<figureCitationid="137E98B47165FFD8FC3AF714FB88F6ED"box="[924,1092,2290,2318]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="23.[505,537,1643,1667]"captionTargetBox="[514,1465,1229,1611]"captionTargetPageId="23"captionText="Fig. 8a - Epinephelus castae, 14 cm. SL, Italy, redrawn from DODERLEIN (1882) by E. HEEMSTRA."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168245"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168245/files/figure.png"pageId="21"pageNumber="26">Figs. 8a & 8b</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07165FFD8FD49F6D1FCB3F6A2"author="COSTA, O. G."bookContentInfo="Pesci, Part 1, (published serially, 1829 - 53, 511 pp., 60 pls"box="[751,895,2358,2380]"pageId="21"pageNumber="26"refId="ref27936"refString="COSTA, O. G.: 1836. Fauna del regno di Napoli, ossia enameraziane di tutti gli animali, Pesci, Part 1, (published serially, 1829 - 53, 511 pp., 60 pls)."title="Fauna del regno di Napoli, ossia enameraziane di tutti gli animali"type="book"year="1836">COSTA, 1836: 1</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 6 (type locality, Southern Italy; holotype not preserved; preoccupied in
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFCA0FBBCFC3FFB80"author="DODERLEIN, P."bookContentInfo="5 pls."box="[774,1011,1113,1135]"journalOrPublisher="G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"pagination="168 - 259"part="15"refId="ref28335"refString="DODERLEIN, P.: 1882. Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia. G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo, 15: 168 - 259, 5 pls."title="Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia"type="book chapter"year="1882">DODERLEIN, 1882: 208</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 2,
<figureCitationid="137E98B47166FFDBFBE6FBBFFBB6FB83"box="[1088,1146,1112,1135]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="13.[524,556,1781,1805]"captionTargetBox="[542,1489,1321,1742]"captionTargetPageId="13"captionText="Fig. 4 - Epinephelus adscensionis, 17 cm. SL. Ascension Islands, from VAILLANT & BOCOURT, 1875."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168235"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168235/files/figure.png"pageId="22"pageNumber="27">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFD18FB73FC6FFB4E"author="DODERLEIN, P."bookContentInfo="5 pls."box="[702,931,1170,1191]"journalOrPublisher="G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"pagination="168 - 259"part="15"refId="ref28335"refString="DODERLEIN, P.: 1882. Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia. G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo, 15: 168 - 259, 5 pls."title="Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia"type="book chapter"year="1882">DODERLEIN, 1882: 214</bibRefCitation>
, P 1. 3,
<figureCitationid="137E98B47166FFDBFC54FB76FBE1FB48"box="[1010,1069,1169,1192]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="19.[557,589,2338,2364]"captionTargetBox="[533,1482,1921,2306]"captionTargetPageId="19"captionText="Fig. 7 - Epinephelus coioides, 33 cm. SL, Persian Gulf, from photograph of J. E. RANDALL."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168243"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168243/files/figure.png"pageId="22"pageNumber="27">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFBB4FB2EFB2BFB33"author="DODERLEIN, P."bookContentInfo="Palermo, Part 4: 1 - 188"box="[1042,1255,1224,1246]"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref28380"refString="1889. Manuale Ittiologico del Mediterranea ostia senossi metodica delle varie specie di pesei risconlrate sin qui nel Mediterranea ed in particolare nei mari di Sicilia. Palermo, Part 4: 1 - 188."title="Manuale Ittiologico del Mediterranea ostia senossi metodica delle varie specie di pesei risconlrate sin qui nel Mediterranea ed in particolare nei mari di Sicilia"type="book"year="1889">DODERLEIN, 1889: 71</bibRefCitation>
; JORDAN & EIGENMANN,] 1890: 358;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFD0BFB0FFC5CFB12"author="BOULENGER, G. A."bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp"box="[685,912,1255,1277]"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref27380"refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp."title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I."type="book"year="1895">BOULENGER, 1895: 200</bibRefCitation>
; CADENA?, 1935: 396,
<figureCitationid="137E98B47166FFDBFBD7FB03FB6AFB1C"box="[1137,1190,1252,1275]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="27.[611,643,1652,1676]"captionTargetBox="[540,1487,1201,1614]"captionTargetPageId="27"captionText="Fig. 9 - Epinephelus goreensis, 20 cm. SL, Sénégal (7), from STEINDACHNER. 1882."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168253"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168253/files/figure.png"pageId="22"pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
, 1951: 193, Fig. 126;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFADCFB03FD17FAFC"author="FURNESTIN, J & J. DARDIGNAC & C. MAURIN & A. COUPE & H. BOUTIERE"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"pagination="379 - 493"refId="ref28897"refString="FURNESTIN, J, J. DARDIGNAC, C. MAURIN, A. COUPE, & H. BOUTIERE: 1958. Donnees nouvelles sur les poissons du Maroc atlantique. Revue Trav. Inst. (scient. tech.) Pech. marit., Paris. 22 (4): 379 - 493, 7 S figs."type="journal article"year="1958">
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFD4EFAE3FCBCFAFE"author="BINI"bookContentInfo="163 pp."box="[744,880,1283,1305]"firstAuthor="BINI"page="67"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref26894"refString="BINI, G.: 1968. Atlante dei Pesci delle Caste Italiana. Vol. IV. Osreitti. Mondo Somirierso Editrice. Rome. 163 pp."title="Atlante dei Pesci delle Caste Italiana. Vol. IV. Osreitti. Mondo Somirierso Editrice. Rome."type="book"year="1968">BINI, 1968: 67</bibRefCitation>
, fig;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFC0EFAE4FB4BFAF8"author="TORTONESE, E."bookContentInfo="Vol. I. UNESCO, Paris. xxii + 683 pp"box="[936,1159,1280,1302]"editor="J. - C. Hureau & Th. Monod"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"pagination="355 - 362"refId="ref32332"refString="1973. Serranidae. (pp. 355 - 362) in Check-list of the Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean. J. - C. Hureau & Th. Monod, (eds). Vol. I. UNESCO, Paris. xxii + 683 pp."title="Serranidae"type="book chapter"volumeTitle="Check-list of the Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean"year="1973">TORTONESE, 1973: 359</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFDE7FAC6FD77FAD8"author="SMITH, C. L."box="[577,699,1313,1334]"editor="W. Fischer & G. Bianchi & W. B. Scott"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref31807"refString="1981. Serranidae. In W. Fischer, G. Bianchi & W. B. Scott (eds), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol. 4. UN / FAO & Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada."title="Serranidae"type="book chapter"volumeTitle="FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol. 4. UN / FAO & Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada."year="1981">SMITH, 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFD6AFAC6FC4DFADB"author="BIANCHI"box="[716,897,1312,1333]"firstAuthor="BIANCHI"page="42"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref26855"refString="BIANCHI, G.: 1986. Fichas FAO de Identificacao de Especies para propositos comerciais. Guia de campo"title="Fichas FAO de Identificacao de Especies para propositos comerciais. Guia de campo"type="book"year="1986">BIANCHI, 1986: 42</bibRefCitation>
, Fig.;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFC60FAF8FB6DFAC4"author="BAUCHOT"box="[966,1185,1309,1330]"editor="W. Fischer & M. - L. Bauchot & M. Schneider"firstAuthor="BAUCHOT"page="1309"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"pagination="891 - 1422"refId="ref26439"refString="BAUCHOT, M. - L.: 1987. Poissons Ossewc (pp. 891 - 1422) in Fiches FAO d ' identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche. (Revision 1). Mediterranee et mer Noire. Zone de peche 37. Volume II. Vertebres. (pp. 762 - 1529) W. Fischer, M. - L. Bauchot & M. Schneider (eds). Rome,"title="Poissons Ossewc"type="book chapter"volumeTitle="Fiches FAO d ' identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche. (Revision 1). Mediterranee et mer Noire. Zone de peche 37. Volume II. Vertebres. (pp. 762 - 1529)"year="1987">BAUCHOT, 1987: 1309</bibRefCitation>
, Fig.;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFB43FAFAFA60FAC4"author="MANZONI, P."box="[1253,1452,1309,1329]"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref30487"refString="MANZONI, P.: 1987. Enciclopedia illustrata delle specie ittiche marine. Instituto Geografico de Agostini Camera di Commercio di Como, 127 pp."type="book"year="1987">MANZONI, 1987: 66</bibRefCitation>
, Fig.;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFDE4FADAFC99FAA7"author="BELLEMANS"bookContentInfo="Guide des ressources halieutiques du Senegal et de la Gambie (especes marines et d' eaux saumatres). Rome, FAO. 227 pp."box="[578,853,1339,1361]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="BELLEMANS"page="95"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref26680"refString="BELLEMANS, M., A SAGNA, W. FISCHER & N. SCIALABBA. ' 1988. Fiches FAO d identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche. Guide des ressources halieutiques du Senegal et de la Gambie (especes marines et d' eaux saumatres). Rome, FAO. 227 pp."title="Fiches FAO d identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche"type="book"year="1988">
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFD74FABFFCB0FA82"author="GIBERT, A. M."box="[722,892,1367,1388]"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"pagination="1 - 96"refId="ref29094"refString="GIBERT, A. M.: 1913. Fauna ictialogica de Catalunya. Barcelona. pp. 1 - 96 + addenda of 11 pp."type="book chapter"year="1913">GIBERT, 1913: 38</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality, Catalonia, Spain; holotype apparently not pre served).
<figureCitationid="137E98B47166FFDBFC6DFA69FBD9FA75"box="[971,1045,1422,1445]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="37.[535,567,1646,1670]"captionTargetBox="[540,1492,1193,1614]"captionTargetPageId="37"captionText="Fig. 12 - Epinephelus marginatus, 45 cm. SL. Cape Vidal, South Africa, RUSI 12922. Drawn by E. HEEMSTRA."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168261"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168261/files/figure.png"pageId="22"pageNumber="27">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
(type locality, Baie des Elephants, Angola; holotype IRSNB); 1954: 66, Fig. 18.
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFC41FA2CFB7CFA36"author="CADENAT, J."bookContentInfo="Inst. fr. Afr. noire, Dakar, 1950 [1951]: 345 pp., 241, figs"box="[999,1200,1482,1504]"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref27543"refString="1951. Poissons de mer du Senegal, Initiations africaines, HI. Inst. fr. Afr. noire, Dakar, 1950 [1951]: 345 pp., 241, figs."title="Poissons de mer du Senegal, Initiations africaines, HI"type="book"year="1951">CADENAT, 1951: 193</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFB18FA2DFA78FA31"author="BLACHE"bookContentInfo="Faune tropicale, 18, ORSTOM, Paris; 479 pp"box="[1214,1460,1482,1503]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="BLACHE"page="284"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref26923"refString="BLACHE, J., J. CADENAT & A STAUCH: 1970. Cles de determination des poissons de mer signales dans l'Atlantique oriental (entre le 20 e parallele N. et le 15 e parallele S.). Faune tropicale, 18, ORSTOM, Paris; 479 pp., 1152 figs."type="book"year="1970">
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFCA5F9E1FC76F9FC"author="FRANCA, P. da"box="[771,954,1541,1563]"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"pagination="1 - 45"refId="ref28849"refString="FRANCA, P. da: 1957. Contribuicao para o conhecimento dos Serranidae de Angola. Trabalhos da missao de biologia maritima, No. 12. Anais da Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar. 1957: 1 - 45, pls. 1 - 4."type="journal article"year="1957">FRANCA, 1957: 33</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFCA5F9C5FC75F9D9"author="FRANCA, P. da"box="[771,953,1569,1590]"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"pagination="1 - 45"refId="ref28849"refString="FRANCA, P. da: 1957. Contribuicao para o conhecimento dos Serranidae de Angola. Trabalhos da missao de biologia maritima, No. 12. Anais da Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar. 1957: 1 - 45, pls. 1 - 4."type="journal article"year="1957">FRANCA, 1957: 34</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07166FFDBFD5AF9A5FC67F9B9"author="SCHNEIDER, W."box="[764,939,1601,1623]"pageId="22"pageNumber="27"refId="ref31640"refString="SCHNEIDER, W.: 1990. FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Field Guizle to the Commercial Marine Resources of the Gulf of Guinea. FAO, Rome. 268 pp."type="book"year="1990">SCHNEIDER, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: Dorsal fin XI, 15 - 17; anal fin III,8; pectoral fin rays 18- 19; lateral--line scales 70- 73; lateral scale series 113 - 130; gill-takers 8- 10 + 16 - 18, including 2- -7 rudiments on each limb. Body depth distinctly less than head length, contained 3.0-3.4 times in SL (for fish 10-46 cm. SL); head length 2.5 -2.7 times in SL; pectoral fins usually longer than pelvics, 1.6-2.1 times in head length. Caudal fin truncate or slightly convex in juveniles, becoming concave or lunate in adults larger than 40 cm. SL; dorsal fin with the third or fourth spine longest and the interspinous membranes distinctly incised. Interorbital area convex; preopercle angular, with 2 or 3 greatly enlarged serrae at the angle; in adults larger than 40 cm. SL, the preopercle angle is produced into a rounded lobe, with an indentation immediately above the lobe; middle and lower opercular spines flat but distinct, the upper spine not apparent; upper edge of operculum straight or slightly convex. Maxilla reaches about to vertical at rear edge of eye; ventral edge of maxilla with a low step; no scales on maxilla; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2 rows of teeth. Nostrils subequal in specimens less than 30 cm. SL; rear nostril diameter about twice that of front ones in fish of 40-50 cm. SL. Lateral body scales ctenoid; adults with auxiliary scales. Pyloric caeca 17.
: Head and body brownish, the fins darker. Juveniles less than 15 cm. SL with 3 -5 narrow dark stripes (blue in life?) paralleling the lateral line on dorsal part of body, with 2 stripes above and 1 -3 stripes below lateral line. Two dark lines on head: one from lower edge of eye to ventral rear edge of interopercle, the second from dark maxillary streak to lower edge of preopercle. Adults brown or greyish brown, often with a large golden yellow blotch, vaguely defined at periphery, on body below spinous dorsal fin. Two specimens from Angola, (Museu Bocage nos. MB 2087 and 2091, 46 and 42 cm. SL) are distinctly bicolored, the body dark brown dorsally and abruptly paler ventrally, the two parts separated by a wavy boundary. Both fish are males, with flaccid testes containing a large empty lumen. If the condition of the testes is indicative of recent spawning, the bicolored pattern may be the spawning coloration of this species.
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07167FFDAFBF2F989FAC3F96C"author="DODERLEIN, P."bookContentInfo="5 pls."box="[1108,1295,1646,1670]"journalOrPublisher="G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo"pageId="23"pageNumber="28"pagination="168 - 259"part="15"refId="ref28335"refString="DODERLEIN, P.: 1882. Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia. G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo, 15: 168 - 259, 5 pls."title="Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia"type="book chapter"year="1882">DODERLEIN (1882)</bibRefCitation>
Maximum size, at least 80 cm. total length; according to
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07168FFD5FB46FACCFA07FAA2"author="TORTONESE, E."bookContentInfo="Vol. II: 515 - 1007. UNESCO, Paris"box="[1248,1483,1323,1352]"editor="J. P. Whitehead & L. Bauchot & J-C. Hureau & J. Nielsen & E. Tortonese"pageId="24"pageNumber="29"pagination="780 - 792"refId="ref32416"refString="1986. Serranidae. (pp. 780 - 792) in Fishes of the North-eastem Atlantic and the Mediterranean. P. J. P. Whitehead, M. - L. Bauchot,. J-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen & E. Tortonese (eds). Vol. II: 515 - 1007. UNESCO, Paris."title="Serranidae"type="book chapter"volumeTitle="Fishes of the North-eastem Atlantic and the Mediterranean"year="1986">TORTONESE (1986)</bibRefCitation>
occurs in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. I have examined specimens from Greece, (Corfu Island), the Cape Verde Islands, and Angola. Reliable literature records document its occurrence on the Mediterranean coasts of Italy, France, Spain, Egypt, Tunisia, also along the south coast of Portugal
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07168FFD5FD2FF8C2FC4CF8A8"author="BOULENGER, G. A."bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp"box="[649,896,1829,1858]"pageId="24"pageNumber="29"refId="ref27380"refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp."title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I."type="book"year="1895">BOULENGER's (1895)</bibRefCitation>
authoritative work on serranid fishes, this species has generally been referred to as
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07168FFD5FB18F8AFFA09F88C"author="VALENCIENNES, A."box="[1214,1477,1864,1894]"pageId="24"pageNumber="29"refId="ref32623"refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier & Valenciennes."title="See Cuvier & Valenciennes"type="book"year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, a recent examination of VALENCIENNES ' holotype of
in having fewer scales (lateral-line 54, versus 70-73; lateral scale series about 100, versus 113- 130), deeper body (depth 2.8 in SL, versus 3.0-3.4 in SL), 3 or 4 rows of teeth at midside of lower jaw (versus 2 rows), fewer gill-rakers (7 + 15 = 22, versus 8- 10 + 16- 18 = 24- 27); and a rounded caudal fin (The shape of the caudal fin of the holotype cannot now be determined, as it is damaged; but in his description of
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07168FFD5FB37F778FDCBF73D"author="CUVIER, G. & A. VALENCIENNES"bookContentInfo="Paris, F. G. iowauii, Vol. 6; xxiv + 559 pp., pls. 141 - 169"pageId="24"pageNumber="29"refId="ref28186"refString="1830. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Paris, F. G. iowauii, Vol. 6; xxiv + 559 pp., pls. 141 - 169."title="Histoire Naturelle des Poissons"type="book"year="1830">CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, 1830</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07168FFD5FDC1F703FCBFF6EA"author="VALENCIENNES, A."box="[615,883,2275,2304]"pageId="24"pageNumber="29"refId="ref32623"refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier & Valenciennes."title="See Cuvier & Valenciennes"type="book"year="1828">VALENCIENNES (1828)</bibRefCitation>
mentions that “Sa couleur paraît avoir été brune, sans taches ni marbrures, sur tout le corps et sur les nageoires."
if the fin is erected. This feature was overlooked by VALENCIENNES and subsequent workers. The holotype also still shows the dark pigment on the edge of the orbit that is typical of
. Although VALENCIENNES gives the provenance of his holotype as "rapportée de l'Egypte par M. GEOFFROY ", his choice of name for his new species (
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07169FFD4FD89FB09FCF7FAE3"author="BAUCHOT"box="[559,827,1261,1289]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="BAUCHOT"journalOrPublisher="Bull. Mus. nam Hist nat., Paris Znd Ser."pageId="25"pageNumber="30"pagination="301 - 304"part="32"refId="ref26527"refString="BAUCHOT, M. - L., M. BLANC & M. POLL: 1960. A propos d'Epinephelus alexandrinus C (. V.) poisson teleosteen de la famille des Serranidae. Bull. Mus. nam Hist nat., Paris Znd Ser., 32 (4): 301 - 304."title="A propos d'Epinephelus alexandrinus C (. V.) poisson teleosteen de la famille des Serranidae"type="journal article"year="1960">
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07169FFD4FBB5FAE8FB52FAC9"author="POLL, M."bookContentInfo="27 figs."box="[1043,1182,1295,1320]"journalOrPublisher="Mem Inst r. Sci. nat. Belg."pageId="25"pageNumber="30"pagination="173 - 269"part="2"refId="ref31100"refString="POLL, M.: 1949. Resultats scientifiques des croisieres du Navire-ecole Belge ' Mercator' IV. Poissons des XIe, XIVe et XVIIe croisieres. Mem Inst r. Sci. nat. Belg. (2) 33: 173 - 269. 27 figs."title="Resultats scientifiques des croisieres du Navire-ecole Belge ' Mercator' IV. Poissons des XIe, XIVe et XVIIe croisieres"type="book chapter"year="1949">POLL, 1949</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but they did not give any information on the holotype of
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07169FFD4FB15FA1CFDE6F9D8"author="WASCHKEWITZ, R. & P. WIRTZ"journalOrPublisher="J. Fish Biol."pageId="25"pageNumber="30"pagination="781 - 782"part="36"refId="ref32753"refString="WASCHKEWITZ, R. & P. WIRTZ: 1990. Annual migration and return to the same site by an individual grouper, Epinephelus alexandrinus (Pisces, Serranidae). J. Fish Biol. 36: 781 - 782."title="Annual migration and return to the same site by an individual grouper, Epinephelus alexandrinus (Pisces, Serranidae"type="journal article"year="1990">WASCHKEWITZ and WIRTZ, 1990</bibRefCitation>
; visual identification of a live fish underwater) and the Azores (
(both species are relatively elongate, somewhat compressed groupers with concave or lunate caudal fins in adults and a protruding lower jaw). The Spanish common name "falso abadejo" for
is common at Madeira, and is well known to the fishermen as “badejo“ According to G.E. MAUL, ichthyologist at the Funchal Municipal Museum for the past 50 years,
) are the only two species of groupers that occur in Madeiran waters. My examination of Madeiran specimens in the Funchal Museum, at the market in Funchal and at the British Museum (Natural History) also confirms Mr. MAUL's statement.
