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<mods:title id="996842B968C15A6CDBC75CCBE68CAC27">A new genus, Protaustrosimulium, for four species of Australian black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FF5CB1FFFD0A10CA" ID-CoL="8DHGJ" authority="(Tonnoir)" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[151,643,1429,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB1FFFD8B10CA" bold="true" box="[151,514,1429,1455]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Protaustrosimulium terebrans</emphasis>
(Tonnoir)
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. New combination
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(
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)
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FF5CB26AFDAB1373" ID-CoL="8F2MY" authority="Tonnoir 1925: 238" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityPageNumber="238" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,546,1536,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB26AFED41373" box="[151,349,1536,1558]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Simulium terebrans</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="693DBC2DFFBFFFC4FEA8B26AFDAB1373" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[355,546,1536,1558]" page="238" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBFFFC4FEA8B26AFE661373" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[355,495,1536,1558]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="213 - 255" refId="ref14352" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1925) Australasian Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 213 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046198" type="journal article" year="1925">Tonnoir 1925</bibRefCitation>
: 238
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. Original description, female only.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C88CBD12FFBFFFC4FF5CB275FD211350" box="[151,680,1567,1589]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FF5CB275FE431350" ID-CoL="8F2MY" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,458,1567,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans" subGenus="Cnephia">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB275FF7E1350" box="[151,247,1567,1589]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FECEB275FED21350" box="[261,347,1567,1589]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cnephia</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FEA1B275FE431350" box="[362,458,1567,1589]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">terebrans</emphasis>
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. 
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<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBFFFC4FE1DB275FDFB1350" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[470,626,1567,1589]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="121 - 154" refId="ref13636" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1931) Simuliidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part II. Fascicle 4. Nematocera. British Museum (Natural History), London, 34 pp. [pp. 121 - 154]" type="book chapter" year="1931">Edwards, 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 131
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C88CBD12FFBFFFC4FF5CB257FD861336" box="[151,527,1597,1619]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB257FED31336" box="[151,346,1597,1619]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FF5CB257FEDF1336" box="[151,342,1597,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">Cnephia terebrans</taxonomicName>
.
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<treatmentCitation id="693DBC2DFFBFFFC4FEABB257FD821336" author="Smart, J." box="[352,523,1597,1619]" page="499" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" year="1945">
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBFFFC4FEABB257FE571336" author="Smart, J." box="[352,478,1597,1619]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="463 - 532" refId="ref14230" refString="Smart, J. (1945) The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95, 463 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1945. tb 00437. x" type="journal article" year="1945">Smart, 1945</bibRefCitation>
:499
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBFFFC4FF56B236FB9F1317" blockId="19.[151,1046,1536,1711]" box="[157,1046,1628,1650]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
(
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF6EB236FF721317" box="[165,251,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cnephia</emphasis>
of authors) 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FEBDB236FE571317" box="[374,478,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FEBDB236FE501317" box="[374,473,1628,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">terebrans</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBFFFC4FE28B236FD0A1317" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[483,643,1628,1650]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="425 - 528" refId="ref13220" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1987) An annotated checklist of the world black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). In: Kim, K. - C. &amp; Merritt, R. W. (Eds.), Black flies: Ecology, population management and annotated world list. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, pp. 425 - 528." type="book chapter" year="1987">Crosskey, 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 443. Unplaced species of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FC5AB236FB9B1317" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[913,1042,1628,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prosimuliini">Prosimuliini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FF5CB211FE0913F4" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[151,384,1659,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB211FE0913F4" box="[151,384,1659,1681]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Paracnephia terebrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
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<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBFFFC4FE47B211FD1613F4" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[396,671,1659,1681]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref13380" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (1997) A New Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Blackflies. The Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp." type="book" year="1997">Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 18
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="693DBC2DFFBFFFC4FD04B211FC2E13F4" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." box="[719,935,1659,1681]" page="329" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBFFFC4FD04B211FCFD13F4" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." box="[719,884,1659,1681]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref12737" refString="Bugledich, E. - M. A. (1999) Diptera: Nematocera. Simuliidae. In: Wells, A. &amp; Houston, W. W. K. (Eds.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. 30.1. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 325 - 337." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bugledich 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 329
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBFFFC4FF5CB2F3FC3813CA" blockId="19.[151,1046,1536,1711]" box="[151,945,1689,1711]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C88CBD12FFBFFFC4FF5CB2F3FC3813CA" box="[151,945,1689,1711]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB2F3FE0E13CA" box="[151,391,1689,1711]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FF5CB2F3FE0A13CA" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[151,387,1689,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">Paracnephia terebrans</taxonomicName>
.
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<treatmentCitation id="693DBC2DFFBFFFC4FE47B2F3FD2513CA" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W." box="[396,684,1689,1711]" page="26" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBFFFC4FE47B2F3FD0E13CA" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W." box="[396,647,1689,1711]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref12699" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W. (2008) World Blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae): a fully revised edition of the taxonomic and geographic inventory. 105 pp." type="book" year="2008">Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 26
</treatmentCitation>
. Transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FC80B2F3FC2413CA" ID-CoL="9G2C9" box="[843,941,1689,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Simuliini">Simuliini</taxonomicName>
.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFBFFFC3FF5CB2B6FD0E10E9" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="321" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="description">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBFFFC3FF5CB2B6FCBD11BE" blockId="19.[151,1436,1756,2029]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,151,2024]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="321" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB2B6FEB41390" bold="true" box="[151,317,1756,1781]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Redescription</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FE86B2B6FE571390" box="[333,478,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Adult female</emphasis>
(based on five pinned specimens from ANIC and one from McKenzie Falls). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FAA9B2B6FA151390" box="[1378,1436,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFBFFFC4FF54B295FF7A127D" box="[159,243,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–72" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,193,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[213,1373,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–72. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (67) Habitus. (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (68) Frontal view of head (cleared). (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (69) Frontal view of head (cleared). (McKenzie Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Antenna. (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (71) Maxillary palp, mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc) (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (72) Mandible apex (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609939/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Fig. 67</figureCitation>
): markedly evenly blackish brown with dark brown abdomen; total length 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FBFAB36BFBC5127D" box="[1073,1100,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBFFFC4FB92B295FB381272" box="[1113,1201,1791,1816]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FB70B295FB71127D" box="[1211,1272,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFBFFFC4FACCB295FA06127D" box="[1287,1423,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–72" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,193,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[213,1373,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–72. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (67) Habitus. (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (68) Frontal view of head (cleared). (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (69) Frontal view of head (cleared). (McKenzie Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Antenna. (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (71) Maxillary palp, mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc) (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (72) Mandible apex (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609939/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Figs. 68, 69</figureCitation>
): frons moderately narrowed, tapered only slightly towards antennae; width 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FBC2B34EFBAA125E" box="[1033,1059,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBFFFC4FBFDB34EFB2A125E" box="[1078,1187,1828,1852]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="0.13">0.13 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FB35B34EFA91125E" box="[1278,1304,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBFFFC4FAE0B349FA11125E" box="[1323,1432,1827,1852]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="0.56">0.56 mm</quantity>
; postocciput black, vestiture of markedly sparse, long black hairs; frons, dark brown-black, vestiture of markedly sparse hairs; frons:head ratio 1.0:6.5. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FD87B301FD0812E7" box="[588,641,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Eyes</emphasis>
: interocular distance 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FCB6B301FC1E12E7" box="[893,919,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBFFFC4FC62B301FB9A12E7" box="[937,1043,1899,1923]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="0.13">0.13 mm</quantity>
; ommatidia diameter 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBFFFC4FADBB300FF4F12C0" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="0.015" valueMax="0.016" valueMin="0.014">0.014–0.016 mm</quantity>
; 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF18B3E4FF7D12C0" box="[211,244,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">ca.</emphasis>
33 rows across and down at mid-eye. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FD7EB3E7FC8612C3" box="[693,783,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Clypeus</emphasis>
: width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBFFFC4FCA2B3E7FB9B12C0" box="[873,1042,1933,1958]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="0.24" valueMax="0.25" valueMin="0.23">0.23–0.25 mm</quantity>
; moderate vestiture of fine silvery hairs. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF10B3D8FEB112AC" box="[219,312,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFBFFFC4FE83B3DBFE1512AC" box="[328,412,1969,1994]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–72" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,193,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[213,1373,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–72. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (67) Habitus. (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (68) Frontal view of head (cleared). (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (69) Frontal view of head (cleared). (McKenzie Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Antenna. (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (71) Maxillary palp, mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc) (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (72) Mandible apex (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609939/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
): dark brown; total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBFFFC4FD0FB3DBFCE212AC" box="[708,875,1969,1993]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" metricValueMax="7.199999999999999" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="0.71" valueMax="0.72" valueMin="0.7">0.70–0.72 mm</quantity>
; scape small, pedicel and flagellomere I similar in size, rectangular, next five flagellomeres broader than long, apical flagellomere cone-shaped; antenna overall not tapered. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF32B4FDFEF515D5" box="[249,380,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: substantive, 0.5–0.7× length of head depth (longest in McKenzie Falls specimen); cibarium (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FF54B4D1FF7915B1" box="[159,240,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 73, 74" captionStartId="24.[151,264,801,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,780]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,193,780]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 73, 74. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (73) Cibarium (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (74) Wing veins (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609941/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 73</figureCitation>
) median depression flat, cornuae short, broadly flared and substantially sclerotized; mandible (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FADCB4D1FA1D15B1" box="[1303,1428,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–72" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,193,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[213,1373,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–72. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (67) Habitus. (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (68) Frontal view of head (cleared). (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (69) Frontal view of head (cleared). (McKenzie Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Antenna. (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (71) Maxillary palp, mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc) (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (72) Mandible apex (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609939/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 71, 72</figureCitation>
) with 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF05B48AFF661592" box="[206,239,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">ca.</emphasis>
18 outer and 57 inner teeth, many finely expressed; lacinia with 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FC78B48AFC5D1592" box="[947,980,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">ca.</emphasis>
19 and 26 teeth; maxillary palp (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FAF5B4B4FA061592" box="[1342,1423,222,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–72" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,193,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[213,1373,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–72. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (67) Habitus. (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (68) Frontal view of head (cleared). (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (69) Frontal view of head (cleared). (McKenzie Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Antenna. (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (71) Maxillary palp, mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc) (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (72) Mandible apex (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609939/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
), dark brown, total length 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FE6CB569FE41147F" box="[423,456,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">ca.</emphasis>
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FE04B569FDBD147F" box="[463,564,259,283]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
, basal two palpomeres small, palpomere III darker brown than remainder, only slightly extended beyond articulation; palpomere IV markedly extended apicolaterally beyond articulation with palpomere V; proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.7:1.0; sensory organ spherical, 0.3× length of palpomere III, opening 0.5× vesicle width. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FDCAB506FDD914E0" box="[513,592,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Thorax</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FD65B506FC8114E1" box="[686,776,364,389]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FC96B506FB8B14E1" box="[861,1026,364,389]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="1.075" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.95">0.95–1.20 mm</quantity>
; evenly black; pronotal lobe slightly lighter in colour with fine hair longer than on scutum, scutum black with overall even sparse fine small golden hairs; scutellar depression similar; scutellum concolourous with scutum, vestiture of long hairs, black laterally, pale medially; postnotum concolourous with scutellum, pollinose in some lighting; antepronotal lobe (propleuron), proepisternum and forecoxa with long fine hairs; pleuron and anepisternal membrane dark brown, without hairs, pollinose in some lighting; katepisternal sulcus shallow. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FCD8B675FCC31753" box="[787,842,543,566]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FC96B677FC321753" box="[861,955,541,566]" captionStart="FIGURES 73, 74" captionStartId="24.[151,264,801,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,780]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,193,780]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 73, 74. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (73) Cibarium (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (74) Wing veins (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609941/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Figs. 74</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FC03B677FC611753" box="[968,1000,541,566]" captionStart="FIGURES 75" captionStartId="24.[151,264,1636,1659]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,904,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,904,1615]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 75. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female wing (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609943/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">75</figureCitation>
): length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FB87B677FB5C1753" box="[1100,1237,541,566]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="2.9" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.3">2.3–3.5 mm</quantity>
; a:b ratio 1.0:2.7, width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FF2AB62BFEE4173C" box="[225,365,577,602]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.7 mm</quantity>
; anterior veins dark brown, small basal cell present; costa with spines, R 
<subScript id="74189879FFB8FFC3FB0FB63AFB43173B" attach="left" box="[1220,1226,592,606]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">s</subScript>
not branched, M 
<subScript id="74189879FFB8FFC3FA5FB63AFA15173B" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,592,606]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">2</subScript>
markedly double, CuA sinuous, but not markedly so. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FD32B60DFCC517E5" box="[761,844,615,640]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Haltere</emphasis>
: knob dark brown, stem testaceous. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FB26B603FAA817E5" box="[1261,1313,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Legs</emphasis>
: (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FAF1B60DFA1917E5" box="[1338,1424,615,640]" captionStart="FIGURES 76–77" captionStartId="25.[151,264,805,828]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,784]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,784]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 76–77. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female. (76) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Claw showing basal tooth (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609945/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
): evenly dark brown; hind basitarsus lacking ventral row of stout spines; calcipala 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FBDFB6E6FBA717C6" box="[1044,1070,652,675]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">ca</emphasis>
. half width of basitarsus, as long as wide; intersegmental plate ventrally between basitarsus and basal tarsomere distinct; pedisulcus deeply incised near base, area lacking pigmentation; tarsomere II not markedly elongated, 2.3× longer than apical width; claws small (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FABBB6B8FF3C166B" captionStart="FIGURES 76–77" captionStartId="25.[151,264,805,828]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,784]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,784]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 76–77. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female. (76) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Claw showing basal tooth (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609945/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
), serrated, basal tooth small and distinctly lateral to broad heel, (as illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFB8FFC3FB81B69FFB63166B" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[1098,1258,757,782]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="213 - 255" refId="ref14352" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1925) Australasian Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 213 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046198" type="journal article" year="1925">Tonnoir, 1925</bibRefCitation>
: his 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FAD4B69FFAF1166B" box="[1311,1400,757,782]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
. In 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFB8FFC3FF5CB773FE7D1654" author="Mackerras, I. M. &amp; Mackerras, M. J." box="[151,500,793,818]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="372 - 405" refId="ref13683" refString="Mackerras, I. M. &amp; Mackerras, M. J. (1949) Revisional notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 73, 372 - 405. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35069387 # page / 454 / mode / 1 up (Accessed 22 September 2018)" type="journal article" year="1949">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1949</bibRefCitation>
: their 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FDF5B773FD181654" box="[574,657,793,818]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1751,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,185,1737]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9–13. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians). (9) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (10) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (11) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (12) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (13) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609909/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
, the tooth is shown as double). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FBCAB773FBE01657" box="[1025,1129,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FBB0B773FB581654" box="[1147,1233,793,818]" captionStart="FIGURES 78–83" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[215,1375,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[215,1375,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 78–83. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (78) Abdominal tergites (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (79) Hypopygial valves (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (80) Hypopygial valves (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (81) Genital fork (Canobolas, 1916), apodeme (ap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Spermatheca (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (83) Cercus &amp; anal lobe (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609947/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 78</figureCitation>
): basal scale dark brown, vestiture of long yellow hairs; remaining segments dark brown, tergites dark orange brown; tergite II markedly broadly bowl-shaped, tergites III–VI rectangular, wider than long and similar sized; vestiture of markedly sparse small hairs increased in length and density posteriorly; remainder of tergites enlarged laterally and rounded; pleurites poorly developed, cuticle markedly pleated; sternites apparently absent; tergites broader in McKenzie Falls specimen. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF5CB7A0FF771686" box="[151,254,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Genitalia</emphasis>
: sternite VIII evenly pigmented across full width, vestiture of rows of microtrichia, large strong hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FDEDB787FD221163" box="[550,683,1005,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 78–83" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[215,1375,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[215,1375,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 78–83. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (78) Abdominal tergites (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (79) Hypopygial valves (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (80) Hypopygial valves (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (81) Genital fork (Canobolas, 1916), apodeme (ap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Spermatheca (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (83) Cercus &amp; anal lobe (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609947/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Figs. 79, 80</figureCitation>
), lightly pigmented, vestiture of triads of microtrichia, median edges of valves variable, either slightly concave or convex, but markedly strengthened, moderately rounded apicolaterally; genital fork (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FEEEB05FFEFD1128" box="[293,372,1077,1102]" captionStart="FIGURES 78–83" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[215,1375,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[215,1375,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 78–83. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (78) Abdominal tergites (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (79) Hypopygial valves (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (80) Hypopygial valves (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (81) Genital fork (Canobolas, 1916), apodeme (ap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Spermatheca (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (83) Cercus &amp; anal lobe (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609947/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 81</figureCitation>
) anterior arm flattened laterally as a bar (distorted in Figure), two rounded lobes at junction with remainder, lateral arms broad, apodeme small and close to posterolateral expansions, rounded laterally, rectangular medially; spermatheca spherical, dark brown, externally smooth, sparse acanthae, clear area at junction with duct absent, pigment extended for short distance along spermathecal duct (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FC5FB0F5FC6F11D2" box="[916,998,1183,1208]" captionStart="FIGURES 78–83" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[215,1375,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[215,1375,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 78–83. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (78) Abdominal tergites (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (79) Hypopygial valves (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (80) Hypopygial valves (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (81) Genital fork (Canobolas, 1916), apodeme (ap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Spermatheca (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (83) Cercus &amp; anal lobe (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609947/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
); cerci in lateral view slightly extended, rounded apically, anal lobe not markedly expressed (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FD1DB0A8FCAE11BE" box="[726,807,1218,1243]" captionStart="FIGURES 78–83" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[215,1375,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[215,1375,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 78–83. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (78) Abdominal tergites (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (79) Hypopygial valves (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (80) Hypopygial valves (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (81) Genital fork (Canobolas, 1916), apodeme (ap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Spermatheca (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (83) Cercus &amp; anal lobe (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609947/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 83</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB8FFC3FF0CB08CFE0B119A" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2024]" box="[199,386,1254,1279]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF0CB08CFE8D119A" bold="true" box="[199,260,1254,1279]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Male</emphasis>
: unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB8FFC3FF0CB163FE0D1047" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2024]" box="[199,388,1289,1314]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF0CB163FE8C1047" bold="true" box="[199,261,1289,1314]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Pupa</emphasis>
: unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB8FFC3FF0CB147FE071023" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2024]" box="[199,398,1325,1350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF0CB147FE991023" bold="true" box="[199,272,1325,1350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Larva</emphasis>
: unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB8FFC3FF0CB13AFD0E10E9" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF0CB13AFE85100C" bold="true" box="[199,268,1360,1385]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Types</emphasis>
. 
<materialsCitation id="58F49061FFB8FFC3FED5B13AFD0E10E9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2028521020" collectingDate="1922-10-22" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Coll. Tonnoir &amp; Caught" latitude="-37.86" location="Label" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="145.35" municipality="Pinned" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Victoria" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FED5B13AFE0D100C" box="[286,388,1360,1385]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFB8FFC3FED5B13AFE0D100C" box="[286,388,1360,1385]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
<collectingMunicipality id="08470046FFB8FFC3FE5CB13AFE6C100C" box="[407,485,1360,1385]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Pinned</collectingMunicipality>
female. 
<location id="ED43CCE7FFB8FFC3FD84B13AFD06100C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:60352B2AFFBFFFCEFF5CB1FFFB041112:ED43CCE7FFB8FFC3FD84B13AFD06100C" box="[591,655,1360,1385]" latitude="-37.86" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="145.35" municipality="Pinned" name="Label" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" stateProvince="Victoria">Label</location>
data: [
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFB8FFC3FD29B13AFCCB100C" box="[738,834,1360,1385]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Victoria</collectingRegion>
, Sassafras/ 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FC06B13BFBCC100C" box="[973,1093,1361,1385]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1922-10-22">
<collectingDate id="8C664514FFB8FFC3FC06B13BFBCC100C" box="[973,1093,1361,1385]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1922-10-22">22-x-1922</collectingDate>
</date>
. 
<collectorName id="4569FFEAFFB8FFC3FB9FB13AFB67100C" box="[1108,1262,1360,1385]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Coll. Tonnoir</collectorName>
/ 
<collectorName id="4569FFEAFFB8FFC3FAC9B13AFADA100C" box="[1282,1363,1360,1385]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Caught</collectorName>
while biting]. (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF32B11FFE9D10E9" box="[249,276,1397,1420]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">ca</emphasis>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FEEAB11EFE1E10E8" box="[289,407,1396,1421]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="-37.86">S37.8600°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FE55B11EFDA110E8" box="[414,552,1396,1421]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="145.35">E145.3500°</geoCoordinate>
). 
<collectionCode id="8E8D02F9FFB8FFC3FDF0B11EFD0A10E9" box="[571,643,1396,1420]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">ANIC</collectionCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFB8FFC3FF0CB1FDFACE13CD" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB8FFC3FF0CB1FDFACE13CD" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF0CB1FDFE3B10D5" bold="true" box="[199,434,1431,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Additional material</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFB8FFC3FE0AB1FDFD2D10D5" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[449,676,1431,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="213 - 255" refId="ref14352" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1925) Australasian Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 213 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046198" type="journal article" year="1925">Tonnoir (1925: 238)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned four females of this species from Canoblas, NSW, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FAABB1F2FF5B10B1" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1916-10-11">11-x- 1916</date>
, at the time deposited in the collection of the Board of Health, Sydney; however, he did not refer to them as 
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFB8FFC3FF5CB1B5FE8F1092" box="[151,262,1503,1527]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. Although 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFB8FFC3FE42B1B4FD061092" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." box="[393,655,1502,1527]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref12737" refString="Bugledich, E. - M. A. (1999) Diptera: Nematocera. Simuliidae. In: Wells, A. &amp; Houston, W. W. K. (Eds.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. 30.1. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 325 - 337." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bugledich (1999: 329)</bibRefCitation>
refers to them as such, she neither examined these specimens nor explained why she deemed them 
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFB8FFC3FDC0B269FDF3137E" box="[523,634,1539,1563]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. Because 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFB8FFC3FD23B268FC1B137E" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[744,914,1538,1563]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="213 - 255" refId="ref14352" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1925) Australasian Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 213 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046198" type="journal article" year="1925">Tonnoir (1925)</bibRefCitation>
did not explicitly designate these four females as 
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFB8FFC3FF7CB24CFEAC135B" box="[183,293,1574,1598]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
, and given that they are not from the type locality, and of different date from the type, we consider them merely as ‘additional material'. One of these specimens was examined by us and is now mounted on a slide. We also examined three adult females from Middle Creek, one of which is also now slide mounted. One other specimen—from McKenzie Falls, Grampians—is slide mounted. All of this material is deposited in ANIC.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFB8FFC3FF0CB2D9FE63138A" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB8FFC3FF0CB2D9FE63138A" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF0CB2D9FECF13A9" bold="true" box="[199,326,1715,1740]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Etymology</emphasis>
. Not given by 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFB8FFC3FE27B2D9FD1113A9" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[492,664,1715,1740]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="213 - 255" refId="ref14352" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1925) Australasian Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 213 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046198" type="journal article" year="1925">Tonnoir (1925)</bibRefCitation>
, but probably from Latin “ 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FC0FB2D9FB9713A9" box="[964,1054,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">tenebris</emphasis>
” [= dark], in reference to the dark colour of the 
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFB8FFC3FEE6B2BCFE06138A" box="[301,399,1750,1775]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFB8FFCFFF0CB290FE65122C" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB8FFC3FF0CB290FBC1128D" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF0CB290FED01276" bold="true" box="[199,345,1786,1811]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB8FFC3FEA3B290FE341276" box="[360,445,1786,1811]" captionStart="FIGURE 99" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1229,1251]" captionTargetBox="[193,1405,676,1173]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,625,1206]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 99. Distribution of Protaustrosimulium. (99) Map of southern portion of Australia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609961/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FE13B291FD201276" box="[472,681,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFB8FFC3FE13B291FD201276" box="[472,681,1786,1811]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Mt. Canoblas, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FCBEB290FC621276" box="[885,1003,1786,1811]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1916-10-11">11-x-1916</date>
, Coll. Tonnoir; Molong Creek, Mt. Canoblas, nr. Orange, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FE59B377FE751253" box="[402,508,1821,1846]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1950-10-08">8-x-1950</date>
. det. Mackerras (
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FD77B374FCBB1253" box="[700,818,1822,1846]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="-33.3192">S33.3192°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FCF3B374FC371253" box="[824,958,1822,1846]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="149.0239">E149.0239°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFB8FFC3FBCFB374FBD91253" box="[1028,1104,1822,1846]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FBCFB374FBC51253" box="[1028,1100,1822,1846]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.14" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="914.0">914m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
). Colo Vale, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FB2AB377FAD01253" box="[1249,1369,1821,1846]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1956-02-28">28-ii-1956</date>
, Coll. A.K. Grower (
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FEF1B32BFE26123F" box="[314,431,1857,1882]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="-34.3667">S34.3667°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FE7DB32BFDB5123F" box="[438,572,1857,1882]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="150.4352">E150.4352°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFB8FFC3FD48B32BFD46123F" box="[643,719,1857,1882]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FD48B32BFD42123F" box="[643,715,1857,1882]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="690.0">690m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
). Way Way, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FC97B32BFC4C123F" box="[860,965,1857,1882]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1925-10-03">3-x-1925</date>
, Coll. Mackerras (
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FB5DB32BFA82123F" box="[1174,1291,1857,1882]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="-30.76">S30.7600°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FAD9B32BFA11123F" box="[1298,1432,1857,1882]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="152.97">E152.9700°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFB8FFC3FF19B30EFE861218" box="[210,271,1892,1917]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FF19B30EFE851218" box="[210,268,1892,1917]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="26.0">26m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FEE8B30EFDE91218" box="[291,608,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFB8FFC3FEE8B30EFDE91218" box="[291,608,1892,1917]" country="Australia" name="Australian Capital Territory" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Australian Capital Territory</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Black Mountain, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FCF8B30EFC2C1218" box="[819,933,1892,1917]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1953-09-08">8-ix-1953</date>
. Coll. A. Dyce (
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FB97B30EFB581218" box="[1116,1233,1892,1917]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="-35.2738">S35.2738°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FB13B30EFAD41218" box="[1240,1373,1892,1917]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="149.1135">E149.1135°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFB8FFC3FF5CB3E2FF6B12C4" box="[151,226,1928,1953]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FF5CB3E2FF5612C4" box="[151,223,1928,1953]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="580.0">580m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB8FFC3FF37B3E3FEDD12C5" box="[252,340,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFB8FFC3FF37B3E3FEDD12C5" box="[252,340,1929,1952]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Victoria</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Sassafras, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FE21B3E2FDEA12C5" box="[490,611,1928,1952]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1922-10-22">22-x-1922</date>
. Coll. Tonnoir (
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FCE2B3E2FC2812C4" box="[809,929,1928,1953]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="-37.8628">S37.8628°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FC64B3E2FBBE12C4" box="[943,1079,1928,1953]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="145.3536">E145.3536°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFB8FFC3FB46B3E2FB5112C5" box="[1165,1240,1928,1952]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FB46B3E2FB5D12C5" box="[1165,1236,1928,1952]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="470.0">470m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
). Middle Creek, Beaufort, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FECDB3C1FEF712A1" box="[262,382,1963,1988]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1952-10-29">29-x-1952</date>
, Coll. Neboiss (
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FDE5B3C6FD2A12A1" box="[558,675,1964,1988]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="-37.4032">S37.4032°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FD62B3C1FCA612A1" box="[681,815,1963,1988]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="143.2415">E143.2415°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFB8FFC3FCBFB3C1FC3612A1" box="[884,959,1963,1988]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FCBFB3C1FC3512A1" box="[884,956,1963,1988]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="350.0">350m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
). McKenzie Falls, Grampians, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FAD2B3C1FA1012A1" box="[1305,1433,1963,1988]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1953-09-26">26-ix-1953</date>
. Coll. Neboiss; 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFB8FFC3FEF5B3A5FE34128D" box="[318,445,1999,2024]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="2014-09-12">12-ix-2014</date>
, Coll. J.K. Moulton (
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<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFB8FFC3FCEEB3BAFC22128D" box="[805,939,2000,2024]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" precision="5" value="142.4088">E142.4088°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
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<quantity id="2F6437D9FFB8FFC3FC3AB3A5FBB1128D" box="[1009,1080,1999,2024]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6799999999999997" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="368.0">368m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFB9FFC2FF5CB322FEF912FE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609935/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" startId="21.[151,264,1864,1887]" targetBox="[151,1436,213,1836]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB9FFC2FF5CB322FEF912FE" blockId="21.[151,1437,1864,1947]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB9FFC2FF5CB322FEDA1238" bold="true" box="[151,339,1864,1887]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">FIGURES 56–60.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFB9FFC2FE93B322FD1C123B" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[344,661,1864,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB9FFC2FE93B322FD1C123B" box="[344,661,1864,1886]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Last instar larva. (56) Habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (57) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (58) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (59) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (60) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFBAFFC1FF5CB317FEED1295" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" startId="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" targetBox="[197,1393,194,1886]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBAFFC1FF5CB317FEED1295" blockId="22.[151,1437,1917,2032]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBAFFC1FF5CB317FEC712F6" bold="true" box="[151,334,1917,1940]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">FIGURES 61–66</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBAFFC1FE96B314FD1512F1" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[349,668,1918,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBAFFC1FE96B314FD1512F1" box="[349,668,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) &amp; circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFBBFFC0FF5CB312FB29128E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609939/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" startId="23.[151,264,1912,1935]" targetBox="[213,1371,193,1886]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBBFFC0FF5CB312FB29128E" blockId="23.[151,1436,1912,2027]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBBFFC0FF5CB312FEC612EB" bold="true" box="[151,335,1912,1935]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">FIGURES 67–72</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBBFFC0FE94B313FD1912EA" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[351,656,1913,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBBFFC0FE94B313FD1912EA" box="[351,656,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Protaustrosimulium terebrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female adult. (67) Habitus. (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (68) Frontal view of head (cleared). (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (69) Frontal view of head (cleared). (McKenzie Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Antenna. (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (71) Maxillary palp, mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc) (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (72) Mandible apex (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFB4FFCFFF5CB74BFD0F1633" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609941/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" startId="24.[151,264,801,824]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,780]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB4FFCFFF5CB74BFD0F1633" blockId="24.[151,1435,801,854]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB4FFCFFF5CB74BFED91653" bold="true" box="[151,336,801,824]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">FIGURES 73, 74</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFB4FFCFFE94B74BFD061652" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[351,655,801,823]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB4FFCFFE94B74BFD061652" box="[351,655,801,823]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Protaustrosimulium terebrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female adult. (73) Cibarium (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (74) Wing veins (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFB4FFCFFF5CB20EFBF9131F" box="[151,1136,1636,1659]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609943/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" startId="24.[151,264,1636,1659]" targetBox="[151,1436,904,1615]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB4FFCFFF5CB20EFBF9131F" blockId="24.[151,1136,1636,1659]" box="[151,1136,1636,1659]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB4FFCFFF5CB20EFEAE131F" bold="true" box="[151,295,1636,1659]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">FIGURES 75</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFB4FFCFFEFFB20EFDEA131F" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[308,611,1636,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB4FFCFFEFFB20EFDEA131F" box="[308,611,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Protaustrosimulium terebrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female wing (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB4FFCFFF0CB2CBFE65122C" blockId="24.[151,1437,1697,1974]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB4FFCFFF0CB2CBFEC313DF" bold="true" box="[199,330,1697,1722]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Bionomics.</emphasis>
Little is known about the biology of this species, although Tonnoir’s label data indicate that females bite. Males, pupae or larvae are unknown, despite extensive searching by 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFB4FFCFFBF2B2AFFF431267" author="Mackerras, I. M. &amp; Mackerras, M. J." pageId="24" pageNumber="325" pagination="104 - 113" refId="ref13754" refString="Mackerras, I. M. &amp; Mackerras, M. J. (1952) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 77, 104 - 113. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34944712 # page / 166 / mode / 1 up (accessed 22 September 2018)" type="journal article" year="1952">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1952: 105)</bibRefCitation>
and our own collecting efforts. With the exception of the Colo Vale locality, dates of collection indicate an Austral spring species. Colo Vale is at a higher elevation than other sites, so perhaps later emergence at that site is related to cooler temperatures.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFB4FFCEFF0CB33FFB041112" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="326" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB4FFCFFF0CB33FFC8F12D3" blockId="24.[151,1437,1697,1974]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB4FFCFFF0CB33FFEB2120B" bold="true" box="[199,315,1877,1902]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Remarks.</emphasis>
An attempt by DAC in 2014 to collect new material from Middle Creek, 
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFB4FFCFFBA7B33FFB40120B" box="[1132,1225,1877,1902]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Victoria</collectingRegion>
, was unsuccessful. As with many collection sites referred to in the early literature, human activities have rendered such streams unsuitable for simuliids (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB4FFCFFE64B3F5FE5912D3" box="[431,464,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFB4FFCFFE2DB3F7FD5912D3" author="Moulton, J. K. &amp; Currie, D. C. &amp; Craig, D. A." box="[486,720,1949,1974]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref13927" refString="Moulton, J. K., Currie, D. C. &amp; Craig, D. A. (2018) A new genus, Ectemnoides, for seven species of Australian Gondwanan Simuliidae (Diptera) with description of a novel form of larval attachment. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 2 (4), 1 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / isd / ixy 009" type="journal article" year="2018">
Moulton 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB4FFCFFD86B3F5FDF612D3" box="[589,639,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
., 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 10).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFB5FFCEFF5CB74FFCFC163F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609945/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" startId="25.[151,264,805,828]" targetBox="[151,1436,194,784]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB5FFCEFF5CB74FFCFC163F" blockId="25.[151,1437,805,858]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB5FFCEFF5CB74FFEC5165E" bold="true" box="[151,332,805,828]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">FIGURES 76–77</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFB5FFCEFE92B74FFD01165E" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[345,648,805,827]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB5FFCEFE92B74FFD01165E" box="[345,648,805,827]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Protaustrosimulium terebrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female. (76) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Claw showing basal tooth (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.02 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB5FFCEFF0CB7ECFDFA1682" blockId="25.[151,1437,902,1143]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
The mouthparts of known females are substantial, in particular the single specimen from McKenzie Falls (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB5FFCEFAA4B7ECFF3E16A1" captionStart="FIGURES 67–72" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,193,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[213,1373,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–72. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (67) Habitus. (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (68) Frontal view of head (cleared). (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (69) Frontal view of head (cleared). (McKenzie Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Antenna. (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (71) Maxillary palp, mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc) (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (72) Mandible apex (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609939/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
). Such mouthparts suggest that females are blood-feeders, although the large size of their abdominal tergites is more typical of non-bloodsucking species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFB5FFCEFF0CB799FB041112" blockId="25.[151,1437,902,1143]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
The genital fork of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFB5FFCEFE55B799FD641169" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[414,749,1011,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB5FFCEFE55B799FD641169" box="[414,749,1011,1036]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Protaustrosimulium terebrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among Australian simuliids and differs in a number of respects from those of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFB5FFCEFE0BB072FDD8114A" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[448,593,1046,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB5FFCEFE0BB072FDD8114A" box="[448,593,1046,1071]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFB5FFCEFD47B072FCCF114A" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[652,838,1046,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB5FFCEFD47B072FCCF114A" box="[652,838,1046,1071]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Prot. amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The stem is strongly curved ventrally and laterally flattened—thence contorted when slide mounted (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFB5FFCEFD10B056FC801136" box="[731,777,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">e.g.,</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFB5FFCEFCDEB051FCE21136" box="[789,875,1083,1108]" captionStart="FIGURES 78–83" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[215,1375,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[215,1375,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 78–83. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (78) Abdominal tergites (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (79) Hypopygial valves (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (80) Hypopygial valves (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (81) Genital fork (Canobolas, 1916), apodeme (ap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Spermatheca (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (83) Cercus &amp; anal lobe (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609947/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Fig. 81</figureCitation>
). There are unusual lobes at the junction of the anterior and lateral arms, and no evidence of membranous areas lateral to the anterior arm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>