humbert 22253</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">C</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Cours 3326</emphasis>
). Adapted from
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 146" refId="B25" refString="D'Arcy, WG, Rakotozafy, A, 1994. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 1 - 146" title="Flore de Madagascar et des Comores" year="1994">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
and Rakotozafy (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
with permission of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Muséum">Museum</normalizedToken>
National
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Histoire">d'Histoire</normalizedToken>
Naturelle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Distribution of Solanum myrsinoides D'Arcy &amp; Rakot." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95593" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">20</figureCitation>
). Endemic to northeastern Madagascar, in Toamasina and Antsiranana provinces.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="980369" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95593" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" start="Figure 20" startId="F20">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Figure 20.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
&amp; Rakot.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Wet montane forests; 500-1500 m elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">None recorded.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
(
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Biologie" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B56" refString="IUCN, 2014. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11., http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Vulnerable (VU B1a,b iii); EOO 7,482 km2 (VU), AOO 52 km2 (EN).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from fewer than 10 locations, all in a restricted area around Antogil Bay in northeastern Madagascar. Its population density may be underestimated as it is a rarely collected canopy liana or epiphyte. It occurs in several protected areas in the region and so is not assessed here as Endangered as the small AOO might warrant.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctive wet forest endemic. Its large coriaceous or fleshy leaves, often epiphytic habit and apically elongated fruit are unusual in
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to grow as a liana but can lose connection with the ground and survive as an epiphyte as high as 4 m in the canopy. The stems of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are often winged. The thick petioles are flexuous and have a wrinkled woody texture when dry; it seems likely that these are used for climbing. Size and shape of the leaves is highly variable between collections and probably therefore plants. The peduncle and rachis are long and slender, in contrast to the thick stems (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Solanum myrsinoides D'Arcy &amp; Rakot. A Flowering branch B Open flowers C Berry showing tapering at both ends (based on: A Humbert &amp; Saboureau 31429 B Humbert 22253 C Cours 3326). Adapted from D'Arcy and Rakotozafy (1994) with permission of Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95592" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">19</figureCitation>
). It is the only
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in Madagascar that is completely glabrous on all vegetative parts, with nothing but small papillae on the apices of the calyx and corolla lobes.
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 146" refId="B25" refString="D'Arcy, WG, Rakotozafy, A, 1994. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 1 - 146" title="Flore de Madagascar et des Comores" year="1994">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
and Rakotozafy (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
report that these trichomes are sometimes branched, but we have not seen this in any of the specimens we have examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unlikely to be confused with another species of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Some large leaved individuals of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are highly reminiscent of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken pageId="58" pageNumber="59" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
their leaves and habit, perhaps reflecting common adaptation to montane wet forest understorey.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by its calyx lobes that are less than 1 mm long (versus 4-11 mm long), inflorescences with 2-6 flowers (versus 1-2 flowers), and distinct slender peduncle 4-9 cm long (versus peduncle absent). The distribution of the two species does not overlap;
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs at lower elevations further north.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
The developing fruit of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a globose basal part and a clearly distinct elongated apical beak that gradually tapers to a point (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Solanum myrsinoides D'Arcy &amp; Rakot. A Flowering branch B Open flowers C Berry showing tapering at both ends (based on: A Humbert &amp; Saboureau 31429 B Humbert 22253 C Cours 3326). Adapted from D'Arcy and Rakotozafy (1994) with permission of Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95592" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">19</figureCitation>
). At maturity the basal globose part narrows to produce a woody (in dry specimens) ovoid shape; sometimes the basal part of the fruit also narrows so the berry is fusiform (spindle-shaped) and
<pageBreakToken pageId="59" pageNumber="60" start="start">tapers</pageBreakToken>
at both ends. Among the non-spiny
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species endemic to Madagascar, similar apically pointed fruits occur in
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum betroka" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="betroka">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum betroka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum imamense" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imamense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum imamense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sambiranense" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sambiranense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum sambiranense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; globose berries have been observed in
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum imamense" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imamense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum imamense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum madagascariense" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum madagascariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trichopetiolatum" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichopetiolatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum trichopetiolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The thick, possibly spongy flesh seen in
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not apparent in other Madagascar solanums, but these species are rarely collected in fruit; further field observations are necessary.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
A holotype and an isotype are cited from P. There are three duplicates of the type collection at P and a single sheet was not selected at the time of description. P00352407 is marked
<normalizedToken originalValue="“type”">&quot;type&quot;</normalizedToken>
with a label attached over (and apparently thus after the determination)
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy’s">D'Arcy's</normalizedToken>
determination slip, indicating that perhaps it is the one
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
and Rakotozafy intended as the holotype. We here select this sheet as the lectotype to avoid ambiguity because there is no evidence of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="author’s">author's</normalizedToken>
selection of a particular sheet as holotype (see
<bibRefCitation author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="1112 - 1113" publicationUrl="10.12705/635.7" refId="B81" refString="McNeill, J, 2014. Holotype specimens and type citations: general issues. Taxon 63: 1112 - 1113, DOI: 10.12705/635.7" title="Holotype specimens and type citations: general issues." url="10.12705/635.7" volume="63" year="2014">McNeill 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1948-12-15" collectingDateMax="1994-11-03" collectingDateMin="1948-12-15" collectorName="du Massif de Marojejy, de la Lokoho, Vallee de la Lokoho, de Belaoka, Humbert, Cours, de Marojejy, de Doanyanala, de l'Andraronga, Miller, Randrianasolo, de Bealampona, Camp No., Ravelonarivo, Rabesonina" country="Madagascar" county="Sambava" location="Manantenina" municipality="Massif de Marojejy" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<collectingCountry name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion country="Madagascar" name="Antsiranana">Antsiranana</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCounty>Sambava</collectingCounty>
, pentes orientales
<collectorName>
du
<collectingMunicipality>Massif de Marojejy</collectingMunicipality>
</collectorName>
, (N-E), a
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’ouest">l'ouest</normalizedToken>
de la riviere
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97:071757402315C2FAD6EB19C6B8760A3A" country="Madagascar" county="Sambava" municipality="Massif de Marojejy" name="Manantenina" stateProvince="Antsiranana">Manantenina</location>
, affluent
<collectorName>de la Lokoho</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="1948-12-15">15 Dec 1948</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Humbert 22504</emphasis>
(K, Px2); Ambatosoratra,
<collectorName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vallée">Vallee</normalizedToken>
de la Lokoho
</collectorName>
(Nord-Est), mont
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97:965A33F7D6C47845CC6D8B9664CDB861" country="Madagascar" county="Sambava" municipality="Massif de Marojejy" name="Ambatosoratra au Nord d'Ambalavoniho" stateProvince="Antsiranana">
Ambatosoratra au Nord
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ambalavoniho">d'Ambalavoniho</normalizedToken>
</location>
et
<collectorName>de Belaoka</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="1949-01">Jan 1949</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<collectorName>Humbert</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Cours</collectorName>
22863
</emphasis>
(MO, P); contreforts occidentaux du massif
<collectorName>de Marojejy</collectorName>
(Nord-Est)
<normalizedToken originalValue="près">pres</normalizedToken>
du col
<collectorName>de Doanyanala</collectorName>
(limite des bassins
<collectorName>de la Lokoho</collectorName>
et
<collectorName>
de
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Andraronga">l'Andraronga</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
, 1949,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Humbert 23142</emphasis>
(P);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97:452CEB4EF157C02900AE70F56AF5B72A" country="Madagascar" county="Sambava" municipality="Massif de Marojejy" name="Reserve Naturelle de Marojejy" stateProvince="Antsiranana">Reserve Naturelle de Marojejy</location>
, along the trail to the summit of Marojejy Est,
<locationDeviation location="Mandena">N of Mandena</locationDeviation>
,
<collectingDate value="1989-12-03">3 Dec 1989</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<collectorName>Miller</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Randrianasolo</collectorName>
4675
</emphasis>
(MO, TAN);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Préfecture">Prefecture</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Antalaha">d'Antalaha</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sous-Préfecture">Sous-Prefecture</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Andapa">d'Andapa</normalizedToken>
, commune rurale
<collectorName>de Bealampona</collectorName>
, sud-ouest
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Andapa">d'Andapa</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Spéciale">Speciale</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Anjanaharibe-Sud">d'Anjanaharibe-Sud</normalizedToken>
, village
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Andranotsarabe">d'Andranotsarabe</normalizedToken>
, suivant la route Nationale
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Andapa-Bealanana">d'Andapa-Bealanana</normalizedToken>
de la piste vers
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’ouest">l'ouest</normalizedToken>
, Ambatomainty,
<collectorName>Camp No.</collectorName>
2,
<collectingDate value="1994-11-03">3 Nov 1994</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<collectorName>Ravelonarivo</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Rabesonina</collectorName>
475
</emphasis>
(MO); limite
<locationDeviation firstLocation="Anjialavabe" secondLocation="Doany, Andapa">entre Anjialavabe et Doany, Andapa</locationDeviation>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="deuxième">deuxieme</normalizedToken>
montagne
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ankarongameloka">d'Ankarongameloka</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Ravelonarivo 1889</emphasis>
(P)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1912-08" collectingDateMax="2004-09-01" collectingDateMin="1912-08" collectorName="Masoala National Park, N, de la Cave, Perrier de la Bathie, S Trail'" country="Madagascar" county="Marovovonana" location="Masoala National Park" municipality="Befotsila Camp" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Toamasina">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<collectingRegion country="Madagascar" name="Toamasina">Toamasina</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCounty>Marovovonana</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Befotsila Camp</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingDate value="2004-09-01">1 Sep 2004</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Antilahimena 2694</emphasis>
(MO, P);
<collectorName>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97:CF605BCBFAE066961A4CB4263BD7CBDC" country="Madagascar" county="Marovovonana" municipality="Befotsila Camp" name="Masoala National Park" stateProvince="Toamasina">Masoala National Park</location>
, N
</collectorName>
ridge of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ambohitsitondroinan’Mahalevona">Ambohitsitondroinan'Mahalevona</normalizedToken>
, just below summit, ESE of village of Mahalevona,
<collectingDate value="2003-02-23">23 Feb 2003</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lowry et al. 6120</emphasis>
(MO, TAN); Antongil, environs
<collectorName>de la Cave</collectorName>
, baie
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Antongil">d'Antongil</normalizedToken>
,
<collectingDate value="1912-08">Aug 1912</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<collectorName>
Perrier de la
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bâthie">Bathie</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
8718
</emphasis>
(P); Masoala peninsula,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB71B73046975F70A9F8D475C815AC97:25C38535ED716FB87CC0C1F4800393DC" country="Madagascar" county="Marovovonana" municipality="Befotsila Camp" name="Ambanizana" stateProvince="Toamasina">Ambanizana</location>
, '
<collectorName>
S
<normalizedToken originalValue="Trail’">Trail'</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
(
<locationDeviation location="Androka river">S of Androka river</locationDeviation>
) climbing into hills
<locationDeviation location="Ambanizana">SE of Ambanizana</locationDeviation>
,
<collectingDate value="1992-11-01">1 Nov 1992</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Schatz et al. 3391</emphasis>
(MO, P)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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