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<document id="B01B78C94FB64384950A6B91555B4AD3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3985.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="450ef146-033c-4fa5-b495-063daf4abb51" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="239619" ID-ZooBank="211AB430-929E-4468-A68A-FEE77415908A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461257578087" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bolet, Arnau, Daza, Juan D., Augé, Marc &amp; Bauer, Aaron M." docDate="2015" docId="03B68793FFE0FFAAC58A97F7FDECF82D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03985p274.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3985 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gekkomimus rugosus Auge 2005" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="271" masterDocId="FF8FFFEBFFE3FFACC51D9231FFDFFFF0" masterDocTitle="New genus and species names for the Eocene lizard Cadurcogekko rugosus Augé, 2005" masterLastPageNumber="274" masterPageNumber="265" pageNumber="268" updateTime="1698608421459" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="84977D18E6A9B170804A6B1B10C783BB">New genus and species names for the Eocene lizard Cadurcogekko rugosus Augé, 2005</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="655A3EE7C3085AFF9992BD7E0DF36650">Bolet, Arnau</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2532A3516D43F07F56BD5384129DD405">Daza, Juan D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ADE3FF260D142EE0F0BE34007648F372">Augé, Marc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F3709656D1BCCD1C664AB100CAF788D4">Bauer, Aaron M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5FFECA9B58F7F0A17C659E8E79C4FFA2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="936277280DF7F0100F72BD290004D6B9">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B68793FFE0FFAAC58A97F7FDECF82D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680482" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119636361" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680482" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B68793FFE0FFAAC58A97F7FDECF82D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B68793FFE0FFAAC58A97F7FDECF82D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="271" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<subSubSection id="C305650EFFE0FFAFC58A97F7FEFBF9F2" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE0FFAFC58A97F7FD9CFA10" blockId="3.[151,579,1478,1538]" box="[151,579,1478,1504]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<heading id="D0E881E9FFE0FFAFC58A97F7FD9CFA10" bold="true" box="[151,579,1478,1504]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE0FFAFC58A97F7FD9CFA10" authority="Auge, 2005" authorityName="Auge" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,579,1478,1504]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Gekkomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC58A97F7FD9CFA10" bold="true" box="[151,579,1478,1504]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC58A97F7FE41FA10" bold="true" box="[151,414,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Gekkomimus rugosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE0FFAFC4B097F7FDE5FA10" author="Auge" box="[429,570,1478,1504]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé, 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE0FFAFC58A97D8FEFBF9F2" blockId="3.[151,579,1478,1538]" box="[151,292,1513,1538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
(
<figureCitation id="13242A00FFE0FFAFC58297D8FF32F9F2" box="[159,237,1513,1538]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,661,1486]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,661,1487]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Gekkomimus rugosus (MNHN, SND 622) in labial (A) and lingual (B) views, from Sindou D (MP 18 - 19). Scale bar in mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13242A00FFE0FFAFC5E797DBFED6F9F2" box="[250,265,1514,1538]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,680,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,663,1820]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lizard dentaries in lingual view for comparison purposes: A. Cadurcogekko piveteaui (MNHN, QU 17163), B. Gekkomimus rugosus (MNHN, SND 622), C. Pyrenasaurus evansae (UM-ECB 1703), D. Asymblepharus alaicus (modified from Darevsky &amp; Tschumakov, 1962). E. Lioscincus nigrofasciolatus (MCZ A- 27345). In C and D the image was reversed to facilitate comparison. Scale bars in mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239623/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">4</figureCitation>
B)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C305650EFFE0FFAFC58A9400FD14F996" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE0FFAFC58A9400FD14F996" blockId="3.[151,895,1585,1638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC58A9400FE5FF9B7" box="[151,384,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
Cadurcogecko
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE0FFAFC42D9403FE5FF9B7" box="[304,384,1586,1607]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Gekkomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosus">rugosus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(in part;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE0FFAFC4C09400FD89F9B7" author="Auge" box="[477,598,1585,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé, 2005</bibRefCitation>
, p. 98) (original description).
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE0FFAFC58A9461FE22F996" authority="Auge, 2005" authorityName="Auge" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,509,1616,1638]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Gekkomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC58A9461FEAFF996" box="[151,368,1616,1638]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Gekkomimus rugosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE0FFAFC4639461FE29F996" author="Auge" box="[382,502,1616,1638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé, 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(new combination).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C305650EFFE0FFA8C58A94A3FD7CFD90" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="269" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE0FFAFC58A94A3FCEDF95B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1682,2031]" box="[151,818,1682,1707]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC58A94A3FED4F95B" bold="true" box="[151,267,1682,1707]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<typeStatus id="54A48827FFE0FFAFC58A94A3FED9F95B" box="[151,262,1682,1707]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED0EAE40FFE0FFAFC40F94A2FEB5F95A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[274,362,1683,1706]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">MNHN</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED0EAE40FFE0FFAFC46894A2FE72F95B" box="[373,429,1683,1707]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">SND</collectionCode>
622, almost complete left dentary.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE0FFAFC5DA9487FC0AF93E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1682,2031]" box="[199,981,1718,1743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC5DA9487FEBAF93F" bold="true" box="[199,357,1718,1743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<typeStatus id="54A48827FFE0FFAFC5DA9487FEDDF93F" box="[199,258,1718,1743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Sindou D (MP18-19), Phosphorites du Quercy,
<collectingCountry id="F3087615FFE0FFAFC69C9486FC0EF93E" box="[897,977,1719,1742]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">France</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE0FFAFC5DA94EBFC39F903" blockId="3.[151,1436,1682,2031]" box="[199,998,1754,1779]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC5DA94EBFE86F903" bold="true" box="[199,345,1754,1779]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Only known from the
<typeStatus id="54A48827FFE0FFAFC74494EAFD56F903" box="[601,649,1755,1779]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">type</typeStatus>
locality, Sindou D (MP18-19).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE0FFA8C5DA94CFFBFBFE20" blockId="3.[151,1436,1682,2031]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,608]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="269" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC5DA94CFFE61F8E7" bold="true" box="[199,446,1790,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Emended Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Scincid lizard differing from the rest of Paleogene European members of the group (
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC5BD9515FF23F8CB" box="[160,252,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Berruva</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC4149513FE50F8CB" box="[265,399,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Scincoideus</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC4819513FDEEF8CB" box="[412,561,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Orthoscincus</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC7229513FD15F8CB" box="[575,714,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Ayalasaurus</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE0FFAFC7CA9512FB02F8CB" authority="Eocordyla and Ornatocephalus" authorityName="Eocordyla and Ornatocephalus" box="[727,1245,1826,1851]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Axonoscincus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC7CA9512FCAEF8CA" box="[727,881,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Axonoscincus</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC6629513FC2CF8CB" box="[895,1011,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Eocordyla</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC1359513FB02F8CB" box="[1064,1245,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Ornatocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE0FFAFC0089513FA43F8CB" author="Weber" box="[1301,1436,1826,1851]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" refString="Weber, S. (2004) Ornatocephalus metzleri gen. et spec. nov. (Lacertilia, Scincoida [sic]) - Taxonomy and paleobiology of a basal scincoid lizard from the Messel Formation (Middle Eocene: basal Lutetian, Geiseltalium), Germany. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 561, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2004">Weber 2004</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE0FFAFC5D19576FE90F8AF" author="Auge" box="[204,335,1862,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé 2005</bibRefCitation>
) by its fused Meckelian groove (one character that determined its original placement in the Gekkota), although at the splenial facet the upper and lower borders remain separated (
<figureCitation id="13242A00FFE0FFAFC182955BFB2CF873" box="[1183,1267,1898,1923]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,661,1486]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,661,1487]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Gekkomimus rugosus (MNHN, SND 622) in labial (A) and lingual (B) views, from Sindou D (MP 18 - 19). Scale bar in mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13242A00FFE0FFAFC01E955AFACCF873" box="[1283,1299,1899,1923]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,680,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,663,1820]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lizard dentaries in lingual view for comparison purposes: A. Cadurcogekko piveteaui (MNHN, QU 17163), B. Gekkomimus rugosus (MNHN, SND 622), C. Pyrenasaurus evansae (UM-ECB 1703), D. Asymblepharus alaicus (modified from Darevsky &amp; Tschumakov, 1962). E. Lioscincus nigrofasciolatus (MCZ A- 27345). In C and D the image was reversed to facilitate comparison. Scale bars in mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239623/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">4</figureCitation>
B). A fused Meckelian groove is also found in the Paleogene fossil and possible scincoid
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC6EB95BEFB2EF856" box="[1014,1265,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Pyrenasaurus evansae</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13242A00FFE0FFAFC01C95BFFA9BF857" box="[1281,1348,1934,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,680,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,663,1820]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lizard dentaries in lingual view for comparison purposes: A. Cadurcogekko piveteaui (MNHN, QU 17163), B. Gekkomimus rugosus (MNHN, SND 622), C. Pyrenasaurus evansae (UM-ECB 1703), D. Asymblepharus alaicus (modified from Darevsky &amp; Tschumakov, 1962). E. Lioscincus nigrofasciolatus (MCZ A- 27345). In C and D the image was reversed to facilitate comparison. Scale bars in mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239623/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C) from Escamps (MP19,
<collectingCountry id="F3087615FFE0FFAFC4429582FE72F83B" box="[351,429,1971,1995]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">France</collectingCountry>
) and Sossís (MP17a, Catalonia), from which it differs in its much larger size, the simple morphology of the crowns (highly specialized in
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE0FFAFC7C095E6FCA7F81E" box="[733,888,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Pyrenasaurus</emphasis>
) and a much higher tooth count (26 vs.
<quantity id="4CE79B60FFE0FFAFC07D95E6FA43F81F" box="[1376,1436,2006,2031]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C58A92A8FEEDFF40" box="[151,306,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Pyrenasaurus</emphasis>
), as well as a different dentary morpology (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C67392A6FB83FF40" author="Bolet" box="[878,1116,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Bolet, A. &amp; Auge, M. (2014) A new miniaturized lizard from the Late Eocene of France and Spain. Anatomical Record, 297, 505 - 515. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 22855" type="journal article" year="2014">Bolet &amp; Augé 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Another fossil with fused Meckelian groove is the Upper Eocene
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C743928CFCB9FF24" box="[606,870,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Paracontogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="estesis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C743928CFCB9FF24" box="[606,870,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Paracontogenys estesis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mission Valley Formation in California (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C58292EEFE1DFF08" author="Golz" box="[159,450,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Golz, D. J. &amp; Lillegraven, J. (1977) Summary of the know occurences of terrestrial vertebrates from Eocene strata of southern California. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 15, 43 - 65." type="journal article" year="1977">Golz &amp; Lillegraven 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C4D292D1FD91FF08" author="Estes" box="[463,590,224,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Estes, R. (1983) Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 249 pp." type="book" year="1983">Estes 1983</bibRefCitation>
), but in this form dental morphology is very distinct, having tooth crowns that are more chisel-shaped, with well defined lingual striations, cristae labialis and lingualis, and a deep antrum intercristatum. The dentary tooth count is higher than in
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C6019316FC6EFEB0" box="[796,945,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Orthoscincus</emphasis>
(14–15),
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C13F9319FB63FECF" box="[1058,1212,296,319]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Axonoscincus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C13F9319FB63FECF" box="[1058,1212,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Axonoscincus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(20),
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C01F9318FA81FEB0" box="[1282,1374,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Berruva</emphasis>
(20),
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C58A937DFED4FE95" box="[151,267,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Eocordyla</emphasis>
(19–22) and
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C4BA937DFDF2FE95" box="[423,557,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Scincoideus</emphasis>
(20–21) from the European Paleogene (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C6E1937DFBA1FE95" author="Auge" box="[1020,1150,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C191937DFA90FE95" author="Folie" box="[1164,1359,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Folie, A., Sige, B. &amp; Smith, T. (2005) A new scincomorph lizard from the Palaeocene of Belgium and the origin of Scincoidea in Europe. Naturwissenschaften, 92, 542 - 546. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 005 - 0043 - 4" type="journal article" year="2005">
Folie
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C1D2937CFAD6FE95" box="[1231,1289,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). Only
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C58A935EFE93FE78" box="[151,332,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Ornatocephalus</emphasis>
(c. 23) and
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C4C5935EFDBDFE78" box="[472,610,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Ayalasaurus</emphasis>
(26–27), both differing from
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C6AA935EFB97FE78" box="[951,1096,367,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Gekkomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="268" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C6AA935EFB97FE78" box="[951,1096,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Gekkomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having an open Meckelian groove (with ventral and dorsal margins approaching each other in the case of
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C10893A5FB40FE5D" box="[1045,1183,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Ayalasaurus</emphasis>
), a larger size, and an arched ventral margin of the dentary, approach it in number of dentary tooth loci.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE7FFA8C5DA93EDFD7CFD90" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">
Among living scincids, the Meckelian groove is open anterior to the splenial in most of the scincines, including
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C58A93CEFF2BFDE8" box="[151,244,511,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Feylinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C58A93CEFF2BFDE8" box="[151,244,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Feylinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas the fused condition appears in acontine skinks (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C6CF9031FBEBFDE7" box="[978,1076,512,535]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Acontias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C6CF9031FBEBFDE7" box="[978,1076,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Acontias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and some lygosomine skinks (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C5C79015FE84FDCD" box="[218,347,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Ablepharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C5C79015FE84FDCD" box="[218,347,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Ablepharus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C4709015FE2FFDCD" box="[365,496,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Trachylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C4709015FE2FFDCD" box="[365,496,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Trachylepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C71C9015FD6AFDCD" box="[513,693,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Sphenomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C71C9015FD6AFDCD" box="[513,693,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Sphenomorphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C7DA9015FC94FDCD" box="[711,843,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Eugongylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C7DA9015FC94FDCD" box="[711,843,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Eugongylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C6409015FB97FDCD" box="[861,1096,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C6409015FC70FDCD" box="[861,943,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Tiliqua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tiliqua</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C6A39015FB97FDCD" box="[958,1096,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Leiolopisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leiolopisma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C1799015FB34FDCC" author="Greer" box="[1124,1259,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Greer, A. E. (1970) A subfamilial classification of scincid lizards. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 139, 151 - 183." type="journal article" year="1970">Greer 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C1E79015FA48FDCC" author="Rieppel" box="[1274,1431,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Rieppel, O. (1981) The skull and jaw adductor musculature in some burrowing scincomorph lizards of the genera Acontias, Typhlosaurus and Feylinia. Journal of Zoology, London, 195, 493 - 528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1981. tb 03480. x" type="journal article" year="1981">Rieppel 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C58A9079FECBFD90" author="Estes" box="[151,276,584,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Estes, R. (1983) Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 249 pp." type="book" year="1983">Estes 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C43D9079FE79FD90" author="Evans" box="[288,422,584,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Evans, S. E. (2008) The skull of lizards and tuatara. In: Gans, C. Gaunt, S. &amp; Adler, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20. Morphology H. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, pp. 1 - 347." type="book" year="2008">Evans 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C4AF9076FD48FD90" author="Gauthier" box="[434,663,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Gauthier, J., Kearney, M., Maisano, J. A., Rieppel, O. &amp; Behlke, A. (2012) Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 53, 3 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012">
Gauthier
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C7069078FD8CFD90" box="[539,595,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF60660DFFE7FFA8C58A97D4FEAEF9E9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239622/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" targetBox="[151,1436,661,1486]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE7FFA8C58A97D4FEAEF9E9" blockId="4.[151,1436,1508,1561]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C58A97D4FECDFA0A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1509,1531]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE7FFA8C48597D5FDAEFA0B" box="[408,625,1508,1531]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Gekkomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C48597D5FDAEFA0B" box="[408,625,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Gekkomimus rugosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN, SND 622) in labial (A) and lingual (B) views, from Sindou D (MP18- 19). Scale bar in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C305650EFFE7FFA9C5DA9471FEF7FD93" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="270" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE7FFA9C5DA9471FABDFE5F" blockId="4.[151,1437,1600,2022]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,611]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="270" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE7FFA8C5DA9471FE86F9A9" bold="true" box="[199,345,1600,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Description.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54A48827FFE7FFA8C48E9471FE27F9A9" box="[403,504,1600,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, which is also the only known specimen, is almost complete and measures
<quantity id="4CE79B60FFE7FFA8C0519470FA43F9A8" box="[1356,1436,1601,1625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
in length. The dentary seems to have the characteristic strong posterior bifurcation of skinks (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE7FFA8C01C9454FA4FF98D" author="Evans" box="[1281,1424,1637,1661]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" refString="Evans, S. E. (2008) The skull of lizards and tuatara. In: Gans, C. Gaunt, S. &amp; Adler, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20. Morphology H. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, pp. 1 - 347." type="book" year="2008">Evans 2008</bibRefCitation>
), although the posterior breakage of the bone leaves some doubts regarding this features. Assuming that two processes were present, the lower one must have been longer than it appears. The dentary also has a large dorsolateral coronoid process. The dentary bone bears 26 tooth positions, all preserving more or less complete tooth crowns except for those of the anteriormost and posteriormost regions, which are apically corroded, so observations on the detailed morphology of the crowns are based on the penultimate tooth, which is the best preserved. The dentition is homodont, with high, columnar and simple teeth. No additional cusps are present (teeth are uniscuspid), but the lack of an evident cuspis labialis may be related to a poor preservation of the crowns. Interdental spaces are narrow (about half of the tooth width) with no contact between teeth (with a few exceptions where one of the teeth seems to have adopted an abnormal implantation). The anterior half of the dentary has a fused Meckelian groove (below tooth loci 4–12), remaining open for about three to four tooth positions (at the anterior part of the tooth row), and by the 15th tooth locus the ventral margin of the subdental shelf and the ventral margin of the dentary diverge from each other at an acute angle creating a widely open posterior half of the bone. A ventrally directed opening is present along the length of the first five tooth positions. The intramandibular septum is not observable, but the open posterior region of the Meckelian groove is obscured by the presence of infilling matrix. A deep sulcus dentalis is present, and the lingual surface of the subdental platform is high for its anterior half, but strongly reduced in height posteriorly. The ventral margin of the bone is only slightly bowed, and in this regard differs from many extant skinks with dentaries with strongly curved ventral margins (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C02E9342FA4AFE7A" box="[1331,1429,371,394]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Acontias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C02E9342FA4AFE7A" box="[1331,1429,371,394]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Acontias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C58A93A6FF33FE5E" box="[151,236,407,430]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Scincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C58A93A6FF33FE5E" box="[151,236,407,430]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Scincus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C5E793A7FE88FE5F" box="[250,343,406,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Feylinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C5E793A7FE88FE5F" box="[250,343,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Feylinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C47893A9FE6FFE5F" box="[357,432,408,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Nessia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C47893A9FE6FFE5F" box="[357,432,408,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Nessia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C4A393A7FDBCFE5F" box="[446,611,406,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Tropidophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C4A393A7FDBCFE5F" box="[446,611,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Tropidophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C76F93A9FD09FE5F" box="[626,726,408,431]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Eumeces" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C76F93A9FD09FE5F" box="[626,726,408,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Eumeces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C7FE93A7FCA6FE5F" box="[739,889,406,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Typhlosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C7FE93A7FCA6FE5F" box="[739,889,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Typhlosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE6FFA9C69593A7FBFEFE5F" author="Rieppel" box="[904,1057,406,431]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" refString="Rieppel, O. (1981) The skull and jaw adductor musculature in some burrowing scincomorph lizards of the genera Acontias, Typhlosaurus and Feylinia. Journal of Zoology, London, 195, 493 - 528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1981. tb 03480. x" type="journal article" year="1981">Rieppel 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE6FFA9C13093A7FB1DFE5F" author="Conrad" box="[1069,1218,406,431]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" refString="Conrad, J. L. (2008) Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 310, 1 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 310.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Conrad 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE6FFA9C1D393A9FA89FE5F" author="Evans" box="[1230,1366,407,431]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" refString="Evans, S. E. (2008) The skull of lizards and tuatara. In: Gans, C. Gaunt, S. &amp; Adler, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20. Morphology H. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, pp. 1 - 347." type="book" year="2008">Evans 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE6FFA9C5DA938BFEF7FD93" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,611]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">The lingual side of the dorsolateral coronoid process of the dentary has a small facet to receive the anterior process of the coronoid, but this facet is not broad and long as in members of the Gekkota. The labial surface of the dentary presents at least four labial foramina, situated at the level of the third, fifth, tenth, and twelfth tooth positions. There are no traces of bone facets in the posterior labial margin of the dentary, but the bone is broken at this position.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF60660DFFE6FFA9C58A9503FDF0F854" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239623/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" targetBox="[159,1431,680,1801]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE6FFA9C58A9503FDF0F854" blockId="5.[151,1436,1842,1956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C58A9503FECBF8B7" bold="true" box="[151,276,1842,1864]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Lizard dentaries in lingual view for comparison purposes: A.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C6809503FB4AF8B8" box="[925,1173,1842,1864]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cadurcogekko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="piveteaui">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C6809503FB4AF8B8" box="[925,1173,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Cadurcogekko piveteaui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN, QU 17163), B.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C58A9560FEADF897" box="[151,370,1873,1895]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Gekkomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C58A9560FEADF897" box="[151,370,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Gekkomimus rugosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN, SND 622), C.
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C76B9563FC83F897" box="[630,860,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Pyrenasaurus evansae</emphasis>
(UM-ECB 1703), D.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C15F9560FAEFF897" box="[1090,1328,1873,1895]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Asymblepharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alaicus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C15F9560FAEFF897" box="[1090,1328,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Asymblepharus alaicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(modified from Darevsky &amp; Tschumakov, 1962). E.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE6FFA9C7599540FC83F876" box="[580,860,1904,1926]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Lioscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrofasciolatus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE6FFA9C7599540FC83F876" box="[580,860,1904,1926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Lioscincus nigrofasciolatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ A-27345). In C and D the image was reversed to facilitate comparison. Scale bars in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C305650EFFE5FFAAC5DA92A6FDECF82D" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE5FFAAC5DA92A6FDD5FDCD" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC5DA92A6FEE4FF40" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC45892A9FDC7FF40" box="[325,536,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Daza, J. D., Bauer, A. M. &amp; Snively, E. (2014) On the gekkotan fossil record. Anatomical Record, 297, 433 - 462. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 22856" type="journal article">
Daza
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC49592A8FE1BFF40" box="[392,452,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
noted great differences between the dentaries of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC14592A9FB3CFF40" box="[1112,1251,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cadurcogekko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="piveteaui">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC14592A9FBB4FF5F" box="[1112,1131,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC16192A8FB3CFF40" box="[1148,1251,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">piveteaui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC00292A9FA43FF40" box="[1311,1436,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Gekkomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC00292A9FAEDFF5F" box="[1311,1330,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC05E92A8FA43FF40" box="[1347,1436,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">rugosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
regarding length, height, number of tooth loci, and neurovascular foramina, among other characters.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC1E7928DFF21FF08" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cadurcogekko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="piveteaui">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC1E7928DFF21FF08" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Cadurcogekko piveteaui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a long and low dentary, bearing about 40–45 tooth positions, instead of 26 tooth loci in the shorter dentary of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC40B9334FDEEFEED" authority="Auge 2005" authorityName="Auge" authorityYear="2005" box="[278,561,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Gekkomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC40B9334FEF6FEEC" box="[278,297,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC4279334FE4CFEEC" box="[314,403,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">rugosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC4B99335FDF6FEED" author="Auge" box="[420,553,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, it was stated that the presence of a partially unfused Meckelian groove, as reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC4A19319FD8AFEB0" author="Auge" box="[444,597,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, only occurs among extant gekkotans through late postovopositional embryonic stages.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC472937DFDDEFE95" author="Auge" box="[367,513,332,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé (2005)</bibRefCitation>
himself expressed his doubts regarding the attribution of the second species to
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC58A935EFEE6FE78" box="[151,313,367,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cadurcogekko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC58A935EFEE6FE78" box="[151,313,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Cadurcogekko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: [En revanche, il paraît plus discutable de réunir ces deux formes dans un genre commun mais la similitude de leurs maxillaires (voir diagnose), qui les éloigne de tous les autres
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC10A93A5FB41FE5D" box="[1047,1182,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gekkonidae</taxonomicName>
dont l’ostéologie a été étudiée, montre que ces deux formes ont une ascendance commune, en un mot elles forment un taxon monophylétique] (pp.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC4C593EDFD85FE05" author="Auge" box="[472,602,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Auge, M. (2005) Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Historie naturelle, 192, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé 2005</bibRefCitation>
). It is clear now that some of the characters of the maxilla supported the presence of a second species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC71D93CEFD7DFDE8" box="[512,674,511,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cadurcogekko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC71D93CEFD7DFDE8" box="[512,674,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Cadurcogekko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the unusual features of the (incorrectly) identified dentary was raising doubts about this referral.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE5FFAAC5DA9076FABBFC70" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">
The short and rather robust dentary, the low tooth-count, the simple but slightly heterodont (in size) dentition, the morphology and mode of closure and fusion of the Meckelian groove, and, in dorsal view, a straight instead of medially bowed dentary, are all characters against a referral to Gekkota. The presence of a well-developed sulcus dentalis, a non-elongated dentary, a large lateral coronoid process of the dentary, and a tall posterior region of dentary (in contrast to a subequal height between the anterior and posterior region in gekkotans), are all characters that fit well with scincoids. A high number of teeth (26) is not incompatible with referral to Scincoidea, as some scincids present much higher tooth-counts (e.g.,
<quantity id="4CE79B60FFE5FFAAC7A9912EFD32FCC8" box="[692,749,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" unit="in" value="35.0">35 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC7EE9110FC14FCC8" box="[755,971,799,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Eutropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macularia">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC7EE9110FC14FCC8" box="[755,971,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Eutropis macularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC1199111FB48FCC8" author="Kosma" box="[1028,1175,800,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Kosma, R. (2004) The dentitions of recent and fossil scincomorphan lizards (Lacertilia, Squamata) - Systematics, functional morphology, palecology. Leibniz Universitat, Hannover, 187 pp. [Ph. D. dissertation]" type="book" year="2004">Kosma 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Some gekkotans have dentaries with very low tooth counts (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC7619175FD0AFCAB" box="[636,725,836,859]" class="Reptilia" family="Pygopodidae" genus="Aprasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC7619175FD0AFCAB" box="[636,725,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Aprasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC7F89175FCB4FCAC" author="Camp" box="[741,875,836,860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Camp, C. L. (1923) Classification of the lizards. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 48, 289 - 307." type="journal article" year="1923">Camp 1923</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC66A9175FB7BFCAD" author="McDowell" box="[887,1188,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="McDowell, S. B. J. &amp; Bogert, C. M. (1954) The systematic position of Lanthanotus and the affinities of the anguinomorphan lizards. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 105, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1954">McDowell &amp; Bogert 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC1AC9175FA94FCAC" author="Rieppel" box="[1201,1355,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Rieppel, O. (1984) The structure of the skull and jaw adductor musculature of the Gekkota, with comments on the phylogenetic relationships of the Xantusiidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82, 291 - 318. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1984. tb 00645. x" type="journal article" year="1984">Rieppel 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC0459174FF0CFC70" author="Evans" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Evans, S. E. (2008) The skull of lizards and tuatara. In: Gans, C. Gaunt, S. &amp; Adler, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20. Morphology H. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, pp. 1 - 347." type="book" year="2008">Evans 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC5C09159FE1EFC70" author="Daza" box="[221,449,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Daza, J. D. &amp; Bauer, A. M. (2015) Cranial anatomy of the pygopodid lizard Aprasia repens, a gekkotan masquerading as a scolecophidian. In Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Powell, G. L., Jamniczky, H. A., Bauer, A. M. &amp; Theodor, J. M. (Eds.), All Animals are Interesting: A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony P. Russell. BIS Verlag, Oldenburg, Germany, pp. 303 - 350." type="book chapter" year="2015">Daza &amp; Bauer 2015</bibRefCitation>
), but normally they have much higher dentary tooth counts than MNHN-SND 622.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE5FFAAC5DA91BDFA5AFBC4" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">
There are no European fossil scincoids with a fused Meckelian groove except for the putative scincoid
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC58A9180FEEDFC38" box="[151,306,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Pyrenasaurus</emphasis>
(see above) and the Neogene scincids tentatively assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC6E4919EFB8AFC38" box="[1017,1109,943,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Mabuya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC6E4919EFB8AFC38" box="[1017,1109,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Mabuya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC17B919EFB29FC38" author="Bailon" box="[1126,1270,943,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Bailon, S. (1991) Amphibiens et Reptiles du Pliocene et du Quaternaire de France et d'Espagne: mise en place et evolution des faunes. Universite Paris VII, France, 499 pp. [Ph. D. dissertation]." type="book" year="1991">Bailon 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC019919EFF0EFC1C" author="Bohme" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Bohme, M. &amp; Ilg, A. (2003) fosFARbase. Available from: http: // www. wahre-staerke. com / (accessed 10 October 2014)" type="journal article" year="2003">Böhme &amp; Ilg 2003</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC41091E5FD26FC1D" authority="Darevsky &amp; Tshumakov 1962" authorityName="Darevsky &amp; Tshumakov" authorityYear="1962" box="[269,761,980,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Ablepharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC41091E5FE51FC1D" box="[269,398,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Ablepharus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC48191E5FD2FFC1D" author="Darevsky" box="[412,752,980,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Darevsky, I. &amp; Tschumakov, I. (1962) A new Pleistocene species of the lizard Ablepharus from the Rudny Altai. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1962, 127 - 130." type="journal article" year="1962">Darevsky &amp; Tshumakov 1962</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Note, however, that the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC14991E5FB6FFC1D" box="[1108,1200,980,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Mabuya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC14991E5FB6FFC1D" box="[1108,1200,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Mabuya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now considered as restricted to the Americas (Mausfeld
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC75F91C8FDA3FBE0" box="[578,636,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">et al.</emphasis>
2002), and the only extant genera of scincids with a fused Meckelian canal recorded in Europe correspond to the lygosomines
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC609962DFC48FBC5" box="[788,919,1052,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Trachylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC609962DFC48FBC5" box="[788,919,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Trachylepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(formerly part of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC17C962DFB62FBC5" box="[1121,1213,1052,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Mabuya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC17C962DFB62FBC5" box="[1121,1213,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Mabuya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC1E1962DFAA2FBC5" box="[1276,1405,1052,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Ablepharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC1E1962DFAA2FBC5" box="[1276,1405,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Ablepharus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE5FFAAC5DA9671FBCEFAA4" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">
Among squamates, a fused Meckelian groove is not exclusive to gekkotans. It is also uniformly present in xantusiids and dibamids, and it is widely distributed among pleurodont iguanians, scincids, and gymnophthalmids, and seldom present in amphisbaenians and snakes (see data matrix in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC6D796B6FB66FB50" author="Gauthier" box="[970,1209,1159,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Gauthier, J., Kearney, M., Maisano, J. A., Rieppel, O. &amp; Behlke, A. (2012) Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 53, 3 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012">
Gauthier
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC12B96B8FBB4FB50" box="[1078,1131,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). It never occurs in acrodontan iguanians, lacertids (perhaps in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC761969CFCD1FB34" box="[636,782,1197,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Omanosaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC761969CFCD1FB34" box="[636,782,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Omanosaura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC65A969CFC06FB34" author="Kosma" box="[839,985,1196,1220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Kosma, R. (2004) The dentitions of recent and fossil scincomorphan lizards (Lacertilia, Squamata) - Systematics, functional morphology, palecology. Leibniz Universitat, Hannover, 187 pp. [Ph. D. dissertation]" type="book" year="2004">Kosma 2004</bibRefCitation>
), or anguimorphs (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC1B7969DFA4EFB34" author="Gauthier" box="[1194,1425,1196,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Gauthier, J., Kearney, M., Maisano, J. A., Rieppel, O. &amp; Behlke, A. (2012) Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 53, 3 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012">
Gauthier
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC008969CFA92FB35" box="[1301,1357,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). An intermediate state, where closure occurs but a suture remains, is known in some cordylids, scincids, teiids, and iguanids. A fused Meckelian canal is rare among cordyliforms (but see
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC11D96C5FB0DFAFD" box="[1024,1234,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Cordylus cordylus</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC00B96C5FF28FAC0" class="Reptilia" family="Cordylidae" genus="Platysaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC00B96C5FF28FAC0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Platysaurus capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC4009728FE72FAC0" author="Kosma" box="[285,429,1304,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Kosma, R. (2004) The dentitions of recent and fossil scincomorphan lizards (Lacertilia, Squamata) - Systematics, functional morphology, palecology. Leibniz Universitat, Hannover, 187 pp. [Ph. D. dissertation]" type="book" year="2004">Kosma 2004</bibRefCitation>
as examples of exceptions). Among scincids, most scincines present an open Meckelian groove, it is fused in acontines, and variable among lygosomines (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC666970DFBDAFAA4" author="Evans" box="[891,1029,1340,1364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Evans, S. E. (2008) The skull of lizards and tuatara. In: Gans, C. Gaunt, S. &amp; Adler, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20. Morphology H. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, pp. 1 - 347." type="book" year="2008">Evans 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE5FFAAC5DA9751FF25FA14" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">
Among all the lizard clades in which a fused Meckelian groove occurs, the morphology of the dentary of MNHN-SND 622 most closely resembles that of acontine and lygosomine scincids. The New Caledonian
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC58A9798FED0FA30" box="[151,271,1449,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Lioscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC58A9798FED0FA30" box="[151,271,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Lioscincus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a representative generalized lygosomine scincid, chosen as a representative of skinks broadly (see
<figureCitation id="13242A00FFE5FFAAC58A97FDFF05FA14" box="[151,218,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,680,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,663,1820]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lizard dentaries in lingual view for comparison purposes: A. Cadurcogekko piveteaui (MNHN, QU 17163), B. Gekkomimus rugosus (MNHN, SND 622), C. Pyrenasaurus evansae (UM-ECB 1703), D. Asymblepharus alaicus (modified from Darevsky &amp; Tschumakov, 1962). E. Lioscincus nigrofasciolatus (MCZ A- 27345). In C and D the image was reversed to facilitate comparison. Scale bars in mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239623/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03685FFE5FFAAC5DA97DEFDECF82D" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">
Scincoids have been recognized relatively late in the Paleogene fossil record of Europe, mainly in the last decade (note that the reported presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC7739425FD39F9DD" box="[622,742,1556,1581]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Plestiodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC7739425FD39F9DD" box="[622,742,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Plestiodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Quercy was wrong (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC6FA9425FB7BF9DC" author="Hoffstetter" box="[999,1188,1556,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Hoffstetter, R. (1944) Sur les Scincidae fossiles. I. Formes europeennes et nord - americaines. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 16, 547 - 553." type="journal article" year="1944">Hoffstetter 1944</bibRefCitation>
), and that the cordylid lizards recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC4849406FDB7F9A0" author="Hoffstetter" box="[409,616,1591,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Hoffstetter, R. (1942) Sur les restes de sauria du Nummulitique europeen rapportes a la famille Iguanidae. Bulletin du Museum National Histoire naturelle, Paris, 14, 233 - 240." type="journal article" year="1942">Hoffstetter (1942)</bibRefCitation>
were in fact iguanid lizards [
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC6D89409FB91F9A0" author="Auge" box="[965,1102,1592,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Auge, M. (1987) Confirmation de la presence d'Iguanidae (Reptilia, Lacertilia) dans l'Eocene europeen. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, 305, 633 - 636." type="journal article" year="1987">Augé 1987</bibRefCitation>
]).
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC1719406FB2DF9A0" box="[1132,1266,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Scincoideus</emphasis>
is a relatively plesiomorphic form from the Paleocene of
<collectingCountry id="F3087615FFE5FFAAC78D946DFD2FF985" box="[656,752,1628,1653]" name="Belgium" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Belgium</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC619946DFC14F985" author="Folie" box="[772,971,1628,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Folie, A., Sige, B. &amp; Smith, T. (2005) A new scincomorph lizard from the Palaeocene of Belgium and the origin of Scincoidea in Europe. Naturwissenschaften, 92, 542 - 546. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 005 - 0043 - 4" type="journal article" year="2005">
Folie
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC657946CFC59F985" box="[842,902,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
, but see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC125946DFA94F984" author="Smith" box="[1080,1355,1628,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Smith, K. T. &amp; Gauthier, J. A. (2013) Early Eocene Lizards of the Wasatch Formation near Bitter Creek, Wyoming: Diversity and Paleoenvironment during an Interval of Global Warming. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 54, 135 - 230. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.054.0205" type="journal article" year="2013">Smith &amp; Gauthier 2013</bibRefCitation>
for an alternative interpretation suggesting affinities to lacertiforms), and in most cases it is not easy to distinguish between fossil scincids and cordylids. There is a tendency, however, for the recognition of a greater number of scincids than cordylids for the Paleogene, probably because of the lack of diagnostic characters of cordyliforms in such fragmentary dentaries. Later European scincids, like
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC62894DDFC7AF8F5" box="[821,933,1772,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Chalcides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC62894DDFC7AF8F5" box="[821,933,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Chalcides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have an open Meckelian canal. The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC58A953EFF2CF8D8" box="[151,243,1807,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Mabuya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC58A953EFF2CF8D8" box="[151,243,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Mabuya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a closed Meckelian canal, was tentatively identified in the late Pliocene of Illes Medes (Iberian Peninsula) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC4029505FE6FF8BC" author="Bailon" box="[287,432,1844,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Bailon, S. (1991) Amphibiens et Reptiles du Pliocene et du Quaternaire de France et d'Espagne: mise en place et evolution des faunes. Universite Paris VII, France, 499 pp. [Ph. D. dissertation]." type="book" year="1991">Bailon 1991</bibRefCitation>
), and has been reported from several other localities from
<collectingCountry id="F3087615FFE5FFAAC1439505FB7EF8BD" box="[1118,1185,1844,1869]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3087615FFE5FFAAC1B29505FB21F8BC" box="[1199,1278,1844,1868]" name="Greece" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Greece</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3087615FFE5FFAAC0219505FA43F8BD" box="[1340,1436,1844,1869]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B74FFE5FFAAC5839566FEA8F880" author="Bohme" box="[158,375,1879,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" refString="Bohme, M. &amp; Ilg, A. (2003) fosFARbase. Available from: http: // www. wahre-staerke. com / (accessed 10 October 2014)" type="journal article" year="2003">Böhme &amp; Ilg 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Note, however, that extant scincids in Eurasia and Oceania include
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC1679566FAF8F880" box="[1146,1319,1879,1904]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Asymblepharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC1679566FAF8F880" box="[1146,1319,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Asymblepharus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13242A00FFE5FFAAC0289566FAA7F880" box="[1333,1400,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,680,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,663,1820]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lizard dentaries in lingual view for comparison purposes: A. Cadurcogekko piveteaui (MNHN, QU 17163), B. Gekkomimus rugosus (MNHN, SND 622), C. Pyrenasaurus evansae (UM-ECB 1703), D. Asymblepharus alaicus (modified from Darevsky &amp; Tschumakov, 1962). E. Lioscincus nigrofasciolatus (MCZ A- 27345). In C and D the image was reversed to facilitate comparison. Scale bars in mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239623/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D),
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC58A954DFEC7F865" box="[151,280,1916,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Ablepharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC58A954DFEC7F865" box="[151,280,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Ablepharus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC424954DFE63F865" box="[313,444,1916,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Trachylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC424954DFE63F865" box="[313,444,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Trachylepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC4CD954DFD9FF865" box="[464,576,1916,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Chalcides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC4CD954DFD9FF865" box="[464,576,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Chalcides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC749954CFD67F864" box="[596,696,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Eumeces" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC749954CFD67F864" box="[596,696,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Eumeces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC7D6954DFCE9F865" box="[715,822,1916,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Eurylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC7D6954DFCE9F865" box="[715,822,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Eurylepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC69D954DFBD3F865" box="[896,1036,1916,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Ophiomorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC69D954DFBD3F865" box="[896,1036,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Ophiomorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC19F954DFB01F865" box="[1154,1246,1916,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Mabuya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC19F954DFB01F865" box="[1154,1246,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Mabuya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above). In Europe, the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC4759591FE07F849" box="[360,472,1952,1977]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Chalcides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC4759591FE07F849" box="[360,472,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Chalcides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in the south, and the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC6A39591FBE0F849" box="[958,1087,1952,1977]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Ablepharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC6A39591FBE0F849" box="[958,1087,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Ablepharus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D06FFE5FFAAC16A9591FADCF849" box="[1143,1283,1952,1977]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Ophiomorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEA97FFE5FFAAC16A9591FADCF849" box="[1143,1283,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="271">Ophiomorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are restricted to the south-east (Balkan Peninsula).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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